음식물류폐기물의 퇴비화는 경제적인 자원화 방법이지만, 염분함량이 높아 토양에 투입될 경우 염류집적으로 인한 작물 생육 피해가 우려된다. 바이오차는 양이온교환능력이 높은 물질로 염분피해가 우려되는 토양에 적용 시 Na+이온을 흡착하여 작물생육 피해를 줄여줄 것으로 생각된다. 이에 본 연구는 바이오차와 혼합하여 제조한 음식물류폐기물 혼합 펠렛 퇴비(이하, 음폐혼합펠렛퇴비) 사용 시 배추 생육과 토양에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 이에 따른 무기질비료 절감 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 처리구는 무비구(NF), 무기질비료 반량(NPK0.5), 무기질비료(NPK), 무기질비료+ 음폐퇴비(FWC), 무기질비료+음폐혼합펠렛퇴비(FWCB)이다. 배추 생육조사 결과, FWCB처리구에서 엽장, 엽폭, 구고 및 구폭 모두 가장 높았다. 수량조사 결과 8,300 kg 10a-1로 가장 높게 나타났으며, NPK처리구에 비해 무기질비료를 50% 사용하였으나 수량은 13.6% 높게 나타났다. 토양화학 성 결과 FWCB에서 EC는 0.59 ds m-1, 교환성 Na은 0.35 cmolc kg-1으로 다른처리구보다 높게 나타났으나 적정범위 이내였다. 본 연구결과, 음폐혼합펠릿퇴비의 사용은 작물의 양분 및 유기물공급 뿐만 아니라 바이오차로 인한 양이온 고정 효과로 작물 생산성을 향상시키는 것으로 생각되며, 비료성분의 공급원으로써 배추의 생육 및 생산성을 증진할 수 있는 기술로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Bio-efficacies of two different types of fungicides, Diniconazole and Paclobutrazol with their effects as plant g rowth regulators f or Kimchi Cab bage were e valuated o n February 4 to A pril 13, 2024 in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The experiment was done during the off-season planting of Kimchi Cabbage in the country. Yield and other horticultural characteristics were observed for seven different groups: group 1, untreated control; group 2, recommended rate of granular fertilizer (RR-G); group 3, recommended rate of granular fertilizer plus recommended rate of Diniconazole; group 4, recommended r ate of D iniconazole (alone); g roup 5 , recommended rate o f Paclob utrazol (RR-PBZ), group 6, RR-G plus RR-PBZ; and group 7, RR-G plus ½ RR-PBZ. Results showed that combination of recommended rate of granular fertilizer plus the full recommendation of Paclobutrazol (group 6) resulted in a significantly higher yield of 64.9 tons/ha than other groups with yields ranging from 23.3 to 55.3 tons/ha. Such significantly higher yield in group 6 was also attributed to the number of leaves produced by plants at the time of harvest. Regarding effects of two chemical treatments, the combination of Diniconazole a nd P aclob utrazol a s recommended granular f ertilizers h elped in t he heading of K imchi Cabbage during hot conditions with an average temperature of 32-35°C from March to April at the heading stage plus a f actor of b eing planted a t a lowland area i n the country. T he a dvantage o f Paclobutrazol aside from yield is its availability in the country as compared to Diniconazole (Binnari).

The effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, nitric oxide donor) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activity of kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt) was studied under the low temperature conditions. Kimchi cabbages were treated with SNP of three concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 mg·L-1) for three times at four-day intervals and exposed to low temperature (16/7°C) stress for seven days. SNP treatment induced increases of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) under the stress condition with the highest level after the third treatment. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 were significantly lower in the treatment of SNP compared to the non-treated control. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased in treated plants by up to 38, 187, 24 and 175%, respectively compared to the non-treated control. SNP-treated and untreated plants had similar growth characteristics. Compared to the control group, SNP-treatment increased fresh weight and leaf area by 5%. Overall, our findings suggest that the application of sodium nitroprusside to the leaves contributes to reducing physiological damage and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving low temperature stress tolerance in kimchi cabbage.

This study was conducted to develop a model for predicting the growth of kimchi cabbage using image data and environmental data. Kimchi cabbages of the ‘Cheongmyeong Gaual’ variety were planted three times on July 11th, July 19th, and July 27th at a test field located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do (37°37′ N 128°32′ E, 510 elevation), and data on growth, images, and environmental conditions were collected until September 12th. To select key factors for the kimchi cabbage growth prediction model, a correlation analysis was conducted using the collected growth data and meteorological data. The correlation coefficient between fresh weight and growth degree days (GDD) and between fresh weight and integrated solar radiation showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.88. Additionally, fresh weight had significant correlations with height and leaf area of kimchi cabbages, with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. Canopy coverage was selected from the image data and GDD was selected from the environmental data based on references from previous researches. A prediction model for kimchi cabbage of biomass, leaf count, and leaf area was developed by combining GDD, canopy coverage and growth data. Single-factor models, including quadratic, sigmoid, and logistic models, were created and the sigmoid prediction model showed the best explanatory power according to the evaluation results. Developing a multi-factor growth prediction model by combining GDD and canopy coverage resulted in improved determination coefficients of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.89 for biomass, leaf count, and leaf area, respectively, compared to single-factor prediction models. To validate the developed model, validation was conducted and the determination coefficient between measured and predicted fresh weight was 0.91, with an RMSE of 134.2 g, indicating high prediction accuracy. In the past, kimchi cabbage growth prediction was often based on meteorological or image data, which resulted in low predictive accuracy due to the inability to reflect on-site conditions or the heading up of kimchi cabbage. Combining these two prediction methods is expected to enhance the accuracy of crop yield predictions by compensating for the weaknesses of each observation method.

Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the amount of sodium and the setting of permissible error range of actual measurement, which is a problem for cabbage kimchi nutrients subject to labeling. The sample targeted was baechu (Kimchi cabbage) kimchi, which might have a large variation in sodium content by part of kimchi. Kimchi samples were collected twice from eight companies by season (spring, summer, fall, and winter). The average sodium content in kimchi samples was 619±87 mg/100 g (range, 534±63 mg/100 g to 783±40 mg/100 g). The error in average annual sodium content of abandonment kimchi (maximum value difference compared to the minimum value) was 26.8 to 64.3%. Sodium contents in kimchi produced in spring and summer were relatively low. However, deviation between individuals was large. It was found that cases exceeding the permissible error (120%) standard varied depending on the criteria for setting the amount of sodium. In addition, due to seasonal differences, sodium content in kimchi exceeded 120% of the labeling value. Thus, it is necessary to set standards suitable for characteristics of kimchi to prevent unintentional violations of labeling standards by raw materials and manufacturing processes.

글루탐산은 식물의 생장과 발달에 중요한 역할을 하는 필수 아미노산의 전구체이며, 저온 보호 물질로 이어지는 생합성 경로를 자극하여 저온 피해를 줄이는 생물자극제 중 하나이 다. 본 연구에서는 저온 스트레스 조건에서 글루탐산 엽면 처 리가 배추에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 글루탐산 2가지 엽면 시비 농도(0 및 10mg·L-1)와 3가지 주/야간 온도 수준(11/－1 °C extremely low, E; 16/4°C moderately low, M; 21/9°C optimal, O)을 결합하여 6개의 처리가 수행되었다. 글루탐산 의 엽면 처리는 정식 후 10일에 1회 살포하고, 글루탐산 처리 직후 온도 처리는 최대 4일 동안 실시하였다. 처리 4일 후, ABA, PA, DPA 및 ABA-GE 함량은 M 처리에서 Glu 0 처리 보다 Glu 10 처리에서 함량이 더 높았다. Glucose 함량은 E 및 Glu 10 처리에서 가장 높은 반면(52.1mg·100g-1 dry weight), fructose 함량은 O 및 Glu 0 처리에서 함량이 가장 높았다 (134.6mg·100g-1 dry weight). GLP, GBS, 4MGBS, GNBS 및 GNS 함량은 E 및 Glu 10 처리에서 모든 처리 중 가장 높았 다(0.72, 2.05, 1.67, 9.40 및 0.85μmol·g-1 dry weight). 처리 2일 후 E 및 Glu 10 처리의 PA와 DPA함량에서 급격한 변화 를 확인하였고, 몇몇 개별 glucosinolate 함량(GLP, GBS, 4MGBS, GNBS 및 GNS)은 저온과 글루탐산 처리에 따라 유 의적 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, fructose는 glucose 대신 fructan을 에너지원으로 사용하였기 때문에 처리 4일후 E와 M처리에서 O 처리에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 함량을 보였다. 따라서, 저온과 글루탐산 엽면 처리에 따른 PA, DPA, glucose, fructose 및 개별 glucosinolate 물질들의 변이를 확 인하였지만, 저온과 글루탐산의 효과에 관한 명확한 상관관계를 평가할 수는 없었다. 배추과 작물은 호냉성 채소로서 저 온에 민감하게 반응하지 않고, 대부분 내한성을 가지고 있기 때문으로 판단된다.

In this study, we investigated the effects of cooling rate during storage on spring kimchi cabbage from an economic perspective. For long-term storage, kimchi cabbage (KC) should be maintained at a low temperature immediately after harvest; however, a sudden change in temperature during storage may lead to chilling injury in KC. The optimal cooling rate is important for the long-term storage of KC. To identify the optimal cooling rate, KC was cooled at different cooling rates (1oC, 2oC, 4oC, 6oC, 8oC, and 24 oC/day), and then stored at 1oC for 90 days. Thereafter, weight, trimming, total loss, pH, free sugar content, and total bacterial count changes were measured. Spring KC stored at the cooling rate of 6 oC/day presented a lower total loss and better sensory properties than KC stored at other cooling rates; thus, 6 oC/day is an appropriate cooling rate for long-term storage of KC.

배추 재배시기에 따른 품질특성을 비교하기 위해 월별 배추의 생육특성과 이화학특성, 미생물 특성을 분석하고 군집분석을 수행하였다. 군집특성은 5-6월(I), 7월과 10월 (II), 8-9월(III), 11-12월과 1월(IV), 2-4월(V) 총 5그룹으로 분류되는데 이는 배추 작형과도 대부분 일치되었다. 주성분 분석을 통한 그룹별 특성의 경우 I 그룹은 미생물 수, II와 III 그룹은 수분함량, IV, V 그룹은 구중과 유리당 함량이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 배추 품질특성에서 높은 상관관계를 보이는 항목은 구중과 결구율, 고형분 함량과 유리당 함량이었고, 고형분 함량과 유리당 함량을 회귀식으로 나타내면 Y(유리당) = 0.8195X(고형분 함량) - 1.2451로 나타낼 수 있는데 이를 활용해 배추의 고형분 함량으로 유리당 함량을 추정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통한 월별 배추의 품질특성은 해당 시기에 김치를 제조할 때 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) fertilizers were spread 30 kg/10a and 60 kg/10a, respectively, as additional fertilizers in nitrogen fertilization to investigate their effects on spring kimchi cabbage's physiological disorders during cold storage. The initial weight of spring kimchi cabbage after harvesting was 3.80 kg with two-fold NO3-N, whereas it was 3.22 kg with one-fold NO3-N. After 90 days of cold storage, the total loss ratio became lower as the nitrogen fertilizer ratio increased. The pH increased, reducing sugar content decrease during the storage. Black speck occurrence became higher as the nitrogen fertilizer increased. Mid-rib brown stain and soft rot were observed slightly in kimchi cabbage regardless of the nitrogen fertilizer ratio. Two-fold NO3-N fertilization showed a positive effect on increasing weight and reducing kimchi cabbage loss, but it exhibited a negative effect on the black speck. The method and content of nitrogen fertilization of spring kimchi cabbage may be adjusted according to the usage and storage periods.

In this study, an appropriate modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) condition to minimize physiological disorders while lowering weight loss was sought. To reduce weight loss during storage, kimchi cabbages packed with 0, 32, 40, 48 perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films, with a diameter of 14 mm, were stored in pallet units for 90 days at 1-2oC, and their loss rate, physiological disorders, total bacteria count, pH, and solid content were analyzed. It was found that as the number of holes increased, the weight loss ratio increased proportionally. However, the difference between the perforations was relatively small compared with the sample without film packaging. On the other hand, it was also observed that the lower the number of holes was, the lower the incidence of physiological disorder was because the cold air penetrated through the perforated hole while inhibiting physiological effects, releasing heat and carbon dioxide generated by respiration. Considering the weight loss rates and physiological disorders such as black speck and soft rot, the kimchi cabbage packed with 48 perforated films (73.9 cm2) exhibited the most satisfactory condition. Using this storage condition, along with 2-3oC temperature and 91-95% relative humidity inside the pallet, a highly suitable condition for kimchi processing was obtained to secure kimchi cabbage.

Spring kimchi cabbage was stored fresh for 90 days in a commercial cold storage house. It was sanitized by spraying fungicide on the field before harvesting. The plastic boxes of spring kimchi cabbage were put on the pallet, covered with a 40-hole film, then stacked in the cold storage room at once. The room was maintained for 90 days at 0.7oC after cooling gradually at 2 oC/day. After 90 days, the weight loss was 4.73% and the total trimming loss was 8.26%. The weight loss was 8.08% and the net trimming loss was 3.26% after 90-day storage with partial stack cooling at 2.7oC covered with a 56-hole film. The quality of spring kimchi cabbage after 90-day storage was fresh without physiological disorders.

Fungicide spraying and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) wrapping were carried out for the improvement of storage yield in winter kimchi cabbage. Acetic acid, rox, tebuconazole and fludioxonil were sprayed on the cabbage, and then cabbage boxes were wrapped with 0.02 mm polyvinyl chloride film. The weight loss ratio of wrapped cabbages were 8.62% and 15.71% in unwrapped cabbages. Trimming loss ratio was the lowest in the mixed treatment of acetic acid, rox and tebuconazole in wrapped cabbage. Physiological disorders of 90-day stored cabbage was better in wrapped cabbage, especially with the mixed treatment of acetic acid, rox and tebuconazole. Wrapping and fungicide treatment reduced the storage loss ratio and physiological disorder for storage of kimchi cabbages.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of kimchi cabbages stored under a pallet unit-controlled atmosphere (PUCA), containing 2% O2 and 5% CO2, and to develop quality prediction models for cabbages stored under such conditions. Summer and winter cabbage samples were divided into PUCA-exposed groups and atmospheric airexposed control groups (in a cold storage). The control summer cabbages lost up to 8.31% of their weight, whereas the PUCA-exposed summer cabbages lost only 1.23% of their weight. Additionally, PUCA storage effectively delayed the reduction in cabbage moisture content compared with the control storage. After storage for 60 and 120 days of the summer and winter samples, respectively, the reducing sugar contents were higher in the PUCA groups than in the control groups. The linear regression analysis-derived equations for predicting the storage period, weight loss, and moisture content in the control groups, as well as those for predicting the storage period and weight loss in the PUCA groups, were appropriate according to the adjusted coefficient of determination, root mean square error, accuracy factor, and bias factor values. Therefore, this PUCA system would be useful for improving the shelf life of the postharvest summer and winter cabbages used in the commercial kimchi industry.