This study aims to develop a detailed sizing system for lower body clothing for elderly obese women, using data from the 8th Korean Anthropometric Survey. The research targets 296 elderly women aged 60 to 85, selected from 805 participants in total, who meet the following criteria: Rohrer Index of 1.6 or above, Body Mass Index of 25 or higher, and Waist-Hip Ratio of 0.85 or greater. Elderly women with abdominal obesity exhibit shorter lower body proportions and greater fat accumulation in the torso, around the chest and waist. The findings show that women in their 60s have the highest level of obesity, while waist width and thickness are greatest in women in their 70s, suggesting that abdominal obesity increases with age. According to the KS standards, the main measurement categories were divided into 5cm increments for height, while waist and hip girth were categorized into 5cm and 3cm, respectively, to analyze the distribution of sections. Clothing size standards for lower garments that require a precise fit, such as skirts and formal pants, are presented in 13 sizes, corresponding to a waist girth range of 85–100cm and a hip girth range of 88–97cm. Detailed measurements are categorized into primary and reference areas. Additionally, sizes were presented differently based on whether a precise fit was necessary. For items that did not require a precise fit, ranges were indicated with letters, or ranges were indicated with measurements. Detailed sizes were categorized into primary and reference areas.

그래핀 산화물(GO), 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 다이아크릴레이트(PEGDA), 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 메틸 에터 아크릴레이트 (PEGMEA)의 나노복합체를 자외선 광중합을 통해 합성하였다. GO는 가교된 폴리에틸렌 옥사이드(XPEO) 매트릭스 내에 최 대 1.0 wt% 농도까지 균일하게 분산시켰다. 더 높은 농도에서는 GO가 응집되는 경향을 보였다. 잘 분산된 GO는 친수성 PEO 사슬과 추가적인 화학적 가교 네트워크를 형성했다. XPEO-GO 나노복합체는 GO 농도에 따라 기계적 강도 및 염과 가 스에 대한 차단 특성이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 다양한 GO 농도와 플레이크 크기를 가진 XPEO-GO 하이드로겔 의 제조 및 특성화를 다루고 있다. 이러한 특성은 나노복합 하이드로겔이 강화된 XPEO 기반 바이오소재 및 고급 항균성 한 외여과(UF) 친수성 코팅에서의 잠재적 응용 가능성을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to produce virtual models of women aged in their 60s and to implement the virtual clothing with jackets. We referred to 3D images of standard and obese body types from the 8th Size Korea and attempted to create avatars based on their images through the various trials. Final virtual models were made to reflect the appearance of women in their 60s. For the standard body type, a 3D image with average body measurements was selected. Based on numerous trials aimed at turning her image into an avatar, the auto-converted avatar on CLO 3D was slimmer than the woman in the original image, and hence it was not suitable for the virtual model. After blending, we converted the image into an uneditable avatar for which only the joint points could be moved, thereby creating an avatar that was identical to the original image. We also selected an image of an obese woman with a “beer bottle” body shape from the 8th Size Korea. We created an avatar that resembled her shape by also converting it into an uneditable avatar for which only joint points could be moved. To use these avatars in virtual clothing, we removed masks of avatars and made faces, hair styles, and skin tones representing women in their 60s. The moderately-sized classic jackets were smooth on both virtual models and fitted satisfactorily. This study demonstrated the applicability of virtual model production of various body types or ages in special clothing studies.

A sirocco fan consists of a housing and an impeller with blades. There are many design parameters for improving its performance and efficiency. Thus, the objective of present study is to investigate the effect of blade size(such as blade length and height) and the number of blades on the flow characteristics of a sirocco fan using a commercial CFD software, Star CCM+. From the results of our previous and present study, it is revealed that blade inclination angle and blade height had a great effect on the flow characteristics, such as the static pressure rise and flow rate. There are important factors in improving the flow characteristics, as following order, the blade inclination angle, blade height, blade length, blade radius of curvature, the number of blades. it was obtained that maximum in static pressure rise and flow rate were, respectively, 20.8Pa and 6.41CMM under the our simulation condition.

자동차운반선의 목포신항 도선 비율이 증가하고 있으며, 선박이 대형화되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 목포신항에 입항하는 7,500 unit 자동차운반선의 안전한 접이안을 위한 예선의 소요마력을 산출하기 위해 풍압력과 유압력을 계산하였다. 목포신항 자동차부두는 부 두로부터 1.0 km 떨어진 지점에서 최대 창조류와 최대 낙조류가 각각 1.6 kts와 0.7 kts이며, 조류가 최대인 조건에서는 ‘낙조류와 서풍’인 경우의 일부 구간에서만 예선사용기준을 만족하고 나머지 상황에서는 만족하지 못하는 것으로 평가되었다. 조류가 0.5 kts인 조건에서는 ‘낙조류와 동풍’인 경우 외력의 방향이 상호 일치하여 작용한 일부 구간에서 예선사용기준을 만족하고, ‘창조류와 서풍’인 경우에는 풍속 18 kts 이상에서 만족하지 못하는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한, 조류가 없는 상황에서는 풍속이 21 kts 이상이 되면 현행 예선사용기준을 만족 하지 못하는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 목포신항에 입항하는 70,000 G/T 전후의 대형 자동차운반선은 선박의 접이안 시점을 유속 0.5 kts 미만인 시점으로 계획하거나, 조류가 0.5 kts 이상인 경우와 풍속이 20 kts를 초과할 경우에는 예선의 사용마력을 적절히 상향해야 할 것으 로 판단된다.

To analyse and review the fishing performance and species composition according to the size of the entrance and mesh of the pot in the southern coastal waters (Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do and Yeosu, Jeollanam-do), the experiment in this study caught one class, eight orders, 17 families, 23 species, 662 fishes, and 99,833 g. The largest number of fish species was Conger myriaster (301 fishes caught) accounting for 45.5%, followed by Octopus vulgaris (152) accounting for 23.0%, Charybdis japonica (45) accounting for 6.8%, Sebastiscus marmoratus (43) accounting for 6.5%, and Parapercis sexfasciata (42) accounting for 6.3%. Conger myriaster, Octopus vulgaris, Charybdis japonica, Sebastiscus marmoratus, and Parapercis sexfasciata accounted for 88.1% of the total catch. For other fish species, 68 fishes of 18 species were caught, accounting for 12.5% of the total. As a result of the total catch survey, the catch rate of Conger myriaster was the highest at 50.9% in B. 22 mm/280 mm. In addition, the average total length per fish increased as the entrance size increased. The weight ratios of Conger myriaster, Octopus vulgaris, and other fish species based on the total weight caught in each pots of the six species of test fishing gear are as follows. A pots 66.6%, 26.5%, 6.9%, B pots 57.2%, 24.5 %, 18.3%, C pots 43.2%, 31.5%, 25.3%, D pots 7.4%, 56.7%, 35.9%, E pots 43.6%, 0%, 56.4%, and F pots 5.0%, 79.6%, 15.4%.

This study conducted a marine experiment to improve the fishing system using miniaturized nets for anchovy boat seine to reduce the fleet size. As a result, the miniaturized net for anchovy boat seine properly opened the entrance of the bag net using the buoyancy of the flotation for position indication and the setting force of the ground rope without operating a separate fish detecting boat by attaching a large flotation at the entrances of the inside wing net and the bag net. This also enabled an operation type where the entrance of the bag net is confirmed using a flotation for position indication from a netting boat. The time and the number of people used for net casting and net hauling in the marine experiment were average of five minutes and 25-30 minutes, respectively, and 23-30 people for the existent net, while for the miniaturized large-scale net were average of three minutes and 23-25 minutes, respectively, and 19-25 people. This indicates that the operation time was shortened, the number of fish detecting boats was reduced by one boat, and the number of people for fishing work was decreased by four or five people due to the improvement of fishing operation system according to the reduction of fishing net size. As a result of measuring the shaft horsepower during net towing, the maximum net towing horsepower was 250 HP in comparison to the maximum RPM of the engine (1,200 RPM), indicating that the legal horsepower of 250 HP is enough to conduct net towing and the competitiveness of fishing using the net for anchovy boat seine is ensured through operation cost reduction.

This study aimed to identify changes in upper body measurements and body shape types among women over a 10-year period based on data from the 6th and 8th Size Korea Anthropometric Surveys. The study used regression analysis to explore the relationship between various dimensions, enabling the prediction of different upper body dimensions based on height and waist circumference. The sample consisted of 1,179 women in their 20s who participated in the 6th (2010) and 8th (2020) Size Korea Anthropometric Surveys, with 33 items analyzed. Initially, most items, except those related to height, exhibited larger values in the 8th Survey than in the 6th, suggesting a general increase in the upper body dimensions of females in their 20s over the 10-year period. Subsequent factor analysis revealed three factors crucial for determining the upper body shape of women in this age group. The body shapes were then categorized into four distinct clusters. Regression analysis indicated that both waist circumference and height significantly influence most of the measured items, with waist circumference having a more substantial impact in most models. Through this research, we aim to provide foundational data that reflects the evolving upper body shapes of women in their 20s to enhance clothing production and improve the sizing system.

The present study aimed to validate a 70-item Korean bilingual version of the Vocabulary Size Test (VST) using Rasch modeling. The goal was to assess the applicability of this Korean version of the VST for Korean learners of English in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context by examining validity evidence based on Messick’s framework. Specifically, the study focused on the content, substantive, and external aspects of construct validity. However, the findings provided weak evidence supporting the utility of the VST as a measure of receptive vocabulary for Korean EFL learners. The test was deemed too easy and lacked the ability to effectively differentiate among varying levels of second language proficiency, with many test items exhibiting unexpected behavior. Additionally, the VST showed a weak correlation with another measure of second language proficiency. In light of these findings, the study offers specific recommendations for improving the test's validity and usefulness.

갯까치수염은 다육성의 2년생 초본 자생식물로서, 제주도, 울릉도를 비롯하여 남해안 지역에서 자라며 자생지의 환경에 맞게 내염성이 크다는 특징이 있고, 다양한 환경에 적응하며 관상가치가 높다. 관련 문헌을 보면 발아조건과 개화조절에 대한 연구만 보고되었고 그 중간단계인 재배에 관한 연구가 부족하여 대량생산을 위한 공정육묘법 개발의 일환으로 이 실 험을 수행하였다. 실험은 플라스틱온실 내에서 발아시킨 1cm 전후의 묘를 50, 128, 200구 트레이에 이식하여 한국원시표 준액(N-P-K-Ca-Mg, 15-3-6-8-4)을 각각 권장 EC농도의 0, 0.5, 1, 2배 농도로 매일 5분간 순환식으로 저면 관수하여 6주간 재배 후 초장, 근장, 엽수, 뿌리수, SPAD, 생체중, 건물 중을 측정하였다. 갯까치수염 생육은 플러그 셀 크기 50셀에 서 생육이 가장 높았다. 양액농도에 따른 갯까치수염의 생육 은 0.5배액에서 초장과 근장의 수치가 가장 높았으며, 모든 생육지표가 양액 농도변화에 따른 차이가 발생하는 것으로 나 타났고 실질적인 총 생산량의 지표라고 할 수 있는 지상부와 지하부의 건물중에 영향을 미치지 않았다는 결과가 나온 것으 로 미뤄 육묘단계에서 양액의 농도가 셀 크기보다 갯까수치염 의 묘 생육에 더 영향이 큰 것으로 보인다. 갯까치수염의 조직 충실도 면에서 0.5, 1, 2배액의 200구에서 가장 높은 결과값 들이 나왔다. 결과적으로 기존 원시표준액에 비해 생장에 유 리한 결과를 보이며 비료도 절약할 수 있는 0.5배 양액처리조 건이 갯까치수염 육묘 재배에 더 효율적이였다.

WAAM(Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) has gained attention as an innovative technology in small-batch, multi-product production due to its advantages of low production costs, rapid build rates, and design flexibility. However, challenges such as relatively low geometric accuracy, surface finish defects, residual stresses, and distortion due to high heat input persist and require improvement. This study analyzes the influence of deposition path angles on deposition performance in the WAAM process. Experiments were conducted using stainless steel (STS309MoL) wire, known for its excellent heat resistance and corrosion resistance due to its relatively high ferrite content within the austenitic structure. To mitigate residual stresses and distortion caused by high heat input, the CMT(Cold Metal Transfer) process was employed for five layers of deposition. Five different deposition path angles were selected as process variables, and the impact of deposition path angles on deposition performance was evaluated based on experimental results.

The demand for ceramic brackets, which have a high aesthetic purpose due to their high light transmission is increasing due to the application of poly-crystalline alumina material. Brackets using this material require stable properties that should not fracture during the treatment period. In this paper, the fracture strength of a ceramic bracket made of the same material used in clinical practice was checked by applying torque with a square stainless steel wire. The wire used in the test was prepared with cross-section sizes of 017 inch ✕ 025 inch, 018 inch ✕ 025 inch, and 019 inch ✕ 025 inch. There were a total of 150 bracket specimens and after ligating wires in the slots, torque was applied to each of 75 specimens in the gingival and occlusal directions. The torque test used digital torque meter equipment and the torque value at which the bracket slot fractured due to plastic deformation of the ligated wire was confirmed. Based on the resulting data we plan to use the data to recommend stable torque use and develop future bracket design.

부산 신항에 2020년부터 24,000 TEU급 초대형 컨테이너선이 입항하기 시작하였다. 본 연구에서는 부산 신항을 대상으로 24,000 TEU급 초대형 컨테이너선의 안전한 접․이안을 위한 예선의 소요마력을 산출하기 위해 선체에 작용하는 풍압력과 유압력을 계산하였다. 풍속이 10m/s(20kts)일 때, 13,000 TEU 컨테이너선의 경우에는 현행 「부산항 예선 운영세칙」의 예선의 소요마력 기준을 만족하나, 16,000 TEU 및 24,000 TEU 컨테이너선의 경우에는 그 규정을 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 현행 예선사용 기준의 최대선박인 ‘G/T 15만톤 이상’의 선박 규모를 2단계로 분할하여 예선 사용기준을 상향하는 방안을 제시하였다. 14만톤은 12,100마력, 17만톤은 14,500마력, 23만톤은 18,000마력의 예선이 요구되므로, 15만톤 이상~20만톤 미만은 16,000마력, 20만톤 이상은 18,000마력으로 예선의 사용기준 개선안 을 제시하였다.

낫또(natto)는 일본의 전통 콩 발효식품으로 혈전용해, 면역증강, 항고혈압, 항비만, 항균, 항산화, 항당뇨등의 다양한 효과를 가지고 있어 소비가 점차 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 낫또용으로 이용되는 콩 품종의 성숙 종실에는 소화 불량, 알러지 유발 및 가공 적성을 저하시키는 P34, lectin, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI), 7S α′subunit 및 lipoxygenase 단백질과 같은 항영양성분도 포함되어져 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 이러한 성분에 대하여 penta null 유전자형(p34leticgy1lox1lox2lox3)을 가지면서 종자 크기가 중소립이고 노란색 종피와 제색이 노란 또는 옅은 갈색을 가진 낫또용 콩 계통을 육성하기 위하여 진행되었다. 64 및 22C1 모본과의 교배를 통하여 제색이 노란 및 옅은 갈색이면서 종자 크기가 소립인 81개의 F2 종자가 선발되었고 그 중에서, P34 단백질 함량이 매우 낮은 18개의 F2 종자가 선발되었다. 18개의 F2 종자로부터 초형, 성숙기, 종피색, 제색 및 백립중이 양호한 2개의 F2 개체(BL1 및 BL2)가 최종 선발되었다. BL1 선발 개체의 성숙기는 중간이었고 종피색은 노란색이며 제색은 연한 갈색을 보였고 백립중은 12.4g으로 소립이었다. BL2 선발 개체는 성숙기가 조생이었고 종피색과 제색은 모두 노란색은 보였으며 백립중은 12.6g으로 소립이었다. 선발된 두 개체는 모두 대표적인 항영양성분인 P34, lectin, KTI, 7S α′subunit 및 lipoxygenase 단백질에 대하여 모두 열성인 penta null 유전자형(p34leticgy1lox1lox2lox3)을 가진 것으로 확인되었다. 선발 개체는 낫또용 콩 품종으로 육성될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

Herbivorous insects can be exposed to soil contaminants via trophic transfer. To assess the effect of accumulated arsenate (As(V)) in host plants on aphids across generations, Myzus persicae were reared for several generations on pepper (Capsicum annuum) grown in soil treated with 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg of As(V) per kg. In the first generation, the body length of M. persicae significantly (p < 0.05) increased on As(V)-treated plants (μ = 1.29 mm) compared to untreated plants (μ = 1.21 mm). Aphids showed higher fecundity on plants treated with 2mg/kg of As(V) (15.3) compared to untreated ones (10.6), but it decreased again under the 4mg/kg (11.4) and 6mg/kg (11.2) treatments. When newborns were transferred to untreated plants after being reared on each treatment for two previous generations, they exhibited higher fecundity as their parents were treated with higher levels of As(V). While more research is needed to understand the unexpected beneficial effects, this study highlights the complex impacts of soil As(V) on aphid dynamics which span multiple generations.