The purposes of this study were: 1) to show the item difficulty hierarchy of walking/moving construct of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Activity Measure (ICF-AM), 2) to evaluate the item-level psychometrics for model fit, 3) to describe the relevant physical activity defined by level of activity intensity expressed as Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks (MET), and 4) to explore what extent the empirical activity hierarchy of the ICF-AM is linked to the conceptual model based on the level of energy expenditure described as MET. One hundred and eight participants with lower extremity impairments were examined for the present study. A newly created activity measure, the ICF-AM using an item response theory (IRT) model and computer adaptive testing (CAT) method, has a construct on walking/moving construct. Based on the ICF category of walking and moving, the instrument comprised items corresponding t walking short distances, walking long distances, walking on different surfaces, walking around objects, climbing, and running. The item difficulty hierarchy was created using Winstep software for 20 items. The Rasch analyses (1-parameter IRT model) were performed on participants with lower extremity injuries who completed the paper and pencil version of walking/moving construct of the ICF-AM. The classification of physical activity can also be performed by the use of METs that is often preferred to determine the level of physical activity. The empirical item hierarchy of walking, climbing, running activities of the ICF-AM instrument was similar to the conceptual activity hierarchy based on the METs. The empirically derived item difficulty hierarchy of the ICF-AM may be useful in developing MET-based activity measure questionnaires. In addition to convenience of applying items to questionnaires, implications of the finding could lead to the use of CAT method without sacrificing the objectivity of physiologic measures.

Recently, since the development of internet and online space, people experience new communication space and games different from traditional ones. People share their experiment of games and item in the online space with internet. This paper proposes the design of the MMORPG item’s pricing decision system. First, the on-going “chatting” in the game chatting system is collected by chatting API. This collected chatting is the information including terms of game item. Then, extracted terms of game item are classified on the basis of collective intelligence model and generate a table of weight. At last, this system can recommend suitable MMORPG item to users with the obtained weight table storing as ontology.

오늘날 인터넷과 온라인 공간의 출현으로 인하여 수많은 사람들이 기존과 다른 새로운 소통의 공간과 새로운 게임을 경험하고 있다. 많은 사람들이 인터넷을 통한 온라인 공간에서 자신들의 게임 경험을 공유할 수 있게 되었고, 자신의 아이템에 관한 경험을 나누게 되었다. 이에 따라, 본 논문에서는 사용자 채팅에 기반한 MMORPG 아이템 가격결정시스템에 대한 연구를 소개한다. 먼저, 게임 채팅 시스템에서 활동하는 불특정 다수의 ‘채팅’을 채팅 API를 통해 수집한다. 여기에서 수집하는 채팅자료들은 ‘게임아이템’관련 용어들이 포함된 것들이다. 다음으로, 수집된 자료에서 게임아이템에 관련된 단어들을 분류하고, 가중치 테이블을 만든다. 마지막으로, 전 단계에서 만들어진 가중치 테이블은 온톨로지로 저장되고, 사용자에게 적합한 전문가를 추천할 수 있도록 지원한다.

This paper deals with a centralized warehouse problem with multi-item and capacity constraint. The objective of this paper is to decide the number and location of centralized warehouses and determineorder quantity (Q), reorder point (r) of each centralized warehouse to minimize holding, setup, penalty, and transportation costs. Each centralized warehouse uses continuous review in- ventory policy and its budget is limited. A SA (Simulated Annealing) approach is developed and its performance is tested by using some computational experiments.

In this paper, we consider a single-manufacturer single-buyer supply chain problem where a single manufacturer purchases and processes raw materials into a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time Purchasing. An integrated multi-item lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Previous research on the integrated model assumed that the manufacturer orders raw materials m (integer) times for every production run (lot multiplier policy for the raw material). In this paper, we consider a generalized policy in the replenishment of raw materials, allowing lot multiplier policy and lot splitting policy. An iterative solution procedure is developed to find the order interval for finished goods and raw materials, and number of shipments between buyer and manufacturer. We show by numerical example that when the integrated policy is adopted by both buyer and manufacturer in a cooperative manner, both parties can benefit.

Inventory centralization for a number of stores may reduce inventory costs by establishing and maintaining a central ordering and distribution point. In this study, a centralized warehouse problem with multi-item and capacity constraint is considered. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to decide the number and location of centralized warehouses and determine order quantity(Q), reorder point(r) of each centralized warehouse to minimize holding, setup, penalty, and transportation costs. In this problem, each centralized warehouse uses continuous review inventory policy and its budget is limited. A SA(Simulated Annealing) approach for this problem is developed.

이 논문에서는 부트스트래핑 DEA 모형을 이용하여 품목농협의 효율성 분석 값의 통계적 유의성을 분석 하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 일반적 DEA모형에 의한 기술효율성은 0.878로 추정된 반면, 부트스트래핑 기 법을 적용하면 0.804로 추정되었다. 그러나 두 값의 차이는 신뢰구간 범위 내에 있기 때문에 통계적으로는 유의하지 않다. 또한 95% 유의수준하에서 기술효율성의 통계적 신뢰수준은 0.726에서 0.874로 분석되었다. 둘째, 일반적 DEA모형에서 효율적인 품목농협으로 추정된 19개 농협 모두 부트스트래핑 기법을 적용한 경우 비효율적인 것으로 추정되었다. 이는 일반적 DEA모형의 경우 비효율적인 품목농협이 효율적인 것으로 추정될 수 있다는 것이다.

게임 산업의 급격한 양적인 팽창으로 인해 국내외 게임 시장은 포화상태에 이르기 시작하였다. 이러한 현상은 기업이 지속 성장하는데 있어 반드시 극복해야할 과제라 판단된다. 게임 기업은 이러한 제한적인 성장에서 벗어나 지속적인 성장 전략이 필요한 것이다. 대표적인 예가 최근 게임 기업들은 게임을 통한 긍정적인 효과를 바탕으로 타 산업과의 융합으로 인한 시장 확대로 고려하고 있다. 이러한 게임 기능성에 대한 성장은 기능성 게임이 갖고 있는 ‘효과성’ 때문이다. 오락적 기능뿐만 아니라 교육, 국방, 의료 등 특정한 목적을 결합하여 더 큰 시너지 효과를 낼 것이라는 기대감 때문인 것이다. 그러나 효과성에 대한 연구 범위가 기능성게임으로 한정되어 있으며, 산업 전반에 파급하는데 제한적인 한계를 나타내고 있다. 따라서 초기 기능성 게임에만 국한되어 있는 연구범위를 확대하여 게임 콘텐츠 기능성 효과에 대해 연구를 수행함으로서 게임 산업 육성을 위한 방안을 모색할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 게임 산업을 대표하는 대표적인 게임 콘텐츠의 기능성 효과를 측정할 수 있는 항목을 도출함으로서 타산업과 융합 또는 활용을 통해 얻어질 수 있는 게임 기능성 효과에 대한 토대를 마련하고자 한다.

The researchers’ experiential knowledge demonstrates that the task of predicting and controlling the difficulty level of the multiple-choice items of the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) for English is substantially left to the subjective judgment of experienced item writers. The present study accordingly recognizes a need to identify item difficulty predictors and build an item difficulty prediction model to handle this pertinent issue. While taking separate interest in constructing a model for the multiplechoice reading subset of the CSAT, the study was conducted by identifying item difficulty predictor variables from previous research, and by validating the candidate predictors via questionnaires by highly experienced teacher-raters when asked to analyze reading items from the English reading subset of the preliminary CSAT (i.e., yun-hap-hak-ryuk-pyung-ga) administered in March 2009. Using multiple regression technique and maximum likelihood estimation, an item difficulty prediction model was generated. In order to check validity and applicability of the prediction model, the hypothetical model was finally tested on a subsequent version of the test administered in September 2009. This type of model building is expected to guide test developers design an item pool in accordance with special needs, such as to construct multiple test forms, which have similar mean difficulties.

Kimchi is the most well-known Korean traditional food, but it is also the main leftover of school lunch and dinner menus. This study aimed to familiarize teenagers with kimchi through school meals and to increase their daily kimchi intake, ultimately by appealing to the young generation's taste. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Ansan area to examine student's acceptability of kimchi and their attitudes toward kimchi. Approximately 65% of males and 67% of female students liked the moderately fermented and pungent taste of kimchi. Kimchi served in school meals was regarded as nutritional but cheap. Approximately 72% of male and 82% of female students responded that they liked menu items using kimchi. Approximately 48% of students responded that menu items using kimchi in schools are not diverse. Students preferred meat as an ingredient in kimchi. The preferred cooking methods were stir-frying and frying, whereas boiling was the least favorite. Based on the survey results, ten kimchi menu items had been developed. The suitability of the menu was evaluated by students and cooks. Six kimchi items, including Kimchi mixed with rice, chicken, soybean sprouts, Kimchi cheese rice, stewed beef ribs with kimchi, rice topped with kimchi curry, kimchi cheese meat roast, and kimchi udong were considered appropriate for school meals, whereas kimchi kangchong, kimchi topokki, kimchi stew with surimi, and frozen Pollack kimchi soup were not suitable as menu items. Kimchi topokki was not accepted by students, while kimchi kangchong was not accepted by cooks. Cooks judged the suitability of a menu item by the cooking process and cooking times, whereas students judged an item by its sensory preference. Approximately 63% of students responded that kimchi intake has increased by participating in the development of kimchi dishes.

Differential item functioning (DIF) has been studied as a statistical method of finding item bias, and DIF studies have been conducted on tests of verbal abilities such as reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge. Recently, researchers of language testing sought to understand the causes of DIF. The purpose of this study was to find possible sources of explaining DIF on an EFL vocabulary test, which can then benefit EFL learners and teachers as well. This study thus applied three DIF detection methods (the likelihood ratio test, SIBTEST, and the Mantel-Haenszel test), followed by a regression analysis using item categories and difficulties as predictors of explaining DIF. As a result, only the “Academic” category was statistically significant, positively contributing to DIF in favor of male examinees. Male examinees were better at academic lexical words than female learners of EFL at the same vocabulary knowledge level. This also means that female learners were relatively strong at nonacademic words in comparison to male EFL learners. This finding may lead to more effective curriculum of teaching English. The need for more evidence from replicated studies with better item categorization is also warranted.

논문은 혼합정수계획법(MIP)을 통하여 다품종 제조 시스템을 위한 생산계획수립 방안에 대하 여 연구하였다. 특히 자동차 부품 제조 기업의 다양한 제조 품목에 대한 수요 변화에 따라 Rolling Horizon 방식으로 생산계획을 수립하도록 함으로써, 수요 변화에 능동적으로 대응하면서 도 한정된 기업의 생산 능력을 최대한 활용하고 생산 비용을 최소화하는 최적 생산계획을 수립하 여 실제로 기업에서 활용할 수 있도록 하는 사례를 연구하였다.

Recently, in circumstantial situation it is recommended positively to utilize of EIFS(Exterior Insulating and Finishing System) as energy policy for economizing energy. But internal EPS insulators of EIFS are exterior panel of high fire risk, because of constituting of flammable materials to be fragile in fire. In this study, fire risk is assessed by experiment Con Calorimeter test and SBI(Single Burning Item) test. As the result of experiment, Con Calorimeter tests do not reach to capability standard of internal incombustible grade, and are assessed as low grade in SBI incombustible grade. Because EIPS is exterior material in buildings with high fire risk in spite of good efficiency, it is required rapidly to take measures to meet situation through various studies(for instance, adjusting law regulation, etc.) in the future.

For new construction, recently, it has expended from physical performance standard to completed apartment' blemish warranty and countermeasure strategy contents. And considering element technology is increasing remodeling’ easiness for deciding operation right or wrong the aged apartment’ re-construction or remodeling. In addition, international standardization of building performance makes rapid progress the point of ISO. In Japan, study of housing commission will be done on a national level for the long commission metropolitan gathering house construction and reproduction technical development, and, already, involving study of approval system of building element made progress. It set the goal performance log index of remodeling’ easiness, it set up component element between a part and public standard type in remodeling. In plan and design phase, it is a precondition that make the performance on the basis of user demand in the whole of Use, maintenance, repair, waste and reuse. Therefore, in the building technology case that development of element technology and practical use are fast in progress, a user is required to evaluate/choice according to performance. And a developer is required to the technical development that aim performance is cleared. The study selected a detailed item about performance item of re-modeling element technique through the requirement which the nations (such as America, England, Japan, etc) and the agencies of foreign countries present and item selection standard, from the point of view where the interest not only the individual but also govemmental politic viewpoint is coming to be higher re-modelling than new construction.

Online items have real business relations in various ways though Game Industry Promotion Act prohibits having business relations in online items. Thus, the theories of bringing it into the open and of imposing legal controls on it are being studied with a lot of legal and social problems. The national tax authorities are pursuing a plan to normalize taxation on internet item intermediary market and transaction income. There was an article that a foreign authority imposed tax on them. The authority concerned discloses that the purpose of <Game Industry Promotion Act>is to establish promotion of the game industry and healthy game culture of the people. Article 14 of the same act discloses that the purpose of the same act is to prevent and relieve game users’damage. However, it is necessary to have a tax-law discussion with discussion on bringing it to the open since a lot of game users may drift into an illegal danger.

This research is significant in terms of estimating the validity by setting evaluation items in view of integrating not only original beauty and visual areas but also natural ecological areas based on questionnaire. The results are as follows. 1) According to literature study, 17 items such as variety, the character of sites in terms of landscape, the beauty of landscape, visibility, and ratio of green visibility are selected. Also, 21 items such as variety of animals and plants species, size of green area, and ecological naturalness are selected in the area of landscape ecological resources. 2) As a result of questionnaire of the group of landscape experts, animals and plants ecological areas show 5.6341, the highest in importance analysis according to assessment areas. Also, as a result of importance analysis on items in each area, for example, in the area of visual resources, the item of skyline analysis is 6.0488, the highest. 3) As a result of corelation of item meaning on landscape effect assesment, for example, meaningness of psychological assessment item and landscape site item indicate 0.710, the highest coefficient correlation. 4) As critical assessment items per unit project, items such as damage minimization of original land features for project in terms of point, ratio of green visibility, variety of animals and plants species marked above 8.0 as high important medium. The project in terms of line, minimization of original land features, preservation of worthy biotope showed high point and the character of sites in terms of landscape, minimization of original land features, the size of green area, and analysis of skyline marked above 8.5 as high importance points. On the contrary, items for climate and soil showed relatively low points.

In this paper, we examine the effect of demand variability in multi-item inventory systems where supply lead-times are endogenously generated by a production system with finite capacity. In contrast to systems with exogenous lead times, we show that variability in lead-time demand actually decreases with demand variability. We also show that higher demand variability leads to a smaller fraction of total stock being devoted to safety stock. More significantly, we show that a sufficiently large increase in demand variability can lead to the elimination of safety stocks altogether. These results suggest that strategies used to reduce lead-time demand variability would be less valuable when demand variability is high.