Purpose: This study aimed to understand nurses' experiences of team effectiveness in nursing units. Methods: Data were collected from May 2 to June 8, 2018 through in-depth interviews with ten nurses who worked at a university hospital and subsequently analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes - ‘the leadership of the head nurse that determines the success or failure of the nursing unit’, ‘a special work environment in which shift work is predominant,’ ‘the competency of individual nurses is essential for team effectiveness’, and 'creating a desirable nursing organizational culture’. - emerged, along with 15 sub-themes. Conclusion: The findings provide valuable information on hospital nurses' experiences with team effectiveness in nursing units in both universal and unique Korean hospital environments. Nursing and hospital managers should be aware of team effectiveness in nursing units to achieve organizational goals.

Considering the domestic condition with small land area and high population density, it is necessary to develop technology that can reduce the disposal area than the deep geological disposal method. For this, KAERI is developing a nuclide management process that can reduce the environmental burden of spent fuel, and establishing an evaluation model that can evaluate the performance of various process options. It is expected that an optimal option of the nuclide management process can be derived from disposal perspective by applying the evaluation model. The mass flow between processing steps of the radionuclide management process is the basic quantity required to quantify the evaluation criteria. Therefore, we built a generalized block model on GoldSim, which can simulate mass flow of various radionuclide management process options. In addition to the mass flow, this model was established to derive the amount of wastes generated by each processing step, the composition of nuclides, and radiological properties (decay heat, radioactivity, etc.). The mass flow and waste property derived from the models are closely related to the factors that determine the area of disposal concepts. Based on this, a disposal area calculation model was established as a model to evaluate the effectiveness of the radionuclide management process on environmental burden reduction. For verification, three process options, which can manage radionuclides having high decay heat (Cs, Sr) or large volume (U), were selected and evaluated as reference processes. And two disposal options, deep geological disposal and deep borehole disposal concepts were considered to be linked with the processes. As a result, it was confirmed that the disposal area could be reduced in the process separating radionuclides having high decay heat. In the future, other evaluation models for economic viability and safety will be added in the GoldSim model.

Nuclear power plants, like other national critical infrastructures, could be under the threat of terrorism or other malicious action. Thus, a nuclear power plant has a robust security system that includes security guards, sensors, barriers, access control systems, lights, and alarm stations with security procedures. However, an effective security system is hard to design because a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, and there could be a vulnerable hole even in the robust security system. Thus, an effective security system requires the evaluation of all possible scenarios. Evaluation software for security system effectiveness assists in systematically assessing all the possible attack scenarios. Many countries developed security effectiveness evaluation software. The first software was developed by the U.S. Sandia National Laboratories in the 1980s. Now there are several commercially available software packages with a function to simulate limited-scope combat between security guards and attacking enemies. However, academic communication is comparatively weak because it may contain sensitive information on the vulnerability of nuclear power plants. We developed original software called Tools for Evaluating Security Systems (TESS) to identify the most vulnerable path to the designated target and model the security systems of all South Korean nuclear power plants. We also used commercial security effectiveness evaluation software, AVERT, to model the same nuclear power plants. TESS was developed to verify the results of commercial security effectiveness evaluation software for the purpose of regulatory use. For the feasibility test, we compared the results of two software with those of force-on-force (FoF) exercises in nuclear power plants. According to the relevant Act, every nuclear power plant site should perform the FoF exercises every year. KINAC was in charge of evaluating the FoF exercise and used several of its results for the study. In the results, even in some differences in detail, the two software and FoF exercises showed qualitative similarity. Conclusively, evaluation software is a useful tool to design and/or assess the security systems of nuclear power plants. We modeled the security systems of all South Korean nuclear power plants, and compared the developed software, a commercial software and FoF exercises. The results showed qualitative similarity. We provided the results of evaluation to nuclear operators for the better security of nuclear power plants.

Deforestation and poverty in developing countries are critical ongoing issues. Forests provide a broad spectrum of benefits and services to millions of people, and more than $14 billion has been globally spent on the Forestry Official Development Assistance 2000-2019. The purpose of this study was to empirically analyze the effect of forestry ODA on the economic development and forest conservation policies of 87 major recipient countries, using panel data from the OECD DAC CRS, and the World Bank WBI 2003-2018. Herein, fixed effect and random effect models were applied, to 1,392 observed panel data using the R software. Results are as follow. First, results show that the forestry ODA has a positive and statistically significant effect on forest conservation. The higher the forest-dependent country, the greater the positive effect. On the other hand, the forestry ODA does not have a positive effect on the economic development of the recipient country. As the positive effect of the forestry, ODA has been verified; it is necessary to continuously increase international cooperation projects as well as financial support, in line with these international trends. Additionally, results suggest a joint and integrated project with the agriculture as well as forestry sectors because forest areas and farmlands area have a close negative ( ) relationship. Thus, the results provide substantial evidence for supporting as well as establishing, a solid momentum of international cooperation policies in the forest sector.

팀 상황에서 신뢰의 축적과 그 효과성 간의 역동성을 이해하는데 목적을 두고 자율적 프로젝트팀을 대상으로 종단연구를 실행하였다. 신뢰의 진화 개념이 제시된지 25여 년이 되어가지만 이를 실증분석한 연구는 희소하다. 이에 본 연구는 프로젝트팀에서 계산적 신뢰와 지식기반 신뢰가 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화하는지를 살펴보고 초기신뢰와 변화된 신뢰가 팀활성화에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 검증하였다. 팀 활성화 변수로는 팀만족, 대인시민행동 및 학습을 채택하였다. 신뢰의 진화를 검증하기 위해서는 신설된 팀을 필요로 하므로 국내 대학생을 대상으로 한학기동안 진 행된 프로젝트팀을 통해서 실험연구를 진행하였다. 연구대상인 팀원들은 한 학기 동안 세 차례의 프로젝 트를 공동작업으로 진행하였고 각 프로젝트가 종료되는 시점에서 신뢰의 변화와 팀활성화 변수들을 측정 하였다.분석 결과, 계산적 신뢰와 지식기반 신뢰는 모두 시간의 흐름에 따라 유의하게 변화하여 높아지고 있었 다. 그리고 두 신뢰 모두 처음 형성된 신뢰와 이후의 변화가 팀만족, 대인시민행동, 그리고 학습에 차별적 인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 아울러 연구변수들의 인과관계를 구체적으로 살펴보고자 자기회귀 교차지연 검증을 실시하였고 신뢰와 팀활성화 변수 간에 유의한 교차지연효과를 확인하였다.

Background: Although several studies have reported functional improvements after forward walking training on a treadmill and after backward walking training on a treadmill, there is a lack of immediate effects data, investigating spatiotemporal parameter, neuromuscular recruitment. Objectives: To compare the immediate effects between forward and backward walking on treadmill training, present study measured muscle activities of the lower extremity, gait parameters, and dynamic balance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The twenty-four asymptomatic young male subjects were participated in this study. Subjects have performed 15-min of forward and backward walking on treadmill. Before and after treadmill walking, the gait parameters were measured with the GAITRite. The dynamic balance abilities were assessed with the Y-balance test. Muscular activities were collected from the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris during forward and backward walking. Results: Muscular activities of the biceps femoris and tibialis anterior were significantly different between forward and backward walking conditions, which were higher with the backward walking (P<.05). Compared to the pre-measurement, the normalized dynamic balance composite score of the post-measurement was significantly higher with the backward walking (P<.05). Regardless of the treadmill training method, there were no significant differences between pre and post measurement, both the stride length and step length (P>.05). Conclusion: The performing backward walking training has positive effects for dynamic balance.

목적 : 입체경으로 구현된 가상공간에서 측정한 사위검사를 하웰 시표를 기반으로 하는 기존 검사와 비교하여 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 전체 대상자는 51명(20~39세)으로 전신질환, 안질환, 억제가 없고, 입체시가 40 sec 이상, 나안 또는 교정시력이 양안 1.0 이상인 사람을 선정하였다. 입체경의 광학렌즈 굴절력은 +3.00 D, +5.00 D, +10.00 D이 고, 광학중심점 간 거리는 62.00 mm이었다. 하웰 시표를 기반으로, 기존과 입체경용 사위도 검사 시표를 제작하 였으며, 검사거리 500.00 cm, 40.00 cm, 33.00 cm에 대해 수평과 수직사위도 검사를 무작위로 수행하였으며, 계산 조절성폭주비를 구하였다. 결과 : 검사거리 500.00 cm, 40.00 cm 및 33.00 cm에서 측정한 기존, +3.00 D, +5.00 D, +10.00 D 입체경 에서 수평사위(△)는 각각 -1.18±1.71, +2.39±3.46, +2.23±3.36, +2.36±3.31(500.00 cm), -3.88±4.17, -4.92±5.92, -4.98±5.70, -4.91±5.58(40.00 cm), 및 -5.53±4.82, -6.50±6.67, -6.49±6.59, -6.38±6.54 (33.00 cm), 수직사위(△)는 각각 -0.03±0.97, -0.03±0.99, -0.03±0.87, +0.02±1.00(500.00 cm), 0.00±0.92, -0.05±1.00, -0.09±1.01, -0.02±1.02(40.00 cm), 및 -0.05±0.99, -0.01±1.00, -0.11±1.02, -0.05±0.99(33.00 cm)로 나타났다. 입체경의 원거리 수평사위에서 더 내사위, 근거리는 더 외사위 방향으로 나 타났으며, 원거리만 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.050), 수직사위는 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.050). 계 산 조절성폭주비(△/D)는 각각 5.18±1.24, 3.34±1.45, 3.38±1.37, 3.36±1.35(40.00 cm), 및 4.81±1.22, 3.30±1.41, 3.36±1.41, 3.35±1.38(33.00 cm)이었으며. 입체경에서 더 낮았으며, 유의한 차이가 있었다 (p<0.050). 결론 : 입체경을 이용한 사위도 검사는 구현된 가상공간에 대한 거리감 인지가 실제공간과 다르기 때문에 원거 리 과폭주, 근거리 저폭주의 영향이 발생되었다. 실제공간과 유사한 수준을 가지기 위해서는, 거리감 인지를 증가 를 위한 주변부 가상공간에 경험적 단서를 추가시킬 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

In order to improve the implementation of safety and health education at the site for industrial accident prevention activities, research was conducted to minimize inconvenience and increase utilization by redesigning and developing existing education methods. To date, occupational safety and health education has been conducted without considering the general work characteristics and functional facilities (mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, chemical) of workers (mechanical: turbine, valve, pump, hydraulic system, electrical: generator, breaker, motor, etc.). In particular, plant facilities were classified as mechanical and electrical facilities to improve the methodology for industrial safety and health education for plant maintenance workers. In addition, the “One Page Education Plan” was announced as a learning case because the spread of COVID-19 infectious diseases made it impossible to reduce or control the number of people in all groups and groups. The improvement of this training method will play a major role in improving the effectiveness of safety education in power plant workplaces.

목적 : 본 연구는 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단치료 프로그램의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 청소년 스마트폰 중독 자가진단 척도(S 척도)에서 잠재적 위험군으로 분류된 중학생을 대상으로 Jo(2019)가 개발한 스마트폰 중독 예방 인지행동 집단프로그램을 실험-통제집단 사전-사후 설계방법 (pretest-posttest control group design)을 적용하여 실시하였다. 프로그램의 참여자는 8명으로 8주간 매주 1회 60분으로 8회기로 구성된 프로그램을 적용하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 스마트폰 중독 수준 척도, 자기통제력 척도, 활동 참여 종류 및 수준 척도를 사용하였다. 각 집단 내 치료 전후의 유의 성을 알아보기 위해 윌콕슨 부호 순위 검정(Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test)으로 검증하였다. 결과 : 프로그램을 적용한 결과 실험집단은 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단 치료 프로그램을 적 용 후 스마트폰 중독 수준이 감소하였고, 자기통제력은 통계적으로 유의미하게 증가하였으며, 활동에 대 한 흥미와 만족도가 증가하였다. 또한 활동의 참여 상황에서 혼자 하는 활동은 감소하고, 친구 및 가족 과 하는 활동이 증가하였으며, 학교에서의 활동도 증가하였다. 반면 통제집단은 스마트폰 중독 수준과 자기통제력, 활동에 대한 흥미, 만족도 및 활동의 참여 상황 모두 프로그램 전과 후 유의미한 차이를 보 이지 않았다. 결론 : 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 예방을 위한 인지행동 집단치료 프로그램은 학교 및 지역사회의 스마트폰 중독 청소년들에게 적용할 수 있으며, 스마트폰 중독 중재치료에 대한 근거기반치료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

It was legislated in Korea that the small-sized enterprise with fewer than 50 employees should appoint at least one managing officer in order to improve safety and health of the employees since 2016. Study on the effectiveness of this legislation is hardly found, however. This study tried to evaluate effectiveness of the regulations for appointing the safety and health management officer in small-sized manufacturing companies and make suggestions to improve it. It was done by pairwise comparison between the level of safety and health achievement of 52 companies before and after the legislation. A scorecard system and questionnaires were devised for assessing the level of safety and health achievement and surveying awareness and practice of the regulation in the field. Results from quantitative and qualitative analyses performed in the study confirm that the safety and health achievement score has increased significantly after appointing the managing officer. It is also revealed that the lack of expertise and motivation of the appointed officer would yield pointless outcomes. Recommendations to make it better the effectiveness of the regulation are: to administrate requirements more strictly to be appointed as a safety and health management officer, to revise the curriculum to train the expertise of the appointed officers, and to expand financial support of the government to settle the safety and health management system.

본 연구의 목적은 정적 플랭크 운동의 동작 차이에 따른 코어근육의 근활성도를 비교하는 것이 었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 “J”대학교 20대 남성 10명을 대상으로 진행하였고(연령, 23.20±0.65 세; 신장, 174.54±1.51 cm; 체중, 70.00±2.24 kg; 신체질량지수, 22.94±0.51 kg/m2), 4가지의 풀, 엘보우, 사이드 및 리버스 정적 플랭크 동작을 수행하였으며, 근전도 분석을 위한 표면전극 부착 부위는 신체 근육의 우측 복직근, 외복사근, 광배근 및 척추기립근으로 설정하였다. 본 실험 결과, 광배근과 척추기립근의 근활성도 는 리버스 플랭크 동작 시 가장 높게 나타났고(p<.001), 복직근과 외복사근의 근활성도는 엘보우 플랭크 동작 시 가장 높게 나타났다(p<.001). 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 추후 정적 플랭크 동작 시 효과적인 운동 프로그램의 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.