본 연구는 직무 스트레스와 근골격계질환과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 단순작업과 반복 작업이 빈번하게 발생하는 전자제품 제조업에 대하여 고용 규모 30인 미만과 300인 이상의 사업장을 구분하여 실시하였다. 연구 대상자 311명은 근골격계질환 관련 자각증상과 한국인 직무 스트레스(KOSS)에 대해 설문 조사 방법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과 한국인 직무스트레스(KOSS)영역에서 30인 이하의 사업장이 물리적환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화의 영역에서 불만족도가 300인 이상사업장에 비하여 스트레스가 높게 나타났다. 근골격계질환 관련 신체 부위별 증상자를 살펴보면 신체부위 목, 허리에 대한 증상 호소자가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 근로자들이 근무중 회사와의 갈등으로 격는 한국인 직무스트레스(KOSS)에서는 물리적환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화에 대하여 30인 미만 사업장 소속 근로자들의 스트 레스 노출정도가 높았다. 다만 KOSS부분에서 근로자들의 개인적인 성향을 나타내는 관계갈등부분은 약간의 차이로 300인 이상 고용사업장의 근로자에 대한 스트레스 노 출정도가 높았다. 이에 30인 미만 사업장과 같은 영세업종 근로자들에게 정신사회적 스트레스의 해소를 위한 예방 프로그램이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

The goal of this study is to propose the effective method of investigating the injurious factors and making improved plans that prevents the workers against musculoskeletal disorders at an autoparts company and the same business field with similar working conditions and process. A questionnaire were adopted to analyze the symptoms of workers' musculoskeletal disorders, and an ergonomic assessment method such as RULA, OWAS were performed to find out harmful factors of workplace and working posture. Based on the result of the evaluation, to enhance the working environment, improvement of worktable, working space, tools, and outfit was suggested, and induction of mechanical system was also suggested. It can be concluded that the method and process described in this paper could be helpful for diagnosing the musculoskeletal disorders and making improvement plans to the autopart company and the same business field with similar working conditions and process.

목적 : 본 연구는 work sampling 기법과 단면분석법을 이용하여 제조업 종사 근로자의 근골격계질환 노출 위험수준을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 이를 위해 자동차부품 제조업 종사 근로자 29명의 근골격계질환 증상을 자기기입식 설문지로 조사하여, 그 정도를 기준1(KOSHA), 기준2(NIOSH), 기준3(인천노동과학연구소)으로 구분하였다. 그리고 개별 근로자의 작업과정을 고성능카메라로 촬영한 후 OWAS, RULA, REBA를 사용하여 work sampling 기법(1초당 1컷)과 단면분석법으로 근골격계질환 위험수준을 분석하였다. 결과 : 신체부위 중 1부위 이상 통증이 있다고 호소한 근로자는 기준1 24명(82.8%), 기준2 22명(75.9%), 그리고 기준3 19명(65.5%)이었다. 인간공학적 측정도구를 이용한 근골격계질환 노출위험수준은 OWAS는 단면분석-조치단계 4(근골격계에 매우 심한 해를 끼침), work sampling-조치단계 2(근골격계에 약간의 해를 끼침)인 근로자가 3명이었다. 또, RULA는 단면분석-조치단계 4(정밀조사와 즉각적인 개선필요), work sampling-조치단계 3(계속적 관찰과 빠른 작업개선 요함)인 근로자가 2명이었고, REBA에서는 단면분석-조치단계 3(위험 높음), work sampling-조치단계 2(위험 보통)인 근로자가 3명으로 분석되었다. 단면분석과 work sampling 기법에서 고위험군과 저위험군의 일치도는 OWAS Kappa=.4423, RULA Kappa=.4938, 그리고 REBA Kappa=.5193이었다. 결론 : Work sampling 기법을 이용하여 근로자의 근골격계질환 노출위험수준을 객관적으로 분석할 수 있었으며, 결과를 토대로 근로자 작업환경의 개선이 우선적으로 필요한 작업자를 선정하는데 신뢰할만한 방법임이 확인되었다.

Recently, there are many research of musculoskeletal disorders in manufacturing industry because of increasing interest of that disorders, but the research is still lacking in the small business and service industry. So we researched relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders by get information of 145 hairdresser about working hour, work record, position and working pattern. The results of this research show that there are many musculoskeletal disorders of hairdressers' neck, shoulder, arm, knee and also close relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Besides, some parts of subjective symptoms have an effect on other parts of body. This information contributes to future reference and a precautionary measure about musculoskeletal disorders for hairdressers.

The psychosocial stress and musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) have been one of major health problems for hospital workers. This study tried to understand the relationship between symptoms associated with MSDs and risk factors such as working posture, job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. A total number of 655 hospital workers participated in this study. Specifically, REBA was applied for evaluating working posture and a checklist prepared by KOSHA(Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency) was used for symptom survey. A questionnaire from KOSHA was also used for collecting data associated with job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. All these data were formulated and modeled by path analysis which was one of major statistical tools in this study. Specifically, path analysis for the data we collected came up with several major findings. The risk scores from working posture based on REBA had indirect effects via fatigue factor(MFS) as well as direct effects on symptoms. The factors associated with job stress (KOSS) and psychosocial stress(PWI-SF) had significant effects on symptoms. Specifically, indirect effect of job stress factors via fatigue factors(MFS) had bigger than that of direct effect of job stress on symptom.

Recently, there are many research of musculoskeletal disorders in manufacturing industry because of increasing interest of that disorders, but the research is still lacking in the small business and service industry. So we researched relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders by get information of 145 hairdresser about working hour, work record, position and working pattern. The results of this research show that there are many musculoskeletal disorders of hairdressers' neck, shoulder, arm, knee and also a lot of relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Besides, some parts of subjective symptoms have a effect on other parts of body. This study will contribute to using information and a precautionary measure about musculoskeletal disorders for hairdressers.

The psychosocial stress and musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) have been one of major health problems for hospital workers. This study tried to understand the relationship between symptoms associated with MSDs and risk factors such as working posture, job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. A total number of 655 hospital workers participated in this study. Specifically, REBA was applied for evaluating working posture and a checklist prepared by KOSHA(Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency) was used for symptom survey. A questionnaire from KOSHA was also used for collecting data associated with job stress, psychosocial stress and fatigue. All these data were formulated and modeled by path analysis which was one of major statistical tools in this study. Specifically, path analysis for the data we collected came up with several major findings. The risk scores from working posture based on REBA had indirect effects via fatigue factor(MFS) as well as direct effects on symptoms. The factors associated with job stress(KOSS) and psychosocial stress(PWI-SF) had significant effects on symptoms. Specifically, indirect effect of job stress factors via fatigue factors(MFS) had bigger than that of direct effect of job stress on symptom.

The main objective of this study is to find factors and typical characteristics on outbreak of musculoskeletal disorders in small sized companies which are located at eastern area in Kangwon-Do. Musculoskeletal disorders are becoming a serious problem in various industrial fields. Many researches have been focused on the analysis on outbreak of musculoskeletal disorders in order to reduce and prevent them. As a similar endeavor, this paper provides factor analysis on outbreak of musculoskeletal disorders. Questionnaire surveys regarding musculoskeletal disorders were conducted for the total number of 250 field workers. For the purpose of this study, seven independent variables(gender, age, career, housework, accident, trouble, and pain) are taken from questionnaires. The provided analysis result will be helpful as a starting point for root cause analysis and reduction of musculoskeletal disorders and also for establishment of safe work environments.

We adapted association rules of data mining in order to investigate the relation among the factors of musculoskeletal disorders and proposed the method of preventing the musculoskeletal disorders associated with multiple logistic regression in previous study. This multiple logistic regression was difficult to establish the method of preventing musculoskeletal disorders in case factors can't be managed by worker himself, i.e., age, gender, marital status. In order to solve this problem, we devised association rules of factors of musculoskeletal disorders and proposed the interactive method of preventing the musculoskeletal disorders, by applying association rules with the result of multiple logistic regression in previous study. The result of correlation analysis showed that prevention method of one part also prevents musculoskeletal disorders of other parts of body.

This study tried to identify the job stress characteristics of female bank workers and the relationship between their stress and symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). The total number of 587 female bank tellers have been participated in this study. Specifically, questionnaire surveys regarding job stress and MSDs symptoms were conducted. On the basis of the results from the survey using Korean version of job stress questionnaire with 24 questions, stress scores associated with job requirement and job flexibility were relatively high. The job stress levels regarding job demand, organizational system, occupational climate at the work place were relatively high for the full time workers while the job stress levels regarding insufficient job control, job stability, interpersonal conflict, lack of reward were relatively high for the part time worker. The workers with longer total work years had relatively high job stress associated with interpersonal conflict, and organizational system while the workers with longer work years at the current job had relatively high job stress associated with occupational climate. Also, the workers with longer working hours a day had relatively high job stress associated with job demand, interpersonal conflict, organizational system, and occupational climate. According to the relationship identified in this study, symptoms at the neck, shoulder, hand, low back. leg were associated with the stress levels in terms of job flexibility, interpersonal conflict, job requirement, job stability. In conclusion, female bank workers are exposed to job stress due to their specific job characteristics and there has been certain relationships between their job stress and MSDs symptoms.

  국내외의 근골격계질환에 대한 현황과 자료를 검토하였다. 국내의 자료는 지난 수년간 대학 연구소에서 수행한 유해요인조사 및 예방사업 과정에서 수집된 자료들이다. 제조업에서 서비스업에 이르는 다양한 업종의 현황을 비교하였다. 외국의 자료와 비교할 때 가장 큰 특징은 국내의 근골격계질환 자료는 발생건수에서도 실제 생산형장에서의 현황보다 축소되어져 있지만, 전체 산업재해나 직업병에서의 비율로 볼 때도 매년 그 발생 비율이 불안정하게 등락함으로서 아직도 국내

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of slump sitting postures on the masticatory, neck, shoulder, and trunk muscles associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD). Eleven healthy adults (age, 23.3±2.7 yrs; height, 174.0±4.1 ㎝; weight, 61.4±6.6 ㎏) participated in this study. The participants were free of injury history and neurologic deficits in the masticatory, neck muscles and upper extremities at the time of participation. The subjects were asked to perform erect and slump sitting postures under the guidance of physical therapists. The surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the anterior temporalis, masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, gluteus maximus muscles of 11 adults as they performed visual terminal display work, which are known as the weakened and tightened muscles owing to WRMD. The recorded signals were averaged and normalized to the mean amplitude of the EMG signal obtained during submaximal reference voluntary contractions. The results of study were as follows: The masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique muscles significantly differed in the slump sitting posture (p<.05). The muscle activities of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius muscle, and external abdominal oblique were significantly lower and that of the masseter, upper trapezius, L3 paraspinal muscles were significantly higher. Further research is needed to assess the motor control problems and the function of the deep muscles in posture stability of patients with WRMD.

After conducting an investigation of a specific workplace, 372 labor workers, who are employed at a certain domestic petrochemical company valve operating and maintenance processing section, were personally questioned about specific work-related ailments. According to the results, 57% of workers who were working in the petrochemical industry have suffered from pain-related musculoskeletal disorders in, at least, more than 1 body part. Specifically, there are more than 28% of workers suffering from pain in more than two body parts. Among the total work population, 18.8 % of workers are assumed to have a high probability of being diagnosed with musculoskeletal disorder. Also, according to the RULA checklist which evaluates environmental improvement conditions of the workplace, 76.7% of workplaces among the inspected areas have high hazardous work factors that are related to musculoskeletal disorder and needs to be improved upon and observed right away or in the foreseeable future. The prior factor has a high correlation and pain rate which is due to an improper work posture. Originally, this improper work posture is caused mostly by ergonomically incorrect facility design. Furthermore, the structure of the workplace does not consider the worker's individual build.

It was investigated the current state of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which is one of the major problems in occupational safety and health management. A survey was conducted for safety personnel serve in the enterprises located at two cities in Gyungbuk area, Gumi and Pohang where the major industrial complex reside. The goal of this study was to identify whether the category and scale of the enterprises affect the sort of hazard factors, occurrence rate, and countermeasures against WMSDs. The results from the survey indicated that there were significant differences in the level of recognition and counteracts for WMSDs among the enterprises subject to their categories and scales. On the basis of these results, it was considered a more efficient way of spreading proper ergonomic knowledge and skills to the industries that were coincided with the circumstances of individual enterprise.

The goal of this study is to propose the improved scheme that prevents the workers against musculoskeletal disorders at a fishcake manufacturing company, A questionnaire and an ergonomic assessment method were adopted to analyze the symptoms of workers' musculoskeletal disorders, and an analysis of working postures and a quantitative assessment on various processes were performed to find out harmful factors of workplace. Based on the result of the evaluation, to enhance the working environment, improvement of worktable, working space, tools, and outfit was suggested, and induction of mechanical system was also suggested. Suggested improvement plan was applied to the workplace step by step and it is confirmed that improvement plan can removes the injurious factors of musculoskeletal diseases effectively.

The purpose of this study is to find injurious factors and to propose an improvement plan on workers' musculoskeletal disorders at a bakery workplace through analyzing the symptom, work posture and quantitative estimate. For this study, a survey and ergonomic estimate methods were adopted. According to the survey, it was analyzed that 429 workers corresponding to 68.2% of the response have been experienced the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders such as an ache, prickle and numbness. The result of QEC analysis shows that shoulder and waist are highly exposed to musculoskeletal disease. The result of RULA analysis shows that injurious factors of muscle, weight and repeated operations are a little higher than those of operation posture. The result of SI estimate shows that pre-treatment of making bread requiring highly repeated operation gets the highest point of 81, on the other hand, chocolate-coating job requiring relatively low speed and short time gets the point of 4.5. Based on the analyzed results, improvement plan to prevent the musculoskeletal disorders against injurious working process of a bakery workplace. The goal of this study is to propose the improved scheme that prevents the workers against musculoskeletal disorders. A questionnaire and an ergonomic assessment method were adopted to analyze the symptoms of workers' musculoskeletal disorders, and an analysis of working postures and a quantitative assessment on various processes were performed to find out harmful factors of workplace.

A research project was conducted to study work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at a die-casting plant in Korea. The project was consisted of 4 main parts; education on the topics of MSDs for all workers, symptom survey, medical check-up, investigation of MSD risk factors. The result of symptom survey showed that 89.5% of the respondents complained pains on at least one part of the body. After cross-sectional analysis of various information and risk factors based upon NIOSH criteria, 83.3% of respondents were considered as active health surveillance level 1, and 16% of the respondents were considered as active health surveillance level 2 those are at high risk of having MSDs based upon a criteria developed by Institute of Labor Science at University of Incheon. Also the result of medical examination by a industrial medicine MD showed that 41workers(44.1%) out of 93 workers examined were considered as MSD patient group at moderate level, and 10 workers(10.8%) were considered as MSD patient group at relatively high level that require certain level of medical treatment and ergonomics interventions for their workplace. The analysis of the work environment using various ergonomic investigation techniques revealed that repeated awakard postures(50%) and highly repatitive task(37.5%) were two most contributing risk factors for the on-set of MSD at this work site followed by handling of heavy object(8.3%), and vibration(4.2%).

Recently, WRMSD(Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders) that can be frequently found among simple and repetitious works has been a big occupational safety issue, and has begun to being studied actively by many Korean researchers. However, those researches have been largely relied on foreign ones, due to the lack of basic data in Korea. In this study, we have tried to search the actual conditions and factors on WRMSD of press workers in a local company. In addition, we examined how the contents of works and postures of the workers affect the disease. It is expected that the data collected in this study will be able to used for planning the preventive measures on WRMSD effectively and for implementing its corresponding programs.

Recently, both management and labor are interested in the increasing ratio of musculoskeletal disorders. And the developed countries make efforts to consider a counterplan such as prevention activity of musculoskeletal disorders and application possibility of ergonomic program, because musculoskeletal disorders take large portion out of occupational disease. Especially, small and medium enterprises have bigger problems due to the inferior work condition and environment in comparison with big businesses. This study is to introduce developed countries' cases such as WISE(Work Improvement in Small Enterprises) and OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses and to suggest the program of ergonomic management for small and medium enterprises having comparative difficulties against big businesses in improving work environment and managing ergonomic operations.

최근 산업안전/보건분야에서 누적외상성질환(Cumulative Trauma Disorders： CTDs)과 직업성요통(Low Back Injury)과 같은 근골격계질환은 산업현장에서 어렵지 않게 발견할 수 있는 신종 산업재해의 일종이다. 특히 미국의 경우, 발생건수와 그로 인한 인적/물적 손실이 급격하게 증가되고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 그러나 미국과 같이 근골격계질환의 폐해를 일찌감치 인식하고 그 해결방안을 연구해온 나라들에서는 현재 환자관리 및 인간공학적인 기준 등을 포함하는 예방지침들이 잘 정착되어 있는 실정이다. 우리나라의 경우에는 작업환경 등의 조건과 상황이 미국과 같은 구미 선전국과 비숫하고, 특히 제조업의 생산체계가 그런 나라들과 매우 유사하여 근골격계질환의 발생과 그로 인한 인적/물적 손실이 적지 않을 것이라고 예상할 수 있지만 아직까지 CTDs에 대한 전반적인 이해가 부족하고, 정확한 실태가 파악되지 못하였으며, 따라서 체계적인 관리 대책 또한 마련되어있지 않은 실정이다. 본 조사에서는 서울 근교의 수송기계관련 사업장의 작업들에 대한 작업자세에 중심을 둔 인간공학평가를 통하여 조사 작업의 근골격계질환에 대한 상대적인 위험도, 위험요인 등을 파악하고, 그에 따른 개선 대책의 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 특히, 각 부위별 위험점수와 부위별 증상호소율의 상환분석결과, 작업자 개인적 수준에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차는 없는 것으로 분석되었으나, 부서별로 분석한 결과, 작업시 주로 사용하는 오른쪽 상지의 경우, 오른쪽 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목 순으로 통계적으로 유의하게 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 증상호소율과 해당 신체부위의 위험도 점수는 서로 정적(positive)한 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났고, 상지 중 주로 사용하는 오른쪽 부담의 위험도 자세 점수와 증상호소는 비교적 높은 상관관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이와 같은 인간공학적 분석결과는 향후 인간공학적인 개선대책의 개발 뿐만 아니라 의학쪽에서 근골격계질환을 접근하는 초기단계에서 매우 유용한 역할을 할 수 있으리라 생각된다.