In this study, the well-known non-destructive acoustic emission (AE) and electrical resistivity methods were employed to predict quantitative damage in the silo structure of the Wolsong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center (WLDC), Gyeongju, South Korea. Brazilian tensile test was conducted with a fully saturated specimen with a composition identical to that of the WLDC silo concrete. Bi-axial strain gauges, AE sensors, and electrodes were attached to the surface of the specimen to monitor changes. Both the AE hit and electrical resistance values helped in the anticipation of imminent specimen failure, which was further confirmed using a strain gauge. The quantitative damage (or damage variable) was defined according to the AE hits and electrical resistance and analyzed with stress ratio variations. Approximately 75% of the damage occurred when the stress ratio exceeded 0.5. Quantitative damage from AE hits and electrical resistance showed a good correlation (R = 0.988, RMSE = 0.044). This implies that AE and electrical resistivity can be complementarily used for damage assessment of the structure. In future, damage to dry and heated specimens will be examined using AE hits and electrical resistance, and the results will be compared with those from this study.

In the manufacturing of bulk graphite, pores produced by vaporization and discharge of volatile materials in binders during carbonization reduce the density of bulk graphite, which adversely affects the electrical conductivity, strength and mechanical properties. Therefore, an impregnation process is introduced to fill the pores and increase the density of bulk graphite. In this study, bulk graphite is prepared by varying the viscosity of the impregnant. The microstructure of bulk graphite is observed. The flexural strength and electrical resistivity are measured. As the viscosity of the impregnants decreases and the number of impregnations increases, it is shown that the number of pores decreases. The density before impregnation is 1.62 g/cm3. The density increases to 1.67 g/cm3 and porosity decreases by 18.6 % after three impregnations using 5.1 cP impregnant, resulting in the best pore-filling effect. After three times of impregnation with a viscosity of 5.1 cP, the flexural strength increases by 55.2 % and the electrical resistivity decreases by 86.76 %. This shows that a slight increase in density due to the pore-filling effect improves the properties of bulk graphite.

Conductive polymer composites with high electrical and mechanical properties are in demand for bipolar plates of phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). In this study, composites based on natural graphite/fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) and different ratios of carbon black are mixed and hot formed into bars. The overall content of natural graphite is replaced by carbon black (0.2 wt% to 3.0 wt%). It is found that the addition of carbon black reduces electrical resistivity and density. The density of composite materials added with carbon black 3.0 wt% is 2.168 g/cm3, which is 0.017 g/cm3 less than that of non-additive composites. In-plane electrical resistivity is 7.68 μΩm and through-plane electrical resistivity is 27.66 μΩm. Compared with non-additive composites, in-plane electrical resistivity decreases by 95.7 % and through-plane decreases by 95.9 %. Also, the bending strength is about 30 % improved when carbon black is added at 2.0 wt% compared to non-additive cases. The decrease of electrical resistivity of composites is estimated to stem from the carbon black, which is a conductive material located between melted FEP and acts a path for electrons; the increasing mechanical properties are estimated to result from carbon black filling up pores in the composites.

Underground cavities are frequently taking place in urban areas due to soil loss caused by structural defects of underground buried pipes. In this study, a field experimental program was conducted to detect ground condition using the electrical resistivity survey and the pneumatic cone penetration test. In addition, we proposed a method to estimate the weighted mean resistivity value by quantifying the electrical resistivity measurements through image analysis in order to compare the results of pneumatic cone penetration test. Consequently, it was found that as the weighted average resistivity value decreased, the smaller the N-value (penetration depth per blow number) from the pneumatic cone penetration test results. Based on the limited number of field experimental measurements, the correlation between weighted average resistivity value and the N-value of pneumatic cone penetration test is deemed promising in assessment of ground conditions associated with developing underground cavitation.

A composite material was prepared for the bipolar plates of phosphoric acid fuel cells(PAFC) by hot pressing a flake type natural graphite powder as a filler material and a fluorine resin as a binder. Average particle sizes of the powders were 610.3, 401.6, 99.5, and 37.7 μm. The density of the composite increased from 2.25 to 2.72 g/cm3 as the graphite size increased from 37.7 to 610.3 μm. The anisotropy ratio of the composite increased from 1.8 to 490.9 as the graphite size increased. The flexural strength of the composite decreased from 15.60 to 8.94MPa as the graphite size increased. The porosity and the resistivity of the composite showed the same tendencies, and decreased as the graphite size increased. The lowest resistivity and porosity of the composite were 1.99 × 10−3 Ωcm and 2.02 %, respectively, when the graphite size was 401.6 μm. The flexural strength of the composite was 10.3MPa when the graphite size was 401.6 μm. The lowest resistance to electron mobility was well correlated with the composite with lowest porosity. It was possible the flaky large graphite particles survive after the hot pressing process.

PURPOSES : The pole electrode method damaged the concrete pavement on inserting the electrode into the pavement surface. This study examined the feasibility of the flat electrode method to observe the concrete pavement instead of the pole electrode method and analyzed the resistivity characteristics of the concrete by performing laboratory tests. METHODS : The resistivity of the concrete specimens manufactured with three different mixing ratios (38.50%, 39.50%, and 40.50%) were measured using the pole and flat electrode methods according to the concrete age (7 and 28 days) and electrode spacing (20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm). RESULTS : In both pole and flat electrode methods, the resistivity increased with increasing fine aggregate proportion regardless of the concrete age. The resistivity measured at a concrete age of 28 days was slightly larger than that measured at 7 days. In the case of a concrete age of 7 days, the resistivity measured by the flat electrode method was larger than that measured by the pole electrode method. The difference disappeared at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the flat electrode method can replace the pole electrode method because the resistivity measured by both methods was similar. Hence, the development of a technology to apply the flat electrode method to actual concrete pavement is necessary.

최근 도심지에서 지중매설관의 구조적 결함에 의한 토사 유실로 인해 지하 공동이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지하 공동을 파악하는데 있어 현장 실험 수행 결과 전기비저항 탐사와 공압콘관입시험이 지반 조건의 이상 징후를 탐지하는데 효율적임을 확인하였다. 또한, 이미지 분석을 통한 전기비저항 실험 측정값을 정량화 하여 평균 비저항 값을 산정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 실대형 실험 결과, 평균 비저항 값이 감소할수록 위험도가 증가하였고, 공압콘관입시험 결과, N치가 작을수록 위험도가 높다는 것을 확인하였으며, 제한적인 측정 데이터 수를 토대로 평균 비저항 값과 공압콘관입시험의 결과를 토대로 상관관계를 나타내었을 때, 지반의 지하공동 발생과 관련된 위험 수준을 제한적으로 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The Fe-Cr-Al alloy system shows an excellent heat resistance because of the formation of an Al2O3 film on the metal surface in an oxidizing atmosphere at high temperatures up to 1400oC. The Fecralloy needs an additive that can act as a binder because of its bad compactability. In this study, the green compacts of STS434L and Al powder added to Fecralloy are oxidized at 950oC for up to 210 h. Fecralloy and Al is mixed by two types of ball milling. One is vented to air and the other was performed in a sealed jar. In the case of Al addition, there are no significant changes in the electrical resistance. Before the oxidation test, Al oxides are present in the Fecralloy surface, as determined from the energy dispersive spectroscopy results. The addition of Al improves the compactability because of an increased density, and the addition of STS434L increases the electrical resistivity by forming a composite oxide.

In order to improve the high-temperature oxidation stability, sintered 434L stainless steel is studied, focusing on the effect of the addition of metallic oxides to form stable oxide films on the inner particle surface. The green compacts of Fecralloy powder or amorphous silica are added on STS434L and oxidized at 950oC up to 210 h. The weight change ratio of 434L with amorphous silica is higher than that of 434L mixed with Fecralloy, and the weight increase follows a parabolic law, which implies that the oxide film grows according to oxide diffusion through the densely formed oxide film. In the case of 434L mixed with Fecralloy, the elements in the matrix diffuse through the grain boundaries and form Al2O3 and Fe-Cr oxides. Stable high temperature corrosion resistance and electrical resistivity are obtained for STS434L mixed with Fecralloy.

The effect of CNT diameters on properties of CNT-polyamide composites was investigated such as electrical conductivity, tensile strength and thermal conductivity. To get different diameter distributions of CNTs, several portions of Mo and Fe in Mo-Fe/MgO catalysts were synthesized by a combustion method at 600℃. And all CNTs growed at 900℃ with 3 SLM methane and 1 SLM hydrogen for 40min. Four kinds of CNTs with different diameter distributions, such as 1~3nm, 3~7nm, 7~13nm, and 10~30nm, were selected to make CNT-polyamide composites. Each composite was manufactured by a solution mixing using bar-type ultra-sonicator in the CNT portions from 1phr to 50phr. And electrical conductivity, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity were measured. Three properties of CNT-polyamide composite, manufactured with 10nm diameter, were more excellent compared to other composites, with electrical conductivity  Ω at 7phr, thermal conductivity 2.4.W/mK at 40phr, tensile strength 60MPa at 30phr. CNTs with a diameter of 10nm were superior to other diameters for the multi-functional composite such as CNT-polyamide composites.

전기비저항탐사는 제방 등의 수리시설물 안전 관리를 위해 널리 사용되는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 서해안에 위치한 제방에서 해수측 조석 변화가 전기비저항 모니터링 자료의 해석에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하고자 하였다. 이러한 연구를 위해 조석 변화가 많이 발생하는 제방에서 3일 동안 3시간 간격으로 전기비저항 변화를 모니터링 하였다. 전기비저항 모니터링 자료는 시간에 따라 특정 구간에서 비저항 분포 변화를 나타냈으며, 이러한 결과는 조석 변화와 상관성이 있는 것으로 파악하였다. 따라서 조석 변화가 큰 제방에서의 전기비저항 탐사는 이에 따른 고려를 필히 해줘야 한다. 향후 연구를 위해 보다 장기간에 걸친 전기비저항 모니터링 및 조석 변화의 분석이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

연약지반의 평가를 위한 물리탐사기법의 적용성을 알아보기 위해 총 6개월간의 전기비저항 모니터링자료를 취득하였다. 추가적으로 다중채널 표면파 탐사(Multichannel Analysis Surface Wave; MASW)를 실시하여 전단파 속도와 연약지반의 강도분포를 파악하고자 하였다. 또한, 콘 관입시험(Cone Penetration Test; CPT)과 시추 시료의 실내시험을 이용하여 물리탐사 자료와의 상관성을 확인하고 탐사 자료의 신뢰성을 높이고자 하였다. 그 결과 장기간의 모니터링 자료로부터 연약지반의 거동양상을 파악할 수 있었고, 추가 탐사를 통해 얻은 전단파 속도와 실내 시험간의 유의미한 상관관계가 확인되어 연구 지역 연약지반의 강도를 평가하는데 있어 표면파 탐사의 유용성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 최종적으로 지구통계학적 방법을 이용하여 물리탐사 자료와 이종 자료에 대한 3차원적인 지반 분포 영상을 획득하였다. 본 연구를 통해 넓은 영역에서의 연약지반 평가를 위해서는 장기간의 전기비저항 모니터링으로 영역 전체의 특성을 파악해야 함을 알 수 있었다. 이를 보강할 수 있는 추가적인 탐사 자료와 시추 자료를 이용한다면 경제적이고, 신뢰성 있는 평가가 이루어 질 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

지하 폐광도에 의한 지반침하 지역에서 전기비저항탐사와 시추공영상촬영을 통하여 지하공동의 분포 파악 및 지반 침하의 시간에 따른 변화량 측정을 수행하였다. 전기비저항탐사가 가능했던 연구지역 1에서는 100-150 ohm-meter 정도 낮은 비저항을 가지는 이상대가 관찰되었으며 시추조사와 시추공영상촬영 결과에서 폐갱도를 확인하였다. 연구지역 2는 도로로 피복되어 전기비저항탐사 수행이 불가능하였으나 광맥분포를 고려한 시추조사에서 채굴적 및 폐갱도를 확인하였다. 또한 시추공영상촬영을 43일간 총 6차례에 걸쳐 수행하여 시간에 따른 지하매질의 수직 이동 변위를 측정하였다. 지반침하로 인한 지하매질의 수직이동양상은 하부에서 상부보다 3배 이상 큰 규모로 발생하며 그 지속기간 역시 4배 이상 오랫동안 발생했음을 확인하였다. 효과적인 지하공동 탐지 및 지반침하 작용 모니터링을 위해서는 전기비저항탐사와 시추공영상촬영기법을 활용하는 것이 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

In the present work, exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (EGN) of 1 μm in average particle size, which were prepared by heating at 900℃ and then subjected to ultrasonic, ball-milling, and vibratory ball-milling techniques, were uniformly incorporated into phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide (PETI-5) resin. The fracture surface morphology and the electrical resistivity of the EGN/PETI-5 composites were investigated. The results showed that the fracture surfaces and the electrical resistivity strongly depended on the EGN content. The fracture surfaces became more ductile and roughened with increasing EGN and the electrical resistivity was gradually decreased with increased EGN loading, indicating the percolation threshold at 5 wt% EGN.

석회암 공동이 발달한 도심지역에서 지하수위 하강에 수반되어 발생한 함몰형 지반침하의 원인 규명 및 공동의 분포 특성 파악을 위하여 시추공을 이용한 전기비저항 토모그래피탐사를 실시하였다. 이때 지하수 수리지질 특성을 파악하기 위하여 시추코아의 비저항 측정, 지하수위 측정 및 수리전도도 해석을 병행하였다. 연구 지역에서의 완만한 지하수위 분포 특성과 0.8-9.3×10-4 cm/s 범위의 수리전도도 분포로 부터 연구지역의 수리지질 특성은 불균질성이 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 시추코아를 이용한 전기비저항 측정 결과 연구지역의 석회암은 파쇄가 많은 경우, 변질이 심한 경우 및 신선한 경우로 나눠지며, 전기비저항은 각각 103-161, 218-277 및 597-662 ohm-m의 범위로 나타났다. 시추결과 점토로 충전된 석회암 공동 지점은 토모그래피 탐사자료의 역산 결과 50 ohm-m 이하의 낮은 비저항으로 나타났으며, 각 시추공 간 비저항 영상 단면으로부터 연구지역 전체적으로 지표 하부 심도 약 10-20 m 구간까지 파쇄대 또는 석회암 공동 구간이 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 석회암 공동의 직경은 약 4-6 m 규모로, 대부분 점토질로 충전된 것으로 판단된다.

Thermoelectric-thick films were fabricated by using a screen printing process of n and p-type bismuth-telluride-based pastes. The screen-printed thick films have approximately 30 in thickness and show rough surfaces yielding an empty gap between an electrode and the thick film. The gap might result in an increase of an electrical resistivity of the fabricated thick-film-type thermoelectric module. In this study, we suggest a conductive metal coating onto the surfaces of the screen-printed paste in order to reduce the contact resistance in the module. As a result, the electrical resistivity of the thermoelectric module having a gold coating layer was significantly reduced up to 30% compared to that of a module without any metal coating. This result indicates that an introduction of conductive metal layers is effective to decrease the contact resistivity of a thick-film-typed thermoelectric module processed by screen printing.

The influences of various carbonization temperatures on electrical resistivity and morphologies of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofiber webs were studied. The diameter size distribution and morphologies of the nanofiber webs were observed by a scanning electron microscope. The electrical resistivity behaviors of the webs were evaluated by a volume resistivity tester. From the results, the volume resistivity of the carbon webs was ranged from 5.1×10-1 Ω·cm to 3.0×10-2 Ω·cm, and the average diameter of the fiber webs was varied in the range of 310 to 160 nm with increasing the carbonization temperature. These results could be explained that the graphitic region of carbon webs was formed after carbonization at high temperatures. And the amorphous structure of polymeric fiber webs was significantly changed to the graphitic crystalline, resulting in shrinking the size of fiber diameters.