“Thien tu van” is one of the most classic books about learning Chinese in the primary stage in China. Since Chinese was promulgated through neighborhood including Vietnam, “Thien tu van” was popularized and became one of the important learning Chinese books for Vietnamese in the ancient times. From the view of writing identity, the writing is about initially researching and finding out popularization situation and “Thien tu van” usage in Vietnam by analyzing writing quantity and writing form popularization in order to reflect aspect of learning Chinese situation of Vietnamese in ancient times as well as contribute reference value for learning Chinese approach of Vietnamese in modern times.

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction industry of Korea from the 1920s to the 1930s by analyzing activities of construction-contractors trying to overcome the recession of the construction industry and intensified competition in the industry. In this paper, I looked at the activities of Hanazono Sakichi as concrete examples. First of all, with the strategy of the vertical integration, by manufacturing and selling building materials, Hanazono Sakichi expanded his company and the scope of contract business. The second, he attempted to diversify related projects. Through related diversification, he seemed to have earned not only land management profit but also advantages from related construction. These aspects were not only seen by Hanazono’s activities but also by other contractors’. On the other hand, a few contractors have taken over a trust company to secure the funds for land management. Attempts to maximize personal interests through the expansion and diversification of contractors' business can be seen as overcoming the pre-1920s environment, where almost construct works were ordered under the government, and creating opportunities for the private sector to work and make profit by themselves. In the end, it can be mentioned that ‘the contractor’ established ‘the construction industry’ through this process.

The Assisted evidence of Shuo Wen Jie Zi（《說文解字翼徵》）was written by Piao Xuan Shou who is a famous scholar in Joseon Dynasty. This is South Korea's only remaining book that The author was first use of Chinese bronze inscriptions, Seal characters and drum-stone inscriptions to research Shuo Wen（《說文》）. By this way, The author want to correct the mistake of Shuo Wen. So it is stand for that the philology researching reached new heights. However, there are still quite a few defects and shortcomings in the book, like follow blindly view of Xu Shen and wrong to knew Chinese bronze inscriptions. For the Chinese scholars, this book have some effects like “Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one”. As an example with 12 characters from Bronze inscriptions of Yu Tripod （《大盂鼎銘文》） that it had quoted in this book, and the current Academic research Can be checked with the view of correction Shuo Wen. So that this book can be evaluated and inherited.

The configuration of “ ” came from opening the eyes. This significance was divided by “頣”and“瞋”.“ ” generated abstract meaning of “taskmaster” based on its original meaning as the feature of supervision with eyes open by taskmaster.“臣”originally came from prisoner whose position was very humble, later, part of the status of “臣”gradually improved. From Oracle to Zhou Qin literature, the status of “臣” had always been the coexistence of noble and humble. The etymology imagery and character image of “臣” phase coincidence, and the character image provides important clues for the etymology imagery.

With the development of artificial lighting technology, human can breakout the limitation of the natural light and make it possible to create a brilliant civilization. However, the wide used outdoor artificial lighting caused severe environmental problem called "Light Pollution" due to human's less cognition of using light and excessive light. Obtrusive light at nighttime can do harm to the human health and observation activity. In this paper, the upward light control process of general lighting fixtures was suggested for reducing the adverse effects such as sky glow in the central city and light trespass in the residential areas.

이 연구는 제7차 교육과정의 취지에 맞는 수준별 수업을 내실 있게 운영하기 위해서 시작하였다. 사교 육의 팽창으로 많은 학생들이 단순 문제 풀이식이나 반복 학습의 영향으로 이론에만 익숙할 뿐, 각 단원 의 학습 목표나 본질을 이해하지 못하는 경우가 적지 않다. 문학 작품마저도 스스로 찾아 읽고, 말이나 글로 즐거움을 공유하고 쌓아나가는 경험을 하지 못하는 실정이다. 수준별 수업의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 수업 방법은 물론, 새로운 평가 방법 마련이 절실하다. 수준별 수업을 실시하더라도, 그것을 일률적인 잣대로 평가하는 것은 무의미하다고 할 수 있다. 이에 연구자는 문학 단원을 중심으로 단원의 특성과 학습자의 수준에 적합한 수행평가 프로그램을 구안하고, 각 장르별 활동을 ‘따라하기’, ‘변화주기’, ‘확장하기’의 3단계로 구분하여 학습자가 자신의 흥미나 능력에 맞는 프로그램을 선택하여 활동하도록 하였다. 문학 장르와 활동 내용에 따라 수시로 수준을 이동· 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 활동에 대한 흥미를 고조시켰다. 또한 학습 목표에 적합한 수준별 수행평가 기준안을 마련하고, 다양한 수준별 수행평가 자료를 구안·적용함으로써 학생들의 문학 작품 감상 능력 신장 방안을 모색하게 되었다.

The purpose of this study is researching domestic consumer’s perception and preferences for preserved flower to develope products. The basic questions about planning, design development and marketing of preserved flower product are asked to 160 included experts and non-experts of flower in the 1st survey. In the 2nd survey, intensive questions and customer’s preferences for product type and design elements (color, shape, species, material, fragrance etc.) are researched to the awared of preserved flower among 1st surveyed people. In aspects of product planning, the detailed product planning with well-awaring of the material characteristic of preserved flower is necessary, not concentrating on differences with natural flower products. In aspects of branding, diversifying the education and marketing of preserved flower itself is necessary, not differentiating among the other brand. And suggesting varied applications of preserved flower is seemed to be useful to expand its market, not concentrating on developing to high quality. In aspects of developing design, considering for various design elements is important when developing main mass flower. In case of filler flowers, having massive shape and balance with main is necessary to developing green leaves. In aspects of marketing, educating and marketing for preserved flower is seemed to be the most urgent priority for expanding its market, not designing and developing high quality products. Especially it is seemed to be necessary to secure some general marketing channel through mass media like advertise, newspaper and TV for the un-awared of preserved flower or uninterested in flower products. And to show various design applications and to improve design quality and maintenance of flower products is helpful to secure potential market.