이 연구는 인도네시아의 제도적 민주화 이후 특징적인 선거 제도가 정 착된 과정과 그 요인을 분석한다. 대규모 인구가 참여하는 인도네시아 선거는 짧은 민주적 선거 제도의 역사에도 불구하고 안정적으로 정착해 왔다는 평가를 받고 있다. 인도네시아는 다당제를 기반으로 하는 비례대 표제와 대통령제를 동시에 운영하고 있으며, 그에 따라 정치적 불안정성 이 발생할 가능성이 있다. 또한 개방형 비례대표제는 유권자에게 다양한 선택권을 제공하지만, 정보 습득과 판단이 필요한 복잡한 제도다. 이러한 위험 요소를 보완하기 위해 인도네시아 선거 제도는 봉쇄조항과 동시선 거와 같은 제도적 안전 장치를 도입해왔다. 연구 결과, 봉쇄조항 도입 이 후 주요 정당을 중심으로 적정한 수의 정당이 원내에 진입했고, 동시선 거 도입으로 투표율이 상승했으며, 유권자들이 정당 투표와 대통령 후보 투표에서 일관된 패턴을 보이는 경향이 나타났다는 점을 확인했다. 이는 인도네시아의 선거 제도가 안정화되고 활성화됐음을 시사한다. 본 연구 는 제도적 민주화 이후 인도네시아 선거 제도의 정착 과정을 체계적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 이 연구의 결과는 인물, 주요 정치적 사건 등을 복합적으로 고려한 후속 연구에 유용하게 활용될 수 있다.

We analyzed risk factors of coastal gillnet fishers during fishing process and considered work safety measures to reduce safety accidents during fishing using a UWB (ultra wideband) based positioning system. The static position accuracy of the UWB based positioning system was 45 cm. When entering a port, there is a risk of falling overboard. When casting a net, there was a risk of falling overboard due to being hit by fishing gear or guards, or getting caught in a buoy line or sinker line. When hauling a net, there is a risk of getting caught between fishing gear and net hauler, and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive work over a long period of time. Most safety accidents during work on fishing boats are blamed on human errors of the fisher and skipper, but safety accidents occur due to a mixture of mechanical and equipment factors, work and environmental factors, and management factors in addition to human errors. Therefore, the 4E were presented as countermeasures against the 4M, which are causes of safety accidents, and the proposed measures were used to identify risk factors for operation process, comply with work safety rules, and ensure the wearing of personal protective equipments. We need to reduce safety accidents during work by making it part of our daily routine. These research results can be used in the future for optimal placement of fishing gear and fishing nets in other coastal industries where safety accidents occur frequently.

Truck no-show behavior has posed significant disruptions to the planning and execution of port operations. By delving into the key factors that contribute to truck appointment no-shows and proactively predicting such behavior, it becomes possible to make preemptive adjustments to port operation plans, thereby enhancing overall operational efficiency. Considering the data imbalance and the impact of accuracy for each decision tree on the performance of the random forest model, a model based on the Borderline Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique and Weighted Random Forest (BSMOTE-WRF) is proposed to predict truck appointment no-shows and explore the relationship between truck appointment no-shows and factors such as weather conditions, appointment time slot, the number of truck appointments, and traffic conditions. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, the experiments were conducted with the available dataset from the Tianjin Port Second Container Terminal. It is demonstrated that the prediction accuracy of BSMOTE-WRF model is improved by 4%-5% compared with logistic regression, random forest, and support vector machines. Importance ranking of factors affecting truck no-show indicate that (1) The number of truck appointments during specific time slots have the highest impact on truck no-show behavior, and the congestion coefficient has the secondhighest impact on truck no-show behavior and its influence is also significant; (2) Compared to the number of truck appointments and congestion coefficient, the impact of severe weather on truck no-show behavior is relatively low, but it still has some influence; (3) Although the impact of appointment time slots is lower than other influencing factors, the influence of specific time slots on truck no-show behavior should not be overlooked. The BSMOTE-WRF model effectively analyzes the influencing factors and predicts truck no-show behavior in appointment-based systems.

The purpose of this study is to identify psychological anxiety factors related to firefighters' field activities and suggest improvement measures. To investigate the actual status of psychological anxiety factors, a survey was conducted on approximately 3,500 current firefighters, and the responses of 505 people who participated in the survey were analyzed. As a research method, frequency analysis and cross-analysis were conducted according to the general characteristics of the participants to determine the actual level of psychological anxiety in each work field and the results were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was statistically confirmed that firefighters feel a lot of psychological burden due to legal and institutional inadequacies during dispatch, return, or field activities, and frequent friction with civil servants is also a major cause of psychological anxiety. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is proposed to establish a permanent legal support team in each city and province, designate and operate a hospital dedicated to psychological treatment, and establish a special provision for traffic accidents during the return of fire trucks so that firefighters can concentrate on their duties without psychological anxiety. do.

PURPOSES : In this study, we aim to broaden the understanding of the factors influencing the accuracy of WIM systems for overload enforcement. Particularly, we explored the proportions and causes of secondary influencing factors (driving path, vehicle class, and acceleration), which have been relatively less studied and reduced the accuracy of the WIM system. METHODS : Overload enforcement data were recorded by the WIM system, and enforcement officers were gathered. The ratios of each data point, which are the relative errors, are used to estimate the accuracy of the WIM system. These relative errors were classified into four driving-path groups, four vehicle-class groups, and three acceleration groups. The change in the accuracy of the WIM system caused by each influencing factor was analyzed by comparing the difference in the average relative error between the classified groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Welch's ANOVA were used to determine significant differences between groups. RESULTS : Vehicles departing from a normal driving path make it difficult for the GVW compensation algorithm of the WIM system to operate properly. For these abnormal paths, the standard deviation of the average GVW relative error was 22%. There was no specific trend in the difference in accuracy by vehicle class. However, we found that the rear axle and retractable axle were the main causes of the reduced GVW accuracy in each vehicle class. The average GVW relative error remained the same regardless of the acceleration, but the average FAW relative error of the accelerated vehicle was approximately 2.5% lower than that of the unaccelerated vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : An abnormal driving path, lifting of a retractable axle, and rapid acceleration (or deceleration) reduce the accuracy of WIM systems. Intelligent transportation systems, such as traffic signals, telematics devices, and applications that induce desirable driving are required for effective overload enforcement. Additionally, it is necessary to smoothen the road pavement to minimize the dynamic effects on the rear axle.

Recently, elevator inspection and self-examination were strengthened through the revision of the Elevator Safety Management Act, but there have been no significant reduction in serious accidents and major failures. Therefore, the government intends to lay the foundation for reflecting the safety quality rating system, which adjusts the elevator inspection cycle, as a policy to induce safety management of preemptive and active management entities. This study systematically reviewed and classified the safety quality rating system for elevator inspection cycle adjustment in previous studies, collected expert opinions, and reconstructed the key items into realistic evaluation items, and evaluated and scored the relative importance of each factor through the AHP technique.

본 연구는 변화하는 한국의 국방환경 양상에 주목하여 현실적인 병역제도 결정 요인을 분석하고 한국군의 발전 방향을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 한국의 국방 환경 변화양상을 통해서 한국군이 구비 해야 하는 역량요인을 도출하고 병역제도 유형에 대입함으로써 한국에 적합한 제도를 찾는 것이다. 또한 병력의 역량요인 을 통해서 병역제도에 영향을 줄 수 있는 인적 측면의 결정요인 도출과 한국군의 발전 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 한국의 국방환경은 급속한 변화를 맞이하고 있다. 4차 산업혁명에서 기인한 첨단과학 기술의 발달은 한국군의 장비와 무기체계에 진보적인 발전을 가져오고 있다. 여성의 사회진출과 활동의 증가는 경력단절과 경제적 여건을 이유로 출산을 기피하게 되고 병역자원의 급감으로 이어져 병력충 원에 어려움이 예상된다. 병역의무 부담 경감을 위해 시행된 복무기간의 단축은 병력의 숙련도를 감소시켜 군의 전투력 발휘에 어려움이 예상된다. MZ세대로 지 칭하는 젊은 세대가 추구하는 개성과 자유는 국가의 강제력에 의한 징병제와 병 역의무에 대한 부정적 인식으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 변화양상은 병력을 소수 로 구성하고 개개인이 기술과 전문성을 가지며 장기적으로 복무하여 숙련성과 운 용성을 증대시킬 수 있어야 한다. 결국 국방환경 변화로 인하여 한국의 병역제도 에 영향을 줄 수 있는 결정요인들은 모병제에 적절한 요인들로 점진적인 전환과 발전 방향의 설정이 필요한 시점이다.

Supply chain management can be defined as an information system that connects the inside and outside of a company. Its purpose is to systematically and strategically manage the flow of information, resources and services to improve the long-term performance of the entire organization, including individual companies connected to the supply chain, and the quality of service provided to customers. The ultimate goal of SCM is to create synergy through organic integration of supply and demand based on cooperation and collaboration with stakeholders in the supply chain. This study is based on the hypothesis that the company's management performance will improve as the level of SCM improves. Most of the previous studies dealt with the relationship between corporate performance and SCM in the IT area. In this study, research was conducted through human capacity with IT system. The causal relationship was demonstrated, and there was a difference in the perception of the results of this study depending on whether or not smart factories were consulted in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. There is a need to examine the links between management's value chain and its causal relationship.

The omni-channel customer system is the communication system between enterprise and customer via multiple channels such as mail, email, SMS, and mobile. The omni-channel customer system complements each other channel through the integration of each channel. The purpose of this research is to derive key factors and calculate the weights that a financial enterprise considers when adopting the omni-channel customer system. For this research, we analyzed the request for proposal documents used for the omni-channel customer system implementation projects in the financial enterprise. Also, we derived, classified, and stratified the key factors to be considered for the introduction of the omni-channel customer system in the financial enterprise. As a result of analyzing the key factors, customer experience, operations, and security were identified as the components of the top category in introducing the omni-channel customer system in the financial sector. Furthermore, the weight for each key factor was calculated by using ANP. As a result of ANP, operations, customer experience, and security were important in order. Also, the degree of easiness for connecting with other systems and the various abilities for representing the contents of the omni-channels were derived as the important key factors.

밀러 사이클은 흡입밸브 닫힘 시기 조정을 통해 압축비를 줄임으로써 NOx의 저감과 연료소비율 개선이 동시에 가능하다는 점 (밀러 효과)에서 디젤엔진에 매우 활발하게 채택되어지고 있다. 밀러 사이클은 흡입 밸브를 BDC 이전에 닫는 Early 밀러 방식과 BDC 이 후에 닫는 Late 밀러 방식으로 나눌 수 있다. 저속에서는 체적효율의 증가를 꾀할 수 있는 Late Miller가 유리한 반면, 중속, 고속에서는 IVC 이후 BDC 까지의 피스톤 하강 과정의 흡기의 팽창에 따른 내부 온도 감소 효과 높은 Early 밀러가 유리하다. 따라서 Early 밀러와 Late 밀러의 효과를 고려하여 운전 조건에 적합한 밀러 구현 방법을 채택할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 4행정 엔진을 대상으로 2단 과급 시스 템의 적용하고 흡·배기 밸브 오버랩(valve overlap)의 감소를 통해 밀러 효과를 강화하는 과정과 밸브 조정 기구를 통한 밸브 조건의 변화 가 밀러 효과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 결과적으로 2단과급과 밀러사이클, 밸브 오버랩 감소와 흡입밸브 리프트 증가를 통해 연료소 비율과 최고연소온도 감소의 효과를 확인하였다.

본 연구는 근거이론 관점에서 학점은행제 평가체제의 개선요구 요인을 피 평가기관 담당자의 심층면접을 통한 연구결과를 토대로 교육적․정책적 시사점을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 학점은행제 피 평가기관 담당자 26명을 연구 참여자로 최종적으로 선정한 후, 심층면담을 통하여 자료를 수집하였다. 이는 Glaser와 Strauss(1967)가 제시한 근거이론 방식을 적용하여 개방코딩-축코딩-선택코딩의 순으로 분석절차를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과, 중심현상은 기본운영 여건, 질 관리 점검, 역량(성과)평가 영역의 구체화에 대한 변화였다. 이를 근간으로 인과적 조건, 맥락적 조건, 중재적 조건 순으로 학점은행제 평가체제의 개선요구 요인에 대한 패러다임 모형을 제시하였다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 신규평가, 재평가의 이원화된 평가지표 개선, 교․강사의 경력 인정 지표 개선, 수업목표와 관련한 평가지표 개선, 원격기관의 ‘조교 역할’ 지표 재구성 측면에서 정책적 함의를 제고시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

This paper is an exploratory study on the success factors of Defence Quality Management System (DQMS) which is the certification system granted by the military for improving the quality of munitions. DQMS is established by adding military requirements to the ISO standard, thus, we especially focus on the additional requirements to figure out success key factors of DQMS certification. The 51 additional requirements of Korean Defense Specification (KDS) are empirically investigated from 67 companies that acquired DQMS certification. Firstly, we conduct an independent t-tests on 51 additional requirements of KDS 0050-900-3 to determine if there is a difference between an easily certified company and a hard-to-certify company, and obtain 8 requirements such as ‘Internal propagation of performance’, ‘Preparation of documented work instructions’, ‘Work instructions in the workplace’, ‘Documentation of equipment management’, ‘Inventory management’, ‘Packaging and identification’, ‘Guarantee of access to internal audit result for customers’, ‘Notification to the customer for improper product.’ Secondly, we carry out an factor analysis to the 51 additional requirements for classification, and figure out that 4 requirements among the 8 requirements above mentioned are grouped together in the same factor. The 4 requirements are ‘Preparation of documented work instructions’, ‘Work instructions in the workplace’, ‘Packaging and identification’, and ‘Guarantee of access to internal audit result for customers.’ The result of this paper will provide useful information to the company preparing for DQMS.

Construction techniques and materials are developing and structures are designed to be irregular shaped, and therefore more detailed structural analysis is required. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of accidents related to falsework systems during construction and discuss prevention methods in order to prevent accidents relate to prefabricated shoring system during construction. In this paper structural analysis was conducted to study the influence of slab irregularity on system supports and analysis to investigate the participation of the bracing in the system support.

Green roofs are gaining much interest in many cities around the world due to its multi-purpose effects of water conservation, flood mitigation and aesthetic benefits. However it may cause additional water demand to maintain green plants, which may intensify the current and future water shortage problems. While ordinary concrete roofs and normal green roof drains off rain water, concave green roof system can retain rain water because of its water holding capability. In this study, the water conservation effect of concave green roof was compared to normal roof on #35 building in Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. For seven rainfall events the amount of stored rainwater and runoff were measured and proved water conservation effect of the concave green roof system. The concave green roof system of which area is 140m2 showed effect of water conservation from 1.8ton to 7.2ton and the most influence factors on water conservation in green roof are rainfall and antecedent day. If this concave green roof is applied to many buildings in the cities, it is expected as a way to water conservation through rainfall storage.

PURPOSES: The purpose of study is to come up with ideas to improve both the use of the public bicycle and the practicality of the public bicycle system as well. METHODS: The study carried out an analysis on factors which would influence user's satisfaction by using a structural equation and then, discussed what the current public bicycle system should do to make improvements of its own. In order to Satisfaction of the public bicycle system( “Tashu”) in Daejeon city survey was conducted users and was based on statistical analysis SPSS 20 program, structural equation modeling program AMOS 20 was used for analysis. In addition, the reliability and validity of each question was conducted verification, to verify the hypothesis using structural equation model. RESULTS : According to the results of the analysis with the structural equation used, the connectivity, the convenience, the economic efficiency and the reliability in order were observed to have an influence on the satisfaction of the users CONCLUSIONS : The connectivity turned out to be a factor that would have the greatest concern with the satisfaction of the users. This finding was, therefore, interpreted that people who would ride the public bicycles understand them as more of a transit system that would take them, the people themselves, to another transfer rather than as some immediate transit system.

본 논문은 조선 관련 기업에 해적에게서 지켜줄 수 있논 시스템 수용에 대한 해적에게서 지켜줄 수 있는 시스템 수용의 주요 요인을 검토하는 것을 목표로 하고 있습니다. 가설은 180 명의 사람들을 조사하여 실험 하였습니다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같습니다. 해적에게서 지켜줄 수 있는 시스템 수용의 네 가지 요소는 수용에 큰 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤습니다. 그것은 조선 회사와 관련 기엽에서 효과적인 해적에게서 지켜줄 수 있는 시스템 수용에 신뢰할 수 있는 기준을 표시됩니다.