The purpose of the study to examine the requirement of food service statistical account. the questionnaire was composed of two part: the traits of food service statistical accounts by USA and Japan and demographic characteristics. 325 questionnaires were distributed by mail to the member of Korean Food service Management Society and Korea university and college Culinary Management Faculty Association and 92 questionnaires were returned. the data was completed using the SPSS for frequency, mean, t-test, and ANOVA test. As a result of the follows. the 23 traits showed a high priority placed. Seeing the category, Number of customer, unit volume, solid waste, and information technology and application were higher than employee information. Comparing company members to academic members, both of them thought that dimension of unit, sales result, and number of customer. However, company member group indicated that employee information was important.

국내의 서비스품질 측정관련 연구들은 Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry(PZB)가 제안한 SERVQUAL과 Cronin & Taylor가 제안한 SERVPERF를 이용하여 패스트푸드산업, 외식산업 등에서 서비스품질요인들(유형성, 신뢰성, 반응성, 확신성, 공감성 등)의 구매 전 기대(SERVPERF에서는 중요도)와 구매 후 만족도를 측정하여 서비스품질을 평가하고 있지만, 서비스품질을 계량화하기 위한 연구는 활발하게 이루어지고 있지 않다. 따라서, 본 연구는 서비스품질을 계량화시키는데 그 목적이 있으며, 서비스품질을 계량화시킴으로써 다음과 같은 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 여러 개(2개 업체 이상)의 동종업체 또는 경쟁업체간 비교가 용이해지기 때문에 경쟁 우위의 전략을 도출할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 이에 따른 더욱더 고급화된 고객 서비스를 소비자들은 제공받을 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 학교습식의 위생안전성관리에 대한 학부모의 지식, 태도 및 행동 수준과 이에 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 1개 도지역에서 직영급식을 실시하는 초등학교에 다니는 학생의 어머니를 무작위로 추출하였으며, 미리 개발된 설문지에 의하여 2001년 4월부터 5월 사이에 조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사는 응답자의 자기기입식으로 수행하였으며 응답자 301명의 자료를 통계적으로 분석하였다. 응답자의 점수에서 전반적으로 행동 수준(평균 2.89점)은 지식 수준(평균 4.48점)이나 태도 수준(평균 4.34점)에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 또 5개 범주(식품안전성관리, 종사자개인위생관리, 시설·설비·기구위생관리, 폐기물관리 및 기록유지관리)에서도 모두 그러한 경향을 보였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 응답자의 학교급식의 위생안전성관리에 대한 지식과 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 교육 수준이 비교적 많이 제시되었으나, 행동에 영향을 미치는 용인으로는 학교급식활동 참여 여부가 가장 많이 제시되었다. Pearson 상관분석 결과, 응답자의 지식과 태도 사이에 유의한 상관관계가 관찰되었다(r=0.61404, p<0.01). 이러한 결과는 응답자의 지식과 태도는 양호한 수준이나 지식과 행동 및 태도와 행동 사이에는 큰 격차가 있음을 제시한다. 학부모의 학교급식의 위생안전성관리에 대한 행동 수준을 향상시키고 또한 이러한 격차를 줄이기 위해서는 학교급식참여 프로그램을 강화 및 개발할 필요가 있다.

대부분의 식중독은 단체 급식으로부터 발생하는 경우가 많으며, 특히 위생상태와 연관되어 식중독을 야기 시키는 병인 물질 중 포도상 구균은 많은 부분을 차지 하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서부경남지역의 5개 초등학교 급식시설에서 총 98개의 샘플 중 A급식소의 식수, D급식소의 손, E급식소의 냉장고와 앞치마에서 4개의 포도상 구균을 분리하였다. 분리된 균주들은 1개의 메티실린 저항성 혈장응고 효소 음성 황색포도상구균(Methicilline Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus: MRCNS땃 깨의 메치실린 민감성 혈장응고효소 양성 황색포도상구균 (Methicilline sensitive Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus· MSCPS)으로 구분되었다. 한편 포도상 구균은 내열성 내독소로서, 이 중 가장 문제가 되는 내독소 B(enterotoxin B)를 검색하기 위한 PCR을 실시한 결과, A장소의 식수, D장소의 손, E 장소의 냉장고와 앞치마에서 분리된 균주로부터 477b의 생성물을 갖는 sob gene을 확인할 수 있었다. 이들 분리된 황색포도상구균에 대한 항생제 민감성 실험에서는 ampicillin과 penicillin에 대하여 전체적으로 저항성을 가졌으며, 특히 A 식수에서 분리된 균주는 옥사실린 저항성(oxacilline resistant)균주로 나타나 MRSA(methicilline resistant staphylococcus aureus)균주로 확인되었다.

The purposes of this research were to; (a) identify useful information source; (b) assess the usefulness of the Internet as an information source; and (c) assess the degree of Internet utilization for purchasing process in food service industry. The results were as follows; 1. 'personal experience and colleague recommendation' was perceived as the most useful information source, whereas the most frequently used source was 'Internet web site' for real purchasing practice. 2. the most frequently used purchasing activity through Internet was 'online ordering', followed by 'gathering product/component information', however e-marketplace or Internet bidding were less performed by Internet. 3. acquisition of real time information, rapidity, accuracy, and increasing effectiveness of purchasing process were reported the advantages of Internet utilization. 4. respondents somewhat or strongly agreed with the importance of Internet in terms of present and future purchasing management. The results of the research suggest that Internet should be able to improve purchasing process and enhance buyer-supplier relationship directly or indirectly, therefore food service industry should consider making attempt to new purchasing systems through Internet for strategic sourcing and effective procurement management.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic materials for food service consumption culture by proving the problem with food service purchase and its improvements. For this purpose, it was attempted to grasp university students' food service purchase behavior and level of satisfaction with it and to investigate the factors influencing their level of satisfaction with food service purchase. The questionnaire research was conducted for university students living in Seoul and Chungcheong provinces. 453 questionnaires obtained from them were used for final analysis. As a results, the following finding were obtained: 1. In case of university students, their level of consumer satisfaction with food service purchase was shown to be the score of 37.99(63.06/on the basis of 100 points). They showed the highest level of satisfaction with quality, followed by facility and atmosphere, service, price and the like. 2. The factor having the greatest influence on university students' level of satisfaction with food service purchase was shown to be gender(female), followed by food service place(Korean food restaurant, Chinese food restaurant, Western food restaurant, flour-based meals restaurant), consumer attitude, average monthly food service cost.

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's satisfaction with side dishes served in elementary school food service program in Seoul area. Two hundreds and thirty two children participated in this study through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Conclusion drawn from the results of this study is that there seems no significant problems in school food service program since children are generally satisfied with food provided by school. However, minor problems such as hot and salty food, inappropriate temperature of warm dishes, and excessive amount of food, need to be improved through a newly developed menu, cooking method, and food distribution method.

Campylobacter spp. isolated and identified from the raw chicken carcasses in food service, were characterized. Total bacterial counts on the skins of raw chicken were 10 ⁴-10^6 CFU/g and a total of 205 strains were primarily isolated after enrichment culture and selective culture of the sample with candle and microaerophilic chamber method. Among them, twenty eight strains of Gram-negative, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive were further isolated by the determination of biochemical characteristics. Only sixteen strains of them were finally identified as Campylobacter with PCR of pA and pB primers. Nine strains, more than half of them, have grown at 42℃ and 25℃ and seven strains defined as thermophilic Campylobacter grew not at 25℃, but at 42℃. Therefore, more careful management of food safety for raw chicken is needed in food service. Particularly, we should concern the raw chicken carcasses with high bacteria contamination, more them 10^5CFU/g, which possibly includes Campylobacter spp. grown at low temperature.

This study is to select food offered with higher frequency at restaurants such as hamburger, pizza, chicken, gimbap(boiled rice rolled in laver with seasonings stuffed), and calgooksu(Korean traditional noodles); identify customers' expectation and satisfaction levels on food and service quality and analyze correlation according to each food. The survey was conducted from March 1 to March 24, 2000, by distributing questionnaires. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS for t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1) It is revealed that overall average satisfaction levels on food quality according to individuals' trait came out significantly low compared to their expectation levels, and that balance in nutrition and reasonable prices had problems in relation to food quality. 2) Customers' expectation levels on food quality came out the highest with calgooksu and gimbap, and their satisfaction levels came out the highest with pizza. 3) Customers' overall average expectation levels on service quality showed a very high point, while their satisfaction levels showed a low point with significance. 4) Hamburger was poor in hygiene; pizza showed the highest satisfaction levels over its quality with significance, and calgooksu and gimbap showed very low satisfaction levels over their service quality. 5) Correlation between customers' expectation and satisfaction levels over the nutritional balance and proper taste of the food quality came out significant. 6) Pizza and chicken showed significant correlation with regard to atmosphere, service, and hygiene variables (p<0.01).

The purpose of this study was to assess the needs of education program and to analyze importance of education courses for school food service cooks. The questionnaires were developed by reviewing literatures on education programs for cooks and by interviewing with cooks who are working in school food service. A total of 150 questionnaires were surveyed at Kyonggi University and 90 of them were analyzed. The cooks in school food service wanted to take continuing education program about cooking skills and school food service operation skills. They wanted to take a culinary courses for 10 days and they wanted to take a food service operation courses for a week. The school food service cooks emphasized on courses of job analysis, laws and regulation, food sanitation, standard recipe, safety, equipment, and facility and layout. And they thought not only Korean food but also western food, Chinese food and Japanese food are important.

The status of general food service administration and nutrition education was investigated in 111 elementary schools located in Inchon Metropolitan Area by questionnaires. The results are as follows ; 1. Most schools served 5 lunches per week. Meal cost per capita was 1212.1 won in urban type school and 979.0 won in rural type school. Most schools(91.9%) had 1 regular dietitian and 1 regular cook. With increasing number of students the number of temporary employees increased significantly. Most school dietitians(86.5%) were in their twenties and had 2 year careers. 2. Most dietitians(90.1%) planned the menu based on the RDA with the first consideration in nutritional needs of the students. Many dietitians(81.8%) surveyed on the food preferences of the students at least once a year. About 86% of the schools had the food service committee which was helpful. Dietitians were the first one in charge of food purchasing and checking, and sometimes a manager in general school affairs worked together. One third of the schools used the volunteer parents in food services. 3. Most school dietitians(97.2%) gave the students nutrition education using handouts once a week. However, they could not teach the students through the classroom lecture because they are not the regular teachers. Food garbages were removed by the professional trash collecting company or by using fermentation machines or by giving them to animals as feeds. School events concerning the food and nutrition were mostly drawing pictures and composition. Only 36.4% of the school dietitians had experienced in nutrition counseling for an individual student. Most of them(99.1%) thought that individual counseling is necessary if they have enough time and chances to do.

Although it is increasing the number of day-care centers in Korea, but the quality of food and nutrition service are not increased sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current practices of food and nutrition service in day-care centers. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of 750 day-care centers and 253 returned the complete answers. Staffing structure revealed that only 13% of the facilities had a dietitian. And compared with centers without a dietitian, there were more centers having nutritional standards, using facilities for service, and having long-term planning of meals in centers with a dietitian. In the using of foodservice budget, the centers having dietitian consumed more money for subsidiary dishes than for the staples. All centers needed increment of supplementation for the cost of foodservice and for hiring a dietitian. To improve the quality of food and nutrition services in day-care center, foodservice practices have to be conducted by professional personnel and to confirm the standard of service and to inspect the management of food and nutritional service.

Consumption of edible oil at food service institutions in Inchon was surveyed to provide basic data for continuous education of dietitians. Manufacturing industry was the major food service institution(78.8%) in Inchon followed by schools, hospitals and social welfare service centers. Most dietitians were at the age of twenties and college graduates with professional careers of 1-5 years. Oil was purchased on the basis of its quality within 1-3% of total food costs four times a month. Proper frying temperature was determined by dropping salt or food coating materials into the oil. Soybean oil was the most frequently used and commercial frying mix powder and flour and eggs in water were the most common food coating materials. Fish and commercial frozen foods were the most frequently used materials for frying. Fried foods were stored with covers in a basket and consumed within 30 minutes after cooking. Frying oils were used one more time after filtering and color was the index for determination of re-use.

The objective of this study is to provide a fundamental data to improve meals of the college foodservice operations serving more than 300 meals per day through evaluating changes in; total vitamin C contests, water contents, and pH, in the process of handling such foods as soybean sprout cooked and of fresh vegetable salads. This study, also, tried to identify nutrition reduction, step by step, to minimize nutrition loss. 1. In handing COOKED SOYBEAN SPROUTS, total vitamin C contents were higher after wash(1.54%mg%) than other cooking methods adopted in university meals(1.08mg%), however, total vitamin C contents was significantly lost during boiling step. 2. Significant loss of total vitamin C and water content in the FRESH VEGITABLE SALADS was detected in the process of washing and cutting vegitables. Especially,'cabbage' lost 20% of total vitamin C in the process of 'soaking in water', which was one of preparation process 3. Significant loss of vitamin C was observed after 6 hours of HOLDINC AFTER COOKING but it can be reduced through holding under lower temparature, in case of soybean sprouts and fresh vegitable salads. pH became acidic as holding time expanded. WATER CONTENT of cooked soybean sprouts decreased up to 4 hours holding time, however, it increased when we checked at after 6 hours' of holding time. Water content continuously decreased up to 6 hours of holding time in case of FRESH VESITABLE SALADS with the statistically significance level.

The main problems contributing to food poisoning outbreaks in institutional settings and a home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations of food poisoning. The major documented factors included improper holding temperatures, inadequate cooking, poor personal hygiene, cross-contamination and contaminated equipment, food from unsafe sources, failure to follow food hygiene policies, and lack of education, training, monitoring and supervision. Usually more than one factor contributed to the development of an outbreak. (1) Use of improper holding temperatures was the single most important factor contributing to food poisoning. They included improper cooling, allowing a laps of time (12 hours or more) between preparing food and eating it, improper hot holding, and inadequate or improper thawing. Food thermometers were not used in most of the instances. (2) In inadequate cooking, the core temperature of food during and after cooking had not been measured, and routine monitoring was limited to recording the temperature of plated meals. Compared with conventional methods of cooking, microwave ovens did not protect against food poisoning as effectively. Centralized food preparation potentially increased the risk of food poisoning outbreaks. (3) Poor personal hygiene both at the individual level (improper handwashing and lack of proper hygienic practices) and at the institutional level (poor general sanitization) increased the risk of transmission. Person to person transmission of enteric pathogens through direct contact and via fomites has been noted in several instances. (4) Obtaining food from unsafe sources was a risk factor in outbreaks of food poisoning. Food risks were high when food was grown or harvested from contaminated areas. Possibilities included contamination in the field, in transport, at the retail site, or at the time it was prepared for serving. (5) Cross-contamination and inadequate cleaning/handling of equipment became potential vehicles of food poisoning. Failure to separate cooked food from raw food was also a risk factor. (6) Failure to follow food hygiene policies also provided opportunities for outbreaks of food poisoning. It included improper hygienic practices during food preparation, neglect of personnel policies (involvement of symptomatic workers in food preparation), poor results on routine inspections, and disregarding the results and recommendations of an inspection. (7) Lack of formal and in-service education, training, monitoring, and supervision of food handlers or supervisors were critical and perhaps neglected elements in occurrences of food poisoning.

With increases in senior citizens and changes in family structure, the need for long-term care system for elderly is increasing, however, the capacity and environment of Korean facilities are very limited. Health and nutritional status of long-term care residents are worse than free-living elderly. In this study, general food service management and health care practices in long-term care systems were investigated. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of all 162 long-term care facilities in Korea and 81 returned the complete answers. The results showed 1) There are slow but steady increase in long-term care systems in Korea, however, the capacity is far from adequate. Less than 10,000 elderly were resided in the facilities. Most of the systems were free-nursing homes and supported by the goverment. Staffing structure revealed that most of the facilities had a director, a secretary, nurses, but only 21% of the systerm hired a dietitian. It showed the shortage of nurses, physical therapists, and dietitians. Therefore, food purchasing, menu planning, food delivery, and the other food service management processes are handled by non-professionals, such as director, secretary, or cooks. Modified fool frequency questionnaire were used to get the frequencies of each food items used in menu and a menu-analysis was made on the one-day menu provided by the facilities. The results showed relatively satisfactory in nutrients content and food frequencies., however, this was about what was used in menu, not what was eaten by the residents. Therefore this results did not tell that the food intake status of individuals. In most facilities general health checkup was done on a regular basis, and had residents with various chronic degenerative diseases, such as hypertension, neuralgia, stroke, arthritis, diabetes. But the items checked on health checkup included weight, height, blood and urine tests, X-ray test, which suggested that the checkup lists should be revised to accomodate the health problem of the aged today.

Well-balanced meal is very important in its quantity and quality. Especially on the quantity field it becomes difficult for a foodservice operation to decide proper portion for individuals uniformly. These study was focused to setting up a proper portion by each food service operation. The results obtained were: 1. Individual consumption size from dormitory food service of college: cooked rice 282 g, soups 161 g, pot stewes 162 g, stir fries 53 g, stews 32 g, kimchies 47 g, fresh and boiled salads 43 g, one course dishies 477 g, pan broiles 44 g, meunieres 124 g. Individual consumption size from industry foodservice (white collar worker): cooked rices 228 g, soups 205 g, pot stewes 251 g, stir fries 20 g, stewes 76 g, kimchies 57 g, fresh and boiled salads 36 g, one course dishies 423 g, pan broiles 63 g, meunieres 38 g. 2. Proper portion of meal based on a statistical data is as follows: at college foodservice - cooked rices 280~290 g, soups 155~170 g, pot stewes 170 g, stir fries 60 g, stewes 35 g, kimchies 40~60 g, fresh and boiled salads 50 g, one course dishies 480 g, pan broiles 50 g, meunieres 130 g and at industry foodservice (white collar worker) - cooked rices 220~250 g, soups 210 g, pot stewes 250 g, stir fries 20 g, stewes 80 g, kimchies 60 g, fresh and boiled salads 40 g, one course dishies 430 g, pan broiles 70 g, meunieres 40 g.

To find out the reference data of the school food service system, I serveyed four primary schools in Seoul, Korea and Nara, Japan respectively. The school children and their parents of whom arbitrary selected two classes among each primary school, were taken the questionaire about the present school food service system and their favorate food. The results were as follows; 1) 74.8% of Korean and Japanese children, and 92.5% of their parents were in favor of school food service. 2) Korean childrin wanted more amount of food and less salty taste. 3) Korean and Japanese children and their parents believed that the school food service system correct children's unbalanced diet. 4) Korean children wished more kinds of foods, western-styled cooking and that the food would be served in warm state. 5) Korean parents wanted that school food service system should be natural and better quality food material, and teacher should educate good eating habit. 6) Korean school children prefer yogurt, cuttle-fish, chicken, bean-curd, tomato, orange, dried laver, sweet potato, pine-mushroom in each food group. In conclusion, school food service system should be enough to meet children's good nutrition status, and the menu would be selected with consideration of children's preference and Korean traditional diet habit. Good table manner and eating all kinds of foods should be targht by school food service system as well as preparing good quality of food.

The school food service system has been an important national policy in Korea. To find out the reference data of the school food service system, we surveyed four primary schools, one middle school, and one food service center in Nara, Japan. The results are as follows; 1. The school food service was carried out in 99.4% of primary school children and in 82.5% of middle school students. 2. The central commissary school food service system was utilized at 49.0% of primary schools and 68.5% of middle schools. 3. The expense of the system is supported partially by the student's parents and partially by the government, of which the support rate was noticed by the law of school food service. 4. The dietary content of school food service was laid down by 'The rule of the operation basis of school food service'. The menu was chosen by the 7 kinds of stepwise meetings. 5. The teachers emphasized on the food etiquette, the appreciation to the food and the personal relationship during meal, as well as on the nutritional balance. 6. We found other problems in Japanese food service system, such as the sanitary problems, the problems of the new tableware, and whether the central kitchen had less advantage than the individual school kitchen. We can conclude that the school food service system is becoming the essential part in school education, and hope to design not only economical but also educational system in Korea, with the consideration of Japanese system.