Skeletal muscle is an organ that regulates biological metabolic energy. Its dysfunction causes decline of body functions and disability, thus deteriorating the overall quality of life. Various materials are being developed with an anti-sarcolytic effect. However, anti-sarcolytic effect of Sinomenium acutum rhizomes extract (SAE) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate anti-muscle atrophy effects of SAE and its alkaloids, including sinomenine (SIN), magnoflorine (MF), acutumine (ACU), and N-ferultyramine (NFT) isolated from SAE, on dexamethasone (Dex)-induced myotubules. C2C12 myogenic cells differentiated for 6 days were treated with 1 mM Dex for 24 hours. Induction of muscular atrophy was confirmed by a decrease in myogenin expression. We found that Dex increased expression levels of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogin-1. However, mRNA and protein levels of these muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases were significantly reduced by cotreatment with SIN, MF, and NFT in myotubes. Glucose uptake reduced by Dex in myotubules were also restored by SIN, MF, and NFT treatments. These results suggest that SIN, MF, and NFT can reduce muscle wasting and enhance glucose uptake in Dex-treated myotubes, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents to prevent muscle atrophy.

The aging treatment was applied to Rehmannia glutinosa rhizome (RGR) to improve the digestibility by the enzymatic hydrolysis of undigestible sugars. However, RGR spoils easily during the aging treatment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition as preservatives on sugars and microbial growth of aged RGR. The RGR was treated with the addition of ethanol (0~10%) at 55℃ for eight days. Reducing, free sugars, and total bacterial counts of RGR with ethanol concentrations were analyzed during the aging periods. The aged RGR with 0-2% ethanol appeared spoiled in appearance, and total bacterial counts of these samples increased from 1.1×105 to 2.2×107 CFU and then decreased again. When treated with 4~10% ethanol, the total bacterial counts of aged RGR decreased by more than 99.9% at eight days. In all samples, reducing and digestible sugars increased, and stachyose decreased by the aging treatment. Sucrose content was highest in the 6% ethanol sample (18.2% at six days). These results indicate that the ethanol addition can be applied to the aging treatment of the RGR for improving qualities (sweetness, digestibility, and microbial growth), and can be considered for the stable production of high quality aged RGR.

국내 출원 예정인 알스트로메리아 유망 교잡 계통 C269의 기내번식체계 조건 구명을 통해 국산묘의 안정적인 보급에 기 여하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 생장점을 MS배지에 치상하 여 초대배양 후, 준비된 근경 생장점은 근경 증식을 위해 6-Benzylaminopurin(BAP)와 Kinetin(KIN)처리를 하였다. KIN 처리구의 경우, 신초 발생량이 많고 조밀하게 생장 했다. 이는 근경 증식을 위한 근경 분리가 힘들어 근경 증식에는 적합하 지 않았다. BAP 처리구의 경우 0.2mg·L-1이하의 농도 배지 에서 키운 근경을 분리하여 증식 시키는 것이 적합할 것으로 생각되었다. 뿌리 발근 배지는 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) 0.25mg·L-1첨가 배지에서 가장 많은 뿌리가 발생되었다. 하 지만, NAA 호르몬 처리에 의한 비정상적인 뿌리 비대가 발생 되었다. 반대로 무처리구에서는 정상적인 뿌리, 세근 및 뿌리 털 발생이 더 좋았다. 순화 과정 중에는 호르몬 처리구 보다 무처리구가 많은 생존률을 보였을 뿐만 아니라 신초 발생 및 지상부 생육도 무처리구에서 왕성하였다. 결론적으로 알스트 로메리아 교잡 계통 C269는 BAP 0.2mg·L-1처리에서 근경을 증식한 후 MS 배지로 옮겨 치상 후 발근을 유도하여 순화를 시키는 것이 효과적인 증식체계로 판단되었다.

Gastrodia elata Blume often has been used for the treatment of headaches, convulsions, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases. The main active constituents are gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzylaldehyde and parishin A, B, C and E. Because Gastrodia elata has also unacceptable off-odor (swine barnyard-like) for food, there is a need to reduce it as well as allow for greater utilization as a functional food materials. In this study, a major off-odor producing substance of Gastrodia elata was fractionated by steam distillation and silica gel column chromatography. The substance was identified as p-cresol(4-methyl phenol) by GC-MS analysis and comparison of the retention time with that of an authentic compound in GC. The content of p-cresol in fermented Gastrodia elata was decreased. A fermented sample of Latobacillus sakei for 2 days was reduced to 54.7%, when compared with a unfermented sample. The five parishin derivatives in Gastrodia elata were identified by HPLC-MS analyses, and a comparison of HPLC retention times with those of authentic compounds. When compared with parishin derivatives of an unfermented Gastrodia elata, those of Gastrodia elata fermented by L. sakei, increased to 18.3% for 2 days. Increases of about 14.0~38.4% of the total phenolic compounds and 57.4~77.3% total flavonoids were found in fermented extracts, by 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. They were compared with 97.1±2.9 μg/g and 40.9±2.0 μg/g in the unfermented control, respectively. The extracts of Gastrodia elata Blume that were fermented by lactic acid bacteria had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP reducing power than the unfermented control.

본 연구는 화장품 소재로서 연근과 우절의 가능성을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 우리 는 연근과 우절 에탄올 추출물을 사용하여 항산화, 항염증 및 항주름에 대한 생물학적 활성 평가를 수 행하였다. 연근과 우절을 95% 에탄올로 추출한 다음 항산화 평가를 위해 샘플을 농도 (100, 500, 1000) μg/mL 에 따라 처리하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능과 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) 양이온 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였다. 또한 항주름 효과를 평가하기 위해 Elastase 저해 활성 평가를 수행 하였다. 항염증 효과를 평가하기 위 해서 대식세포 (Raw 264.7 cells)를 이용해 MTT assay를 통한 샘플의 독성평가와 nitric oxide 생성 저 해 활성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 연근과 우절의 1000 μg/mL 농도에서 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성이 각 66.7%, 99.5% 로 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능 활성은 동일농도에서 각 51.2%, 98.3%로 나타났다. elastase저 해 활성 결과 우절이 연근에 비해 높은 항주름 효능을 나타내었다. 우절은 1000 μg/mL 농도에서 대조 군 EGCG 보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Nitric oxide 저해 활성 결과에 따르면 연근은 55.8%의 효과 를 나타내었고 우절은 66.6%의 효과를 각각 나타내어 우절 추출물이 연근보다 항염증 효과가 더 우수 함을 나타내었다. 결과적으로 연근 및 우절 추출물은 안전한 항산화 항염증 및 항주름 천연화장품소재로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome against the type strains of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and the periodontopathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extract and the methanol extract fractions of Coptidis rhizome separated by silica gel chromatography were evaluated by determining the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, using the microdilution method. The cell viability test of the extracts of Coptidis rhizome on the KB cells was also studied by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Our results showed that the 11th fraction (F11) of the methanol extract had the greatest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, with no associated cytotoxicity on the KB cells, upto a concentration of 50 μg/ml. These results suggest that the silica gel chromatography fraction F11 of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome, could be useful in the development of oral hygiene products as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

The nematicidal activity of Phellodendron amurense rhizome-derived materials (methanol extract) toward Meloidogyne Spp. second-stage juveniles (J2) and these effects on Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo. Results were compared with these of fosthiazate. J2 was examined using 24-well plate tests, pot bioassays (C. sativa and C. melo) and Field trials (C. melo). In 24-well plate test with J2, methanol extract of P. amurense exhibited 98.7% and 69.8% mortality at 0.25 and 0.125 mg/ml toward J2, respectively, whereas Fosthiazate showed 100% mortality at 1 mg/ml. In pot bioassays with J2, P. amurense rhizome methanol extract gave 79.5% and 57.4% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. sativa and 73.7% and 53.3% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x)/3kg soil from C. melo, respectively. In Field test at C. melo in greenhouse showed 55.1% and 26.9% mortality at 2ℓ/m2(1,000x) and 2ℓ/m2(2,000x) applied soil. P. amurense rhizome-derived materials, merit further study as potential root-knot nematode control agents because of their nematicidal activity.

Focused on the performance of interactivity in the appreciation of media art, this study is associated with the continually changed art texts and a participator's physical reactions to savor the art. Digital works of art emphasizing interactivity usually decentralize and disperse the responsibility and the central role for creating and producing the art works. Proper procedure of the work is generated by actions such as clicking the mouse, controlling the joy stick or actual movement of anticipators' bodies. The art works are influenced by participators' interactivity, which makes the leading roles and the responsibility for creating art scattered and divided. These features are similar with those of the ‘Rhizome’ which Gilles Deleuze(1925~1995) and Félix Guattari(1930~1992) have discussed. In their argument, ‘Rhizome’ is an interval or being ‘between’, which keeps changing. ‘Rhizome’ is a state in which the individual and the work of art never reach the conclusion, only a phenomenon of eternally altering. Like ‘Rhizome’, this sort of art work has the decentralized system, opens for several directions, and activates the system which is changeable as linked items increased or decreased. These works stimulate the individual to perform and act while appreciating the art piece. In terms of processing and preceeding, interactivity is the important equipment and catalyzer. Through these procedures, the pieces can be the ‘floating work of art’ combined and condensed with the whole participators' reactions. The ‘floating work of art’ is neither the expression of an individual nor that of one particular group. Multidimensional influence of the web is the web which is constantly reorganizing and producing in its connective state. This connective state is activated by interactivity. The Rhizomatic system embodies the floating work of art process. Due to each individual perceiving art in individualistic terms, there is no dominating powers or central points. I regard this art works possessing above traits as the work of art with Rhizomatic system. The work of art with the Rhizomatic system is embodied through interactivity and because physical action activates the process of appreciation, a participator can actually experience and practice the philosophy. Ultimately the Rhizomatic speculation occurs during the interactivity of appreciating the Rhizomatic art pieces. The Rhizomatic system penetrates into the intuitive area beyond our recognition and thoughts, as we are engaged in the connective process. With the methods and manners of interactive art, we can possibly reconsider the system as a tool in which the participator is directly able to link experience and theory to the philosophies of Deleuze and Guattari.

The toxicity of materials derived from rhizome of Cnidium officinale Makino to adults from B and Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci was examined using a leaf-dipping bioassay. Results were compared with those of two currently used insecticides: acetamiprid and thiamethoxam. The active principles of C. officinale rhizome were identified as butylidenephthalide (1), ligustilide (2), and 3-butylphthalide (3) by spectroscopic analysis. These compounds exhibited 100% mortality against both B and Q biotype adults at 2.5 mg/ml. At a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml, butylidenephthalide produced 88 and 92% mortality against B and Q biotype adults, respectively. 3-butylphthalide showed 100 and 89% mortality against B and Q type adults, respectively. Ligustilide exhibited 97 and 100% mortality against B and Q type adults, respectively. The toxicity of these compounds to B type adults was almost equal to that of thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, whereas two insecticides exhibited 40% mortality to Q biotype. C. officinale rhizome-derived materials merit further study as potential insecticides for the control of B. tabaci populations due to global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic pesticides.

The toxicity of Cyperus rotundus rhizome steam distillate constituents and their related compounds to adult females and males of the susceptible KS-BG strain and field-collected SR-BG and DR-BG colonies of Blattella germanica (L.) was examined using residual contact + fumigant and vapor-phase mortality bioassays. Results were compared with those of three organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and fenitrothion), three carbamate (bendiocarb, dioxacarb, and propoxur), and three pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin). In contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, p-cymene (LC50, 0.33 mg/cm2) was the most toxic terpenoid, followed by o-cymene, m-cymene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and α-pinene, (LC50, 0.44–0.92 mg/cm2) against female B. germanica. These terpenoids were less toxic than the insecticides tested. Females were 3.1–3.6 times more tolerant than males to three cymene compounds. The toxicity of these monoterpenoids were almost identical against females from either of the three strains, even though the SR-BG and DR-BG females exhibited resistance to bifenthrin [resistance ratio (RR), 96 and 17], cypermethrin (RR, 67), deltamethrin (97 and 66), dioxacarb (19 and 22), and propoxur (24 and 32). In vapor-phase mortality bioassay, these monoterpenoids were effective in closed but not in open containers, indicating that the effect of these compounds was largely a result of vapor action. C. rotundus rhizome steam distillate and its constituents merit further study as potential insecticides for the control of insecticide-resistant B. germanica populations as fumigants with contact action.

The toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome materials and constituents against Meloidogyne incognita second‐stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were examined. The active principles of K. galanga rhizome were identified as the phenylpropanoids ethyl (E)‐cinnamate (EC, 1) and ethyl (E)‐p‐methoxycinnamate (EMC, 2) by spectroscopic analysis. Results were compared with those of carbofuran, fosthiazate, and metam‐sodium. In direct‐contact mortality bioassay, EC (LC50, 0.037 mg/ml) was the most toxic constituent, followed by EMC (0.041 mg/ml). EC was more effective than carbofuran (LC50, 0.092 mg/ml) but less active than fosthiazate (0.002 mg/ml). EC, egg hatch was inhibited 100, 93, and 87% at 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml, respectively. EMC caused 100, 81, and 75% inhibition of egg hatch at 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition of two phenylpropanoids were similar or more inhibition to that of either carbofuran or metam‐sodium but was lower than that of fosthiazate. In contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, EC and EMC treatments resulted in 86 and c 73% mortality at 0.5 and 0.125 mg/g soil, respectively. The lethality of these phenylpropanoids was almost similar to that of either carbofuran or metam‐sodium but was lower than that of fosthiazate. In vapor‐phase mortality bioassay, EC and EMC were more effective in closed container than open containers, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was, in part, a result of vapor action. K. galanga rhizome‐derived materials, merit further study as potential nematicides and hatching inhibitors for the control of M. incognita populations.

분주 크기와 배지 종류가 고추냉이 생존율과 생육에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 환경이 조절된 생장상에서 60일간 재배하였다. 수태로 감싼 근경 크기(직경) 5mm 이상 분주 묘의 생존율은 100%였으며, 생육(초장 12cm 내외, 엽수 3~4장)은 양호하였다. 생육 60일의 분주 묘는 초장 20cm 이상, 엽수가 1~2장 증가하였다. 루톤 분의제 처리는 생존율과 생육에 효과가 없었다. 배지 종류(마사, 난석)에 따른 직경 5~10mm 크기의 분주 묘를 담액 수경으로 재배하였을 때 83% 이상의 생존율을 보였으며 배지 종류에 따른 생육 차이는 없었다. 따라서 근경 크기 5mm 이상의 고추냉이 분주를 환경이 조절된 생장상에서 30일간 수경재배 방식으로 순화하여 고추냉이 건전 묘를 생산할 수 있다.

The nematicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials (methanol extract, steam distillate, and powder) toward M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) was examined using residual contact toxicity and pot bioassays. In residual contact toxicity bioassays with J2, the active principles of K. galanga rhizome were identified as the phenylpropanoids ethyl cinnamate (EC, 1) and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EMC, 2) by spectroscopic analysis. EC exhibited 95% and 49% mortality at 0.06 and 0.04 mg/ml toward J2, respectively, whereas EMC showed 98% and 63% mortality at 0.1 and 0.08 mg/ml. In pot tests with J2, K. galanga rhizome methanol extract gave 92% and 82% mortality at 100 and 20 mg/50g soil, respectively. Steam distillate gave 88% and 68% mortality at 85 and 42.5 mg/50g soil, respectively, whereas rhizome powder provided 83% and 62% mortality at 400 and 200 mg/50g soil. K. galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly EC and EMC, merit further study as potential root-knot nematode control agents or leads because of their great activity as a nematicide.

Anti-proliferation of methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome on oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells were investigated. In order to elucidate the involvement of telomerase inhibitory activity as a part of anti-proliferative effect of Curcuma rhizome on cancer cells, we measured telomerase activity in Curcuma rhizome extract-treated cancer cells. The concentration inhibited cell proliferation to 50% (IC50)of the methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome against oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) cells and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells were 21.30 μg/mℓ and 39.3μg/mℓ respectively. The methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome showed inhibitory telomerase inhibitory effect which is required for cancer cell immortality. Therefore, it seems that the anticancer effect of methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome is at least partially due to telomerase inhibitory effect. Five fraction samples were prepared according to its polarity differences and analyzed anti-proliferative effects of each fraction samples on oral squamous cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer effect was observed in dichloromethane, and ethylacetate fractions. The highest anticancer effect was found in dichloromethane fraction which had IC50value of 23.3 μg/mℓ and 10.5μg/mℓ against oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) cells and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells, respectively.

한국춘란의 생장점 배양방법을 확립하고 이로부터 얻어진 근경으로부터 균일한 다신초(multiple shoot)의 유도 및 효율적인 유묘의 생장에 미치는 생장조절물질 및 배지의 물리성의 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같 다. 생장점배양에서 유래된 근경으로부터 신초의 재분 화를 위해서는 H3P4배지에 TDZ 0.5m·L-1를 단용 첨 가한 고체배지에서 배양했을 때 다른 배지조성에 비해 가장 많은 수의 건전한 유묘를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, NAA 0.5mg·L-1 또는 1.0mg·L-1에 TDZ 1.0mg·L-1 를 첨가한 배지에서 형성되는 5mm 이하의 충실도가 떨어지는 유묘의 충실도를 회복하고 다수의 2차 신초 의 형성을 위해서는 TDZ 0.5 또는 1.0mg·L-1를 첨가 한 고체배지로 옮겨 계대 배양하는 것이 효과적이었 다. 형성된 이들 신초의 건전한 생장과 효율적인 발근을 위해서는 H3P4배지에 NAA 2.0mg·L-1와 BA 0.5 mg·L-1를 첨가하여 배양하는 것이 가장 효과적으로 지 상부 생육을 유도함과 동시에 발근에도 양호하였다.