This study conducted nonlinear static analyses to evaluate the effect of structural eccentricity on the seismic performance of piloti-type buildings. Analytical models reflecting the actual structural details of buildings acquired and operated by the Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH) and the Seoul Housing and Communities Corporation (SH) were developed, and eccentricity ratios were considered as key analytical parameters. The effects of eccentricity on structural response were quantitatively assessed through the evaluation of performance points, plastic hinge distribution, axial load sharing ratio, and interstory drift ratio. The analytical results demonstrated that increasing eccentricity caused the performance point to approach the maximum load and concentrated plastic hinges at the ground story, leading to a noticeable degradation in overall seismic performance. Furthermore, when the eccentricity exceeded approximately 8%, the interstory drift ratio at the ground story tended to surpass the allowable limit specified in the national seismic performance evaluation guidelines. Accordingly, maintaining the eccentricity ratio below approximately 5% is suggested as a rational design strategy to ensure stable seismic performance. The findings provide valuable insights for improving seismic performance evaluation methods and design criteria for piloti-type structures.

This study aims to refine the existing shear strength model for reinforced concrete(RC) beam–column connections by explicitly incorporating the bi-directional loading effect, which more accurately reflects the actual loading conditions of RC structures during earthquakes. A new database consisting of 21 RC beam–column connection specimens tested under simultaneous bi-directional loading was collected and analyzed to investigate the influence of key parameters on joint shear strength. The results revealed that the joint configuration and the presence of a slab are the primary factors governing the extent of bi-directional loading effect on joint shear strength. Based on these findings, a set of simple and practical modification factors was proposed to refine the existing joint shear strength model to account for bi-directional loading effect. The outcomes of this study provide a rational basis for incorporating bi-directional loading effect into the shear strength evaluation of RC beam–column connections

This study investigated the meteorological characteristics and mechanisms of three distinct heavy snowfall events that occurred over the central Korean Peninsula on November 27, 2024, December 15, 2024, and March 18, 2025. Satellite imagery, total precipitable water, integrated vapor transport, and wind and pressure field data revealed that the November 27, 2024 event represented a compound case wherein strong moisture transport from the southwestern sea combined with a cut-off low, leading to the development of an atmospheric river (AR), synoptic-scale ascent, and countrywide heavy snowfall. In contrast, the December 15 2024 event exhibited a typical lake-effect snowfall pattern characterized by weak AR activity and a dominant localized moisture supply from the Yellow Sea, resulting in short-lived and spatially confined snowfall. The March 18, 2025 event was a mixed cycloniclake-effect case triggered by the interaction between mid-latitude moisture transported by southwesterly winds and an upper-level low, producing significant snowfall over the Seoul metropolitan and Yeongdong regions. These differences arise from variations in AR strength, lakeeffect processes, and cyclonic development, whereas all three events shared enhanced thermal instability, a moisture supply associated with a large SST850 hPa temperature difference (ΔT>10oC), and a prevailing northwesterly flow. These specific cases show that heavy snowfall intensity and duration are closely linked to sequential interactions between large-scale AR processes, regional lake effects, and cyclonic mechanisms. Overall, this study suggests that an increased AR frequency under climate change scenarios may increase the risk of extreme snowfall, thereby contributing to improved weather forecasting and disaster preparedness strategies.

In this study, the influence of bimodal WC particle size design on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–27 wt.% Mo₂C–10 wt.% Co cemented carbides was systematically investigated. Bimodal hard-phase designs were realized by combining ultrafine WC (300 nm) and coarse WC (1.8 μm) at various ratios, followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering (SPS). During sintering, Mo₂C preferentially dissolved into the Co-rich liquid phase due to its higher solubility than WC, forming a Co–Mo–C liquid. As sintering progressed, ultrafine WC selectively dissolved owing to its high interfacial energy, gradually transforming the liquid composition into a Co–Mo–W–C system. Owing to the short holding time and rapid cooling rate of SPS, the η-phase (M₆C) formed during sintering remained metastable. Meanwhile, selective dissolution–reprecipitation resulted in the formation of Mo₂C-based core–rim structures with W enrichment in the rim region as (Mo, W)₂C. As the fraction of ultrafine WC increased, the hardness increased from 1769 to 1997 kgf/mm2, whereas the fracture toughness exhibited an insignificant difference from 6.56 to 6.65 MPa·m¹/². Fracture behavior analysis revealed that crack deflection and crack bridging occurred at the Mo₂C core–rim interfaces, effectively suppressing straight crack propagation. These results demonstrate that the introduction of ultrafine WC plays a dominant role in enhancing mechanical performance, and that bimodal WC design combined with Mo₂C addition is a highly effective strategy for developing high-performance cemented carbides for machining

This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of reducing crude protein (CP) levels in growing pig diets on manure nitrogen emissions to identify strategies for maximizing environmental benefits. A systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus (2003 to 2024) yielded 56 observations from 10 studies. We employed random-effects models with restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) estimation and used Hedges’ g to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Additionally, meta-regression and broken-line regression analyses were conducted to investigate heterogeneity and emission breakpoints. The results indicate that low-protein diets significantly reduce both urinary nitrogen emissions (SMD = -5.09; p < 0.0001) and fecal nitrogen emissions (SMD = -0.79; p < 0.001). Substantial heterogeneity was observed for both fecal ($I^2$ = 81.6%) and urinary ($I^2$ = 81.7%) nitrogen emissions (p < 0.0001), highlighting the influence of varying study conditions. Broken-line regression analysis identified a significant breakpoint for urinary nitrogen emissions at 18.8% CP (p < 0.01), whereas no significant breakpoint was observed for fecal nitrogen emissions. Meta-regression analysis revealed that every 1% decrease in dietary CP was associated with increased supplementation of synthetic amino acids, including DL-methionine (p < 0.05), DL-tryptophan (p < 0.04), and L-threonine (p < 0.02), with L-lysine showing a tendency to increase (p = 0.10). Furthermore, economic analysis demonstrated that a moderate reduction to 15% CP, supplemented with four essential amino acids, yields a net cost saving of approximately $2.80 USD per metric ton; conversely, a drastic reduction to 13% CP incurs a net cost increase of approximately $14.30 USD per metric ton due to the high cost of valine and isoleucine. In conclusion, reducing dietary crude protein levels serves as an effective strategy for mitigating urinary nitrogen emissions, necessitating the precise supplementation of synthetic amino acids to balance environmental benefits with the nutritional requirements of growing pigs.

This study identified the dietary lifestyles of Korean adolescents and analyzed how these lifestyles affect their satisfaction with school meals. Data from the 2024 Consumer Behavior Survey for Food conducted by the Korea Rural Economic Institute were used, and 588 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years were included in the final analysis. Factor analysis identified three dietary lifestyle factors–“plan/safety-oriented,” “taste-oriented,” and “convenienceoriented”– and one factor representing school meal satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis showed that the “plan/safety-oriented” and “taste-oriented” lifestyles significantly influenced school meal satisfaction. In particular, the “plan/safety-oriented” lifestyle, characterized by an emphasis on food safety, nutrition, and meal planning, had the greatest impact on school meal satisfaction. The “taste-oriented” lifestyle, characterized by an openness to new foods, a preference for taste, and regular eating habits, also positively affected school meal satisfaction. By contrast, the “convenience-oriented” lifestyle did not significantly influence school meal satisfaction. These findings provide a basis for developing future policy measures, such as food waste reduction strategies or customized school meal models, and offer insights for designing dietary education programs tailored to the characteristics of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of consumers’ perceived value of meal kits on their repurchase intention and to investigate the mediating role of loyalty in the relationship between perceived value and repurchase intention. An online survey was conducted among adults aged 20–50 years residing in the Seoul metropolitan area who had purchased and prepared meal kits in the previous two weeks; 400 valid responses were analyzed. Perceived value had a significant positive effect on loyalty and repurchase intention (both p<0.001), and loyalty also exerted a significant positive effect on repurchase intention (p<0.001). Mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro (Model 4) indicated that loyalty partially mediated the relationship between perceived value and repurchase intention. Furthermore, the indirect effects of economic, quality, and hedonic value on repurchase intention through loyalty were all statistically significant. These findings suggest that enhancing consumers’ perceived value and strengthening loyalty are important for promoting repurchase intention and supporting long-term customer relationships in the meal kit market.

본 연구는 한국 사회에서 사회경제적 지위(SES)가 인권침해에 대한 대 응행동에 미치는 영향을 구조방정식 경로분석을 통해 검증하였다. 특히 인권침해 및 차별 경험이 사회경제적 지위와 대응행동 사이를 매개하는 메커니즘을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 2024년 인권의식실태조사 데이터를 활용하여 구조방정식모형(SEM)을 추정한 결과, 다음과 같은 주요 발견을 도출하였다. 첫째, 사회경제적 지위는 인권침해 및 차별 경험에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 특히 교육수준이 높을수록 인권침해를 더 많이 인지하고 보고하는 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 인권침해 경험은 적극적 대응행동을 유의 하게 증가시키는 것으로 나타나 피해 경험이 행동 변화의 중요한 계기가 됨을 확인하였다. 셋째, 인권침해 경험의 매개효과가 통계적으로 유의하 여, 사회경제적 지위가 대응행동에 미치는 영향이 부분적으로 인권침해 경험을 통해 간접적으로 전달됨을 입증하였다. 넷째, 대응행동의 유형(적 극적 대응, 공식적 대응, 무대응)에 따라 경로계수의 크기와 유의성이 상 이하게 나타나, 대응 메커니즘의 다층성을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 성인학습자의 자기주도학습능력이 학업지속의향에 미치는 영향과 이 관계에서 학교소속감이 수행하는 매개효과를 규명하고자 수행 되었다. 직장과 가정 그리고 학업의 다중 역할을 수행하는 성인학습자는 학업 중단 위험이 상대적으로 높기 때문에, 학업 지속을 예측하는 핵심 요인을 파악하는 것은 실천적 및 정책적 측면에서 중요한 과제이다. 연 구대상은 대학에 재학 중인 성인학습자 102명이며, 자기주도학습능력과 학교소속감 그리고 학업지속의향을 측정한 후 기술통계, 상관분석, 회귀 분석, 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 매개효과는 Baron & Kenny(1986) 의 절차와 Sobel 검정, 그리고 95% 신뢰구간의 부트스트래핑을 활용하 여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 자기주도학습능력은 학업지속의향에 유 의한 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 자기주도학습능력은 학교소속감에 유의 한 영향을 미쳤으며, 셋째, 학교소속감 또한 학업지속의향에 유의한 영향 을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 학교소속감은 자기주도학습능력과 학업지속의향 의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 성인학습자의 학 업 지속에 있어 인지적 및 동기적 요인과 사회심리적 요인의 통합적 역 할을 규명하였다는 점에서 이론적 기여를 지니며, 성인학습자의 소속감 증진 프로그램, 상담·멘토링 체계 구축, 평생교육 정책 설계 등 실천적 시사점을 제공한다.

본 연구는 경상남도 기혼 여성 사회복지사를 대상으로, 일–가정 양 립갈등이 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 일반적 특 성별 평균차이에서는 고용형태만 유의했으며, 비정규직의 이직의도가 더 높았다. 회귀분석 결과, 양립갈등이 직무스트레스를 유의하게 증가 시켰으며, 이직의도에 대한 총효과와 직무스트레스 통제 후 직접효과 모두 유의하였고, 직무스트레스의 부분 매개가 확인되었다. 제언으로, 유연근무제 도입과 근무시간 외 연락 최소화 등 일–가정 경계관리, 업 무량 조절, 스트레스 관리, 가족친화 인센티브 및 대체인력 확충 등 인 력유지 중심의 인사전략 마련이 요구된다.

본 연구의 목적은 도농복합지역 독거노인을 대상으로 5요인 성격특성 과 주관적 행복감 간의 관계에서 스트레스 대처방식의 매개효과를 검증 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 도농복합지역에 거주하는 만 65세 이상 독거노 인 290명을 대상으로 면접식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 매개효과 검증을 위한 분석방법으로는 앤더슨과 거빙(Anderson & Gerbing 1988)의 3 단계 접근법을 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도농 복합지역 독거노인의 5요인 성격특성은 주관적 행복감에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 5요인 성격특성과 주관적 행복감 간의 관계에서 스트레스 대처방식의 매개효과가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 도 농복합지역 독거노인의 주관적 행복감을 높이는데 있어서 5요인 성격 특성과 스트레스 대처방식이 주요 변수임을 나타내는 것이다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 도농복합지역 독거노인의 스트레스 대처방식과 주관 적 행복감을 높일 수 있는 실천 및 정책적 방안을 모색하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 리더의 코칭리더십이 구성원의 혁신행동을 매개로 자기효 능감에 미치는 영향을 검증하고, 이 관계에서 조직지원인식의 조절효과를 분석 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 국내 제조업, 서비스업, 공공기관 종사자 300명을 대상 으로 설문조사 데이터 수집을 통해 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 코칭리더십은 구성원의 혁신행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 혁신행동은 자기효능감에 유의한 영향을 미쳐, 구성원이 혁신적 과업 수행을 통해 자신감과 유능감을 강화함을 확인하였다. 셋째, 조직지원인식은 코칭리더십과 혁신행동 간의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났으며, 조직지원인식이 높은 집단에서 코칭 리더십의 효과가 더욱 강화되었다. 이러한 결과는 코칭리더십이 구성원의 심리 적 자원과 조직 내 혁신을 촉진하는 지속가능한 리더십임을 시사한다. 또한 리 더의 코칭행동과 조직지원 인식의 상호작용을 통합적으로 분석함으로써, 리더 십 연구의 확장과 조직관리 실무에 기초적 근거를 제공하였다.

망고 ‘Irwin’의 유통과정 중 과실 품질 유지를 위한 수확 후 처리 방법을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 무처리, 온수 침지, MAP(Modified Atmosphere Packaging), MAP + EA(Ethylene Absorber)의 4가지 처리를 하였고, 이후 처리된 과실들을 상 온 저장(20°C), 저온 저장(7°C) 후 상온 저장의 두 가지 조건 으로 저장하고 기체 조성 변화, 과실 품질 변화, 병반 면적률을 조사하였다. 상온 환경에서 저장된 MAP 처리들은 무처리나 온수 침지 처리와 비교했을 때 높은 상대습도를 형성하였다. MAP 내부 대기는 일반 대기와 비교했을 때 저산소, 고이산화 탄소의 대기가 형성되었다. MAP 내부에 EA 투입은 에틸렌 발생 억제에 효과적이었다. 과실 품질 변화는 감모율에서 유 의한 차이가 나타났다. MAP 처리를 한 실험군들의 경우 1% 미만의 감모율을 보이며 감모가 거의 발생하지 않았다. 이는 MAP 내부의 높은 상대습도가 원인으로 보인다. 감모율을 제 외한 다른 품질 지표들에선 통계적 유의차가 거의 나타나지 않았는데, 이는 완숙 망고를 사용하였기 때문으로 판단된다. 병반 면적률은 온수 침지가 가장 낮은 병반 발생율을 보였다. 저온 저장 후 상온 저장의 MAP 처리들은 상온 저장의 MAP 처리들과 비슷하게 MAP 내부는 높은 상대습도를 형성하였 고, 저산소, 고이산화탄소의 대기가 형성되었다. 저온 환경에 서 상온 환경으로 이동될 때, 내부 에틸렌 농도는 급격히 증가 하였으나, MAP + EA는 비교적 낮은 에틸렌 농도를 보였다. 과실 품질 부분에서 가장 주목할만한 부분은 감모율이었다. 저온 환경에서 상온 환경으로 이동될 때 무처리나 온수 침지 처리의 경우 감모율이 급증하였으나, MAP 처리를 한 실험군 들은 1% 미만의 감모율을 보였다. 병반 면적률 또한 저온 환 경에서 상온 환경으로 이동된 뒤 급격하게 증가했으나, 온수 침지의 경우 2% 미만의 가장 낮은 병반 면적률을 보였다. MAP 처리를 한 실험군들 중에선 EA가 포함된 실험군이 비 교적 병반이 적게 나타났다. 종합적으로, MAP 처리는 감모율 억제에 효과적이며, MAP 내부에 EA를 포함하는 것은 내부 에틸렌 농도 증가 억제에 도움이 된다. 온수 침지는 병반 억제 에는 효과적이나, 높은 감모율을 동반한다. 따라서 온수 침지 와 MAP 두 가지 수확 후 관리 기술을 복합 적용하는 것이 국 내에서 생산된 완숙 망고 품질 유지에 있어서 가장 유리할 것 으로 사료된다.

Background: Despite various treatment methods, many functional ankle instability (FAI) patients continue to experience functional deficits. Objectives: To investigate the effect of additional auditory feedback on balance and ankle function in task-oriented balance training for FAI patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Methods: Forty FAI patients were randomly assigned to the auditory feedback task-oriented balance training (ATBT) group (n=20) and the task-oriented balance training (TBT) group (n=20). The training program was implemented for 4 weeks, 3 days a week. Results: After training, the COG movement area, speed, and distance significantly decreased in both the ATBT and TBT groups (P<.05). Additionally, the COG movement speed and distance in the ATBT group were significantly decreased compared to the TBT group (P<.05). The 6-meter crossover hop test time decreased in both the ATBT and TBT groups (P<.05). The ATBT group exhibited a significantly decreased 6-meter crossover hop test time compared to the TBT group (P<.05). Conclusion: Both ATBT and TBT enhanced balance and ankle function in FAI patients. ATBT was more effective in improving balance and ankle function than TBT.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources. However, the relatively large ionic radius of sodium ions hinders their intercalation into conventional graphite anodes, necessitating the development of advanced anode materials. In this study, high-performance hard carbon materials were synthesized from ZIF-8 precursors through controlled carbonization at various temperatures. Among the samples, ZIF-800, which is carbonized at 800 °C, exhibited the highest reversible capacity (156.63 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g) and excellent cycling stability. This superior performance is attributed to the optimized combination of high specific surface area (700.35 m2/ g), well-developed pore structure, and enhanced defect concentration, as indicated by a low IG/ ID ratio. The capacitive-dominant charge storage behavior further contributes to the improved electrochemical characteristics. These findings highlight the critical role of tuning carbonization temperature to achieve a balanced microstructure, offering valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance hard carbon anodes for SIBs.

In this study, GNPs/FeCoNiCuAl particles synergistically reinforced aluminum matrix composites are developed by friction stir processing (FSP) to explore the effects of different GNPs contents (1, 3, and 5%) on the microstructure, mechanical performance, and wear resistance of the materials. The results show that the incorporation of GNPs affects the formation of the diffusion layer between the FeCoNiCuAl particles and the aluminum matrix. As the content of GNPs increases, the thickness and integrity of the diffusion layer between FeCoNiCuAl particles and aluminum matrix gradually decrease. In addition, the introduction of GNPs is beneficial in enhancing the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries in the composites, but the grain size of the specimen increases slightly to about 5.5 μm at a content of 5% GNPs. When the content of GNPs is 1%, the composites achieve the highest microhardness and the lowest specific wear rate (0.1459 × 10⁻⁶ mm3/ N·m), with the wear mechanism dominated by abrasive wear. Nonetheless, when the GNPs content in the composite increases to 5%, the thickness and integrity of the diffusion layer are minimal, causing the tensile strength of the composite to be reduced to 250 MPa, and the specific wear rate increased to 0.4244 × 10– 6 ( mm3/N·m), with the wear mechanism transformed to abrasive–adhesive mixed wear. This study demonstrates that the appropriate ratio of GNPs and FeCoNiCuAl particles can effectively enhance the mechanical and wear resistance properties of aluminum matrix composites, providing a theoretical basis for the design and development of high-performance aluminum matrix composites.

The slow cathodic oxygen reduction rate (ORR) of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is still one of the main bottlenecks in its industrialization. As an ORR catalyst, metal oxides are expected to significantly enhance ORR efficiency by providing active sites, regulating reaction pathways, and enhancing stability. In this paper, four bimetallic oxide catalysts, CuO/Co3O4, CuO/ MnO2, CuO/NiO, and CuO/Fe2O3, were synthesized by sol–gel method, and their structural characteristics were characterized. The results showed that CuO/Co3O4 exhibited the largest specific surface area and optimized pore structure, and the synergistic effect of Cu and Co significantly improved the electrochemical performance. As the cathode catalyst of MFCs, CuO/Co3O4 shows high ORR catalytic activity, low charge transfer resistance, and good stability. In MFCs application, CuO/ Co3O4 catalyst achieved the maximum power density of 227 mW m− 2. In the five-cycle test, the output voltage is stable at about 240 mV, and the COD removal rate reaches 91.9%, which shows great application potential in wastewater treatment.

The ZnCl2 chemical activation method is widely employed for the preparation of biomass-derived porous carbons. In most of the related studies, the emphasis lies on investigating how experimental preparation conditions impact the performance of the final products. However, the performance of the porous carbon also depends on the chemical structure of the carbon source. In this study, we used alkali lignin, ammoxidized lignin and sodium lignosulfonate as carbon sources to prepare porous carbon through ZnCl2 activation. The influence of the chemical structures of lignin on the activation process is explored. The porous carbons prepared from alkali lignin (ALC) and ammoxidized lignin (AOLC) both exhibit similar and relatively high specific surface areas (ALC: 1164 m2 g− 1, AOLC: 1156 m2 g− 1) and capacitance contribution ratios (ALC: 80.6%, AOLC: 79.4%). The porous carbon prepared from sodium lignosulfonate has a specific surface area of 890 m2 g− 1 and a mesopore ratio of 26.1%, with the capacitance contribution accounting for only 75.1%. ZnS and NaCl generated during the activation process involving sodium lignosulfonate can partially enable mesopores by template effect, which in turn results in lower electrochemical properties. This study explores the reasons for the differences in ZnCl2 activation on different lignins, providing data to support research on the mechanism of how lignin structure influences ZnCl2 activation.

The mixed-ion electron conductor, Ag₂Se, has shown strong potential as a thermoelectric material operating near room temperature. In this study, we demonstrate that the incorporation of polyaniline (PANI) into Ag₂Se forms Ag₂Se/PANI nanocomposites with significantly enhanced thermoelectric performances. Ag₂Se was synthesized using a hydrothermal method followed by hot pressing to obtain dense composite pellets. The novelty of this work lies in the systematic tuning of the PANI content and its dual role in enhancing electrical transport while suppressing lattice thermal conductivity. Microstructural analysis reveals that PANI-induced defects, such as dislocations and point defects, effectively scatter phonons at multiple scales, resulting in a remarkably low lattice thermal conductivity (κₗ ≈ 0.08 Wm⁻1 K⁻1) at 393 K. Simultaneously, PANI improves carrier mobility by modifying the Coulomb potential at grain boundaries, reducing interfacial energy barriers. These effects lead to an improved power factor of 2028 μWm⁻1 K⁻2 and a peak figure of merit (zT ≈ 0.67) at 393 K for the 0.5 wt% PANI sample. This study introduces a novel polymer-assisted interface engineering approach to improve the thermoelectric performance of Ag₂Se-based materials.

본 연구는 뷰티종사자의 임파워먼트가 자기효능감과 고객지향성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 이 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 설문지 248부를 수집하여 SPSS 27.0으 로 빈도분석, 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 임파워먼트의 하위 요인(의미성, 역량성, 자기결정력, 영향력), 자기효능감, 고객지향성 모두 자기효능감과 고객지향성에 유의 미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 매개효과 분석에서는 의미성, 자기결정력, 영향력에서 부분 매개효과가 나타났으며, 역량성에서는 완전매개효과가 확인되어 자기효능감이 임파워먼트와 고객지향성의 관계를 설명하는 핵심 요인으로 작용함을 보여주었다. 향후 연구에서는 조직몰입, 감정노동, 서비스 열의 등 다양한 변수를 포함한 확장 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.