Despite the recent increase in the consumption level of the processed meat-byproducts, the health and safety issue has consistently been raised in the processes of production, distribution and consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the microbiological hazard elements in the Korean sausage, “Sundae,” to present not only the safety standard of meat by-product vendors based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), but also the quality control criteria and sanitary arrangements of small manufacturers. For the study, the microbiological hazards in 24 raw materials, 7 manufacturing processes, 40 facilities and tools, 17 workplace environment, and 12 workers were analyzed. The analysis revealed the hazardous elements in the initial stages with 6.28 and 4.07 log CFU/g of total aerobic count and coliforms, respectively, detected from the porcine blood and 3.23 log CFU/g of coliforms from the porcine small intestines. The result also showed that the total aerobic counts and coliforms in the process of mixing and filling process exceeds the standards in the hygiene guidelines by Natick with the total aerobic counts of 5.23, 5.45 log CFU/g, and the coliforms of 3.25, and 3.31 log CFU/g, respectively. Although the detected total aerobic count and the coliforms in the filling and washing rooms exceeded the standards, it was found that the total aerobic count was significantly reduced by 98% after cleaning and disinfecting and no coliforms was detected in any process thereafter. In order to achieve high level of safety in the manufacturing processes of Sundae, the separation of washing and disinfection room from the other sections and the sanitation control of the workers must be preceded, along with strict monitoring in the storage and distribution processes. The study raises necessity for additional studies for the safety evaluation of the processed meat-byproducts and further researches on the validity of the critical limits.

본 연구는 지난 12년간의 우주위험 관련 언론기사의 토픽모델링 분석을 통해 우주위험별 언론 보도 현황을 알 아보기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 빅카인즈(BIGKinds)의 뉴스 플랫폼에서 2010년부터 2021년까지의 태양폭풍, 인공우 주물체, 자연우주물체에 대한 우주위험 기사를 각각 1200여건 이상 수집하였으며, 키워드 분석, 잠재적 디리클레 할당 모형(LDA) 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 태양폭풍 관련 기사는 3개의 토픽인 태양폭발이 인공위성에 미치는 영향, 우주 전파센터를 중심으로 태양폭발이 우리나라 전파 통신에 미치는 영향, 항공종사자와 우주방사선의 관계로 요약되었다. 인공우주물체 관련 기사의 경우 3개의 토픽으로 인공위성과 우주정거장이 우주쓰레기로부터 위협을 받거나 그 자체가 우주쓰레기가 될 수 있다는 토픽, 영화를 통한 우주쓰레기와 인류의 관계에 대한 토픽, 우주쓰레기 추적·감시 및 처리 를 위한 우주강국들의 노력이라는 토픽으로 요약되었다. 자연우주물체 관련 기사는 2개의 토픽으로 국제 우주기관의 근 지구소행성에 대한 추적·감시와 충돌 대책과 소행성과 혜성 충돌을 중심으로 공룡과 포유류의 진화 및 멸종 원인으로 요약되었다. 이로부터 2010년부터 현재까지 국내 언론은 우주위험을 사회, 문화 등 다양한 영역에서 총 8개의 주제로 대중들에게 그 위험성과 경각심을 전하는 역할을 하고 있음을 확인하였으며, 이러한 결과를 기반으로 우주위험에 대한 교육방법과 교육정책의 필요성을 제언하였다.

Contemporary safety literature recognizes that error reporting - reporting of hazards, near-misses and incidents is important in the development of safety in high risk industries such as shipping - where the success of such reporting programs has been limited. Reporting is integral to the concept of “continuous improvement” as envisaged by the International Safety Management Code. However, shipping - like other industries - suffers from considerable under-reporting. At the same time, many Safety managers find positive correlation between numbers of such reports and shipboard safety, and to encourage reporting, many follow a mandatory reporting system. This study attempted to understand whether increasing numbers of submitted error reports does result in a consequent decrease in incidents/accidents, thereby validating this premise. The study was limited to the fleet of only one shipping company, and to the quantitative analysis of the error reports; not the content or quality of such reports. To achieve this, annual compiled error reports from across all fleet vessels of one shipping company were collected. This company had made a significant increase in the numbers of reports to be submitted by vessels in its fleet thereby presenting this opportunity. These reports were analyzed using Pearson correlation to determine any statistically significant correlations between numbers of hazards and near-misses reported, and recorded incidents/accidents. Analysis of the data showed that, from a quantitative point of view, the mandated increase in the number of reports did not result in a decrease in the numbers of near misses or incidents/accidents. It was concluded that merely increasing the number of reports may not improve safety performance, but may lead to the submission of reports just to meet requirements thereby devaluing the entire process. Companies should look at more effective ways through which the safety culture can be enhanced and improve on-board safety performance.

교량에서의 화재는 최근까지도 빈번하게 발생되고 있으며, 특히 케이블교량에서 화재가 발생될 시 케이블에 높은 온도상승으로 인해 케이블에 손상 및 파단이 발생될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이블교량에서 발생될 수 있는 화재 시나리오를 설정하였다. 또한 실물차량 화재실험 결과를 토대로 화재강도모델을 제안하여 대상교량 케이블의 열전달 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과 단면적이 작은 케이블에서 더 높은 온도상승이 발생되며, 유조차를 제외한 차종의 경우 내화 성능 기준을 초과하지 않는 결과를 나타내었다. 유조차 화재의 경우 갓길에서 발생될 때 최소 단면적 케이블에서 내화 성능 기준을 초과하는 결과 를 보이며, 기준을 초과하는 케이블의 높이는 약 14m로 나타나 이에 따른 대책 및 내화 보강의 필요성을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 케이블교량에서 화재가 발생될 때 케이블의 온도변화에 대한 간접적인 평가가 가능한 것을 확인하였으며, 향후 화재 발생 시 바람에 영향을 고려한 열전달 해석과 케이블의 온도상승 시 교량의 사용성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Food hazards caused by Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) products are closely related to the failure of prerequisite program. ISO 22000 introduced the Operational Prerequisite Program (OPRP) to enhance management of the prerequisite program. This program has started to strengthen discriminatory management of hazards identified as high in risk analysis but not selected as Critical Control Points. In addition, the US-FDA has begun to apply Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) obligations to all foods manufacturing and distribution including imported foods. The basic concept of the FSMA is Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Control (HARPC), which is similar to the OPRP. It is necessary to strengthen the management of the prerequisite program by using the OPRP or HARPC concept, which will improve the effectiveness of HACCP operation.

Process Hazard Analysis(PHA) have been performed for a risk management of process (petrochemical) industry for nearly 50 years. There are many PHA methods for application in the process industry, Hazop Study method has been recognized as a good method used typically in most of phase of process plant. And also there was inconvenient opinion that Hazop Study is too resource (man power, time etc.) consuming comparing its result performance (a quality of recommendations) for a good operating and existing plant. In this study, two types of PHA method - checklist and K-PSR - were performed respectively for a new para-xylene(PX)plant and 30 year old PX plant. Past history and experience of incident, operation, maintenance and so on are very important in PHA by those two methods. The higher effectiveness were realized in PHA by a checklist and K-PSR Method than prior Hazop study. And also some suggestions including PHA cycle determination, RBPS application, Follow-up plan of PHA result etc. were proposed about PHA improvement measures for a best risk management.

The trawl fishery is an important fishery accounting for around 30.0% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore trawler was conducted to serve as basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2012 to 2014 (n=464). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of large powered trawl fishery was 241.4‰ in east sea trawl fishery, 6.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have very serious level management to 97.7‱ in east sea trawl fishery of death at 6.2 times. The accident occurred in 91.7 to 100.0% was happened at sea. The slipping, others and struck by object and son on occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred more frequently while death and missing risk was not high. The fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to help identify and assess safety hazard occurred in offshore trawlers.

본 연구의 목적은 한반도의 고유한 지진-지체구조 특성이 반영된 입력자료를 사용하여 한반도의 확률론적 지진 위험지도를 제작하는 것이다. 지진입력자료들은 다수의 전문가에 의해 제공받았으며, 최대지반가속도(Peak Ground Acceleration: PGA)에 대한 지진위험도값은 USGS 지진재해도 프로그램(Harmsen, 2008)을 일부 수정하여 산출하였다. 전문가들로부터 제공된 지진입력자료들의 불확실성은 논리수목 방법을 적용하여 최종 지진재해도 계산에 반영하였다. PGA 분포 패턴은 각 전문가들이 제시한 면적지진원도 형상에 매우 민감하며, 그 형상과 유사한 모양을 보여준다. 지진 위험지도는 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500년 동안 초과확률 10%에 해당하는 최대지반가속도를 등치선 형태로 나타내었다. 모든 재현주기에서 황해도 일대를 제외한 북한지역이 남한지역보다 현저하게 낮은(약 50%) PGA 기댓값을 나타낸 다. 전체적으로 남한의 동남부 일대와 북한의 황해도 일대가 약간 높은 값을 보이면서 북서-남동 방향으로 등치도 값의 분포가 신장되어 나타남을 보인다. 또한, 강원도 북부 일대가 타 지역에 비해 약간 낮아지는 경향을 보인다. 본 연구 결과는 국내 주요 구조물의 내진성능 향상을 위한 기초자료로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The tsunami hazard analysis is performed for testing the application of probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis to nuclear power plant sites in the Korean Peninsula. Tsunami hazard analysis is based on the seismic hazard analysis. Probabilistic method is adopted for considering the uncertainties caused by insufficient information of tsunamigenic fault sources. Logic tree approach is used. Uljin nuclear power plant (NPP) site is selected for this study. The tsunamigenic fault sources in the western part of Japan (East Sea) are used for this study because those are well known fault sources in the East Sea and had several records of tsunami hazards. We have performed numerical simulations of tsunami propagation for those fault sources in the previous study. Therefore we use the wave parameters obtained from the previous study. We follow the method of probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) suggested by the atomic energy society of Japan (AESJ). Annual exceedance probabilities for wave height level are calculated for the site by using the information about the recurrence interval, the magnitude range, the wave parameters, the truncation of lognormal distribution of wave height, and the deviation based on the difference between simulation and record. Effects of each parameters on tsunami hazard are tested by the sensitivity analysis, which shows that the recurrence interval and the deviation dominantly affects the annual exceedance probability and the wave heigh level, respectively.

본 연구는 지진위험도 산출에서 불확실성을 줄이는 한 방법으로서 지진위험도 계산에 입력되는 파라미터들(a, b값, Mmax, 감쇠식 및 지진지체구조)이 지진위험도 값에 어느 정도로 영향을 미치는지 민감도를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 지진 전문가 10명이 제시한 입력자료를 사용하였다. 그 결과 a값, Mmax값이 커질수록 PGA값이 증가하였으며, b값은 작아질수록 PGA값이 커졌다. 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 파라메타는 감쇄식, b값 및 a값이며, Mmax와 지진지체구조구 모델의 영향은 상당히 적었다. 따라서 영향이 큰 파라메타에 대해서는 한반도의 지진학적 특성에 적합한 값의 산출이 요구된다.

Modern systems can be characterized by ever-increasing complexity of both the functionality and system scale. Thus, due to the complexity the chances of accidents resulting from systems failure can then be growing. Even worse is that those accidents could result in disastrous damage to the human being and properties as well. Therefore, the need for the developed systems to be assured with systems safety is apparent in a variety of industries such as rail, automobiles, airplanes, ships, oil refinery, chemical production plants, and so on. To this end, in the industry an appropriate safety standard has been published for its own safety-assured products. One of the core activities included in the most safety standards is hazard analysis. A conventional approach to hazard analysis seems to depend upon the scenarios derived from the ones used previously in similar systems or based on former experience. The objective of this paper is to study an improved process for scenario-based hazard analysis. To achieve the goal, the top-level safety requirements have first been reflected in the scenarios. By analyzing and using them, the result has then lead to the development of safety-assured systems. The method of modeling and simulation has been adopted in the generation and verification of scenarios to check whether the safety requirements are reflected properly in the scenarios. Application of the study result in the case of rail safety assurance has also been discussed.

This study has been performed for about 270 days at analyzing biologically hazardous factors in order to develop HACCP system for the non heat-frozen carrot juice. A process chart was prepared by manufacturing process of raw agricultural products of non heat-frozen carrot juice, which was contained water and packing material, storage, washing, cutting, extraction of the juice, internal packing, metal detection, external packing, storage and consignment (delivery). As a result of measuring Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli before and after washing raw carrot, Standard plate count was 4.7 × 104 CFU/g before washing but it was 1.2 × 102 CFU/g detected after washing. As a result of testing airborne bacteria (Standard plate count, Coliform group, Yeast and Fungal) depending on each workplace, number of microorganism of in packaging room, shower room and juice extraction room was detected to be 10 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate, 20 CFU/Plate, respectively. As a result of testing palm condition of workers, as number of Standard plate count, Coliform group and Staphylococcus aureus was represented to be high as 6 × 104 CFU/cm2, 0 CFU/cm2 and 0 CFU/cm2, respectively, an education and training for individual sanitation control was considered to be required. As a result of inspecting surface pollution level of manufacturing facility and devices, Coliform group was not detected in all the specimen but Standard plate count was most dominantly detected in scouring kier, scouring kier tray, cooling tank, grinding extractor, storage tank and packaging machine-nozzle as 8.00×10 CFU/cm2, 3.0 × 10 CFU/cm2, 4.3 × 102 CFU/cm2, 7.5 × 102 CFU/cm2, 6.0 × 10 CFU/cm2, 8.5 × 102 CFU/cm2, respectively. As a result of analyzing above hazardous factors, processing process of ultraviolet ray sterilizing where pathogenic bacteria may be prevented, reduced or removed is required to be controlled by CCP-B (Biological) and critical level (critical control point) was set at flow speed is 4L/min. Therefore, it is considered that thorough HACCP control plan including control criteria (point) of seasoning fluid processing process, countermeasures in case of its deviation, its verification method, education/training and record control would be required.

Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) is based on the approach of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) which is performed using various seismotectonic models and ground-motion prediction equations. The major difference between PTHA and PSHA is that PTHA requires the wave parameters of tsunami. The wave parameters can be estimated from tsunami propagation analysis. Therefore, a tsunami simulation analysis was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the wave parameters required for the PTHA of Uljin nuclear power plant (NPP) site. The tsunamigenic fault sources in the western part of Japan were chosen for the analysis. The wave heights for 80 rupture scenarios were numerically simulated. The synthetic tsunami waveforms were obtained around the Uljin NPP site. The results show that the wave heights are closely related with the location of the fault sources and the associated potential earthquake magnitudes. These wave parameters can be used as input data for the future PTHA study of the Uljin NPP site.