본 논문에서는 변형에 의해 유발된 패턴변화(pattern transformation)에 기반하여 압축(compression)과 인장(tension) 하중 모두에서 음의 포아송 비(negative poisson’s ratio)를 나타내는 다공성(porous) 구조를 제안한다. 기존에 개발된 원형 구멍을 이용한 구조는 연결선(ligament)의 회전 모멘트 부족으로 인해 인장 시 양의 포아송 비를 나타내는 한계점이 있었으며, 타원 형 구멍을 이용한 구조는 응력집중 현상으로 인하여 내구성(durability)이 약한 문제점이 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 휘어진 연결선의 배열을 통하여 인장하중 하에서의 회전 모멘트를 증가시키는 동시에 응력집중 현상을 완화하고 변형에너지(strain energy)를 구조물 전반에서 고르게 흡수하도록 설계하였다. 이를 통해 10%의 공칭 변형률(nominal strain) 범위 내의 압축 과 인장 모두에서 음의 포아송 비를 가지며, 기존 모델에 비하여 강성(stiffness)과 내구성이 개선된 구조를 개발하였다. 비선 형 유한요소해석을 통하여 기존 타원형 구멍 모델과의 비교를 수행하였으며 제안된 모델이 구조의 강성과 내구성 측면에서 현저히 개선됨을 확인하였다.

이 글은 근ㆍ현대 한국불교 예송의례의 아우라에 대해 전승과 변용을 변 증법적으로 고찰한 논문이다. 이를 위해 먼저 의례서적의 편찬 방식 등을 기준으로, 대각교의식과 석문의범 등이 편찬된 20세기 초중반을 근대 로, 불교의식을 현대와 같은 방식으로 편찬하기 시작한 20세기 중후반을 현 대로 상정하고 논의를 전개하였다. 현행 조석의 7정례는 대웅전에 모신 존상과 큰 관련이 없는, 주전에서의 전통 예참의식 형태로서, 사찰의 전 대중이 참여하는 일상의례인데, 근대불 교시기에 유사한 양태로 성립되기 시작하여 점차 변형을 겪으며 현대불교시 기에 이르러 현행 양태로 변용되었다. 7정례가 한국불교사찰에 널리 보급된 것은 사실이라고 할 수 있지만 한국의 모든 사찰에서 동일하게 설행되는 의 식이라고 할 수는 없을 것 같다. 사찰의 새벽을 알리는 도량석이 현재와 같 이 활용된 시기와 의미 등을 단정할 수는 없으나, 야간에 행해지는 시식(施 食) 의식의 결계(結界)에 대(對)되는 의식이라고 할 수 있다. 우연의 일치 일지 모르지만 현재 법성게가 ‘도량석’에서 주로 염송되는데, 이는 시식의식 에 초대된 존재들이[諸法] 본래의 붓다[名爲佛]이고 그곳으로 돌아가라는 의미라고 할 수 있으므로, 그 의미와 역할이 묘하게 부합된다. 범종각의 사 물인 법기들은 식당에서 출가 승려들이 음식을 먹을 때 울리던 것으로, 사 찰에 재승(齋僧: 승려공양)이 들어왔을 때 야외에서 식당을 차리고 음식을 먹는 행위를 지휘하는 지휘소와 같은 역할을 하는 유나소인 종루(鐘樓)에서 활용되게 되어 종각에 모이게 되었다. 이 같은 역사 속에 예경과 송주의 도 량석이나 종각의 사물은 본래 의미를 잃어버렸으나 각 의식과 사물은 탄생 의 연기를 환기하여 깨달음을 되새기는 역할을 하고 있다고 보인다.

In order to achieve its vision of an empowered society and a growing economy by December 2018, Zimbabwe, through its ZimAsset economic blueprint (Government of Zimbabwe, 2013) has planned to resuscitate and recapitalise the local industry. Like other nations, Zimbabwe’s industrialised economy is growing quickly and becoming one that embraces information communication technologies. Mathematics education and mathematical literacy feature high on the list of factors that can lead to growth in industry and a vibrant economy. This study therefore sought to explore the challenges and prospects of secondary mathematics education and industry synergies for socio-economic transformation in Zimbabwe. Data were generated from semi-structured interviews carried out in a previous study with 28 conveniently selected parents and with two parents in this current study. Open-ended questionnaires (questaviews) were given to ten purposively selected employers, two conveniently chosen science and mathematics education inspectors and ten randomly selected secondary school mathematics teachers in Gweru District, Zimbabwe. It was found that parents and employers strongly voiced the importance of mathematics in industry and for the country at large and offered suggestions on curriculum changes which they wished to be implemented. Employers were unhappy with the mathematics education system in Zimbabwe, which focused more on theory and less on practical work, attachment and fieldwork. It was concluded that shortages of material and financial resources, negative attitude of stakeholders and lack of a proper policy were the challenges that could hinder implementation of mathematics education-industry synergies. Some of the recommendations were that the Government should come up with a national policy on a mathematics curriculum that links classroom-gained knowledge with students’ careers because it will lead to the economic, scientific and technological development of the country. It was also recommended that employers work together with the teachers involved in students’ assessment and attachment and help students produce goods and artefacts for sale and the sustenance of their communities. This would be in line with constructivism and education with production principles.

This present study deals with the effect of micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature on the correlation of microstructure and tensile properties of low-carbon steels with ferrite-pearlite microstructure. Six kinds of lowcarbon steel specimens were fabricated by adding micro-alloying elements of Nb, Ti and V, and by varying isothermal transformation temperature. Ferrite grain size of the specimens containing mirco-alloying elements was smaller than that of the Base specimens because of pinning effect by the precipitates of carbonitrides at austenite grain boundaries. The pearlite interlamellar spacing and cementite thickness decreased with decreasing transformation temperature, while the pearlite volume fraction was hardly affected by micro-alloying elements and transformation temperature. The room-temperature tensile test results showed that the yield strength increased mostly with decreasing ferrite grain size and elongation was slightly improved as the ferrite grain size and pearlite interlamellar spacing decreased. All the specimens exhibited a discontinuous yielding behavior and the yield point elongation of the Nb4 and TiNbV specimens containing micro-alloying elements was larger than that of the Base specimens, presumably due to repetitive pinning and release of dislocation by the fine precipitates of carbonitrides.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT) has been widely used for generation of fungal transformants and recently applied to Beauveria bassiana. In this study to comprehend how the AtMT promoter influences on the expression of selection marker (hygromycin B resistance gene; hph), two different Ti-Plasmids were constructed: pCeg (gpdA promoter-based) and pCambia-egfp (CaMV 35S promoter-based). Putative transformants were subjected to the PCR, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR to inspect the T-DNA insertion rate and gene expression level. In conclusion, more than 80% of the colonies succeeded in AtMT transformation and the hph expression level of AtMT/pCeg colonies was higher than that of AtMT/pCambia-egfp colonies. This result can provide useful information on the AtMT of B. bassiana, especially antibiotics susceptibility and promoter-dependant expression level.

Binary Ti-Al alloys containing 50 to 60 atomic percent aluminum are rapidly solidified by hammer anvil method under an argon atmosphere. Constituent phases in each alloy are identified by X-ray diffractometry and microstructures of the alloys are investigated using a transmission electron microscope. In alloys with aluminum content between 50 and 54 percent, a second phase exists besides TiAl(γ); this second phase is identified as Ti3Al(α2). The α2 phase is observed in two types of morphology. One is as fine lamellar alternating with γ and the other is as a particle. It is concluded that the existence of a metastable phase with the morphologies stated above should arise from a higher quenching rate attained by the hammer anvil method as compared to the conventional roll or splat-quench method. Implications of the above observation are discussed with respect to the phase relations in the Ti-Al binary system; these implications are still controversial in many respects.

NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)―1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) is a major form of nitrosamine abundant in cigarette smoke and is a powerful carcinogen. Mercury is a major component of the amalgam that is widely used as dental filling material. Concurrent exposure to these two agents may result in their interaction and alter their carcinogenic potential. The present study used an immortalized human epithelial cell system that allows continuous exposure to potential carcinogens, in an attempt to elaborate the carcinogenic potential of mercury and NNK in humans. Cytotoxicity of mercury chloride and NNK was measured by an MTT assay. Parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation such as cell saturation density, soft-agar colony formation, and cell aggregation were analyzed to examine the carcinogenic potential of mercury chloride and NNK. The study showed that exposure to mercury chloride with NNK resulted in increased soft agar colony formation and cell aggregation. ROS generation by mercury chloride was further enhanced by treatment with NNK. The apoptosis that was observed following mercury chloride exposure was further increased upon co-treatment with NNK. The interaction between these two agents was also observed in cytokine mRNA induction. In the present study, mercury alone did not seem to pose a significant threat as a carcinogen, but it may have potential to enhance the carcinogenic potential of a known carcinogen from cigarette smoke. The present study provides valuable data regarding the evaluation of potential carcinogenic risk of mercury chloride and NNK on concurrent exposure.

우리는 누구나 삶 속에서 여러 가지 갈등과 고난을 경험하게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 근본적인 치료는 개인으로 하여금 영적으로 각성시키고, 개인의식의 핵심인 욕망을 알아차리게 하고, 우주의식을 갖도록 했을 때, 비로소 근본적인 치료가 일어난다. 결론적으로 마음을 완전히 치료한다는 의미는 의식의 성장 과 변형을 의미한다. 아유르베다는 아슈땅가요가의 8지칙에 따라 체질별 수행 방법이 있다. 그리고 이러한 8 지칙의 수행을 따라 가다보면 저절로 의식의 변형이 일어난다. 그러므로 의식변형 없이는 완전한 치료는 어렵 다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 홀리스틱 치료를 위해서도 요가 수행이 필요하다는 결론이다. 본 연구는 요가 수행 을 뒷받침하는 것이 아유르베다의 치료 기법들이며 수행기법들이라는 점을 알리고자 했으며, 또한 의식변형을 이끄는 단계를 요가와 아유르베다를 통해서 알아보고자 했다.

In this study, six kinds of low-carbon steel specimens with different ferrite-pearlite microstructures were fabricated by varying the Nb content and the transformation temperature. The microstructural factors of ferrite grain size, pearlite fraction, interlamellar spacing, and cementite thickness were quantitatively measured based on optical and scanning electron micrographs; then, Charpy impact tests were conducted in order to investigate the correlation of the microstructural factors with the impact toughness and the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The microstructural analysis results showed that the Nb4 specimens had ferrite grain size smaller than that of the Nb0 specimens due to the pinning effect resulting from the formation of carbonitrides. The pearlite interlamellar spacing and the cementite thickness also decreased as the transformation temperature decreased. The Charpy impact test results indicated that the impact-absorbed energy increased and the ductile-brittle transition temperature decreased with addition of Nb content and decreasing transformation temperature, although all specimens showed ductile-brittle transition behaviour.

The introduction of stress up-regulated genes into heterologous plants is found to confer stability trait to plants in otherwise hostile environments. The soybean cold inducible factor-1 gene(SCOF-1) encoding a zinc finger transcription factor was introduced into Populus alba L.(white poplar) by co-culture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 that carried the binary vector, pGA643/SCOF1. The putative P. alba transformed plants were selected on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.22μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.18mM carbenicillin, and 28.47μM hygromycin. The integration of SCOF-1 into the P. alba genome was also established by polymerase chain reaction(PCR), and the expression of the gene was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. After exposure for 4h at 4℃ followed by 48h recovery at 27℃, the transgenic plants completely recovered to normal growth status. The chlorophyll content in transgenic plants was higher than that in wild type plants after chilling treatment. However, the moisture content and total phenolics was also not significantly different in transgenic and wild type plants after cold treatment.

본 논문은 예이츠의 희곡 발야스 스트랜드에서가 어떻게 잘 알려진 아일랜드의 전설 “이퍼여왕의 외동아들”의 수백 년 간의 변형과 관련이 있는지를 연 구한다. 이 변화의 역사를 추적하면 자연적인 것과 비자연적인 것의 상충에 대한 주제 의 의미를 파악할 수 있게 된다. 예이츠는 심오한 자연의 충동에 뿌리를 둔 초자연의 모티프를 추가를 시도함으로써 본 주제를 탐색한다. 발야스 스트랜드에서는 인간성 의 거부는 초자연성의 포기와 함께 간다는 것을 보여주는 동시에 초자연성의 무시는 우리의 의미 깊은 자연적 충동의 힘을 배제할 위험이 있는 것이다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mathematical transformation on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for the prediction of chemical composition and fermentation parameters in corn silage. Corn silage samples (n=407) were collected from cattle farms and feed companies in Korea between 2014 and 2015. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2,500 nm. The optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with several spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation (R2 cv) and the lowest standard error of cross validation (SECV). Results of this study revealed that the NIRS method could be used to predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, R2 cv, ranging from 0.77 to 0.91). The best mathematical treatment for moisture and crude protein (CP) was first-order derivatives (1, 16, 16, and 1, 4, 4), whereas the best mathematical treatment for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was 2, 16, 16. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had lower predictive accuracy than chemical constituents. However, pH and lactic acids were predicted with considerable accuracy (R2 cv 0.74 to 0.77). The best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8 and 2, 16, 16, respectively. Results of this experiment demonstrate that it is possible to use NIRS method to predict the chemical composition and fermentation quality of fresh corn silages as a routine analysis method for feeding value evaluation to give advice to farmers.

물질적인 풍요로움에 비해 정서적인 어려움을 겪는 한국 사회의 문제를 해결 하기 위해 인성교육이 중요하다는 문제제기가 부각되고 있다. 인성에 대한 이해 와 좋은 인성의 내용을 모색하는데 문학은 효과적인 텍스트이다. 그 중 김별아 의『미실』은 신라시대에 중요한 역할을 한 인물들의 권력 관계와 일상적인 삶, 신라시대의 독특한 풍속을 다룬 역사소설로 다양한 인물들을 통하여 인성의 형 성과 변용 과정을 잘 보여준 작품이다.『미실』을 통해서 볼 때, 인간의 인성이 란 선험적이거나 이상적이고 단일한 것이 아니라 사회적 조건과 시대정신, 인간 관계에 의해 변할 수 있는 것임을 알게 된다. 그리고 사회 구조와 인생의 희로 애락을 통해서 변용되는 것임을 통찰하게 된다. 인성교육은 건강한 시대정신과 사회적 가치가 먼저 마련될 때 효과적이며, 서로 존중하고 인정해주는 인간관계 를 중시하는 문화가 조성되어야 가능하다. 김별아의 미실은 다양한 인물을 통해서 오늘날 인성 교육을 하기 위한 중요한 인성형성의 기제를 성찰하게 해 주는 작품이다.

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)ionomersare representative proton-conductive polymer electrolyte materials with excellent chemical resistance. PFSA ionomers exhibitrelatively well-defined morphologies composed ofhydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, which provide pathway and barrier for fast proton conduction and hydrogen permeation, respectively. A general way to change thedegree of hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation is thermal treatment at certain temperatures, particularly their glass transition temperatures. In this study, a simple way to transform their morphologies and to give improved proton conduction and reduced hydrogen permeationis suggested.

This research examined the transformations of the fisheries relations between Japan and Russia since the establishment of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) system. The author reviewed the transformations with investigation on mutual fishing access to EEZ including salmon & trout catches. The Japan-Russia fisheries relations have evolved through multiple developmental stages, which include mutual fishing access to EEZ, the reductions of a fishing quota to balance catches of the nations, provision of financial and technical support, and a payment system of EEZ fishing access fee. The Japanese salmon industry also has done similar practices, continuing to catch salmon and trout in the Russian EEZ. Additionally, Japan and Russia have attempted to develop joint fisheries projects and to assure fishing operation safety around Kuril Islands. The case of Japan-Russia mutual fishing access shows that a country that has authority over crucial fisheries resources tends to establish specific conditions of mutual fishing access so that it maximizes its national interest. Thus, this case gives us implication what could be future directions of Korea-China-Japan multinational fishing access. The principle of same number of fishing vessels and quantities of catches has worked in existing mutual fishing access to EEZ among Korea, China, and Japan. However, it is expected that a nation that is endowed with abundant fisheries resources would limit counterpart’s fishing access to its EEZ. Therefore, Korean fisheries administration should prepare for all possible situations like a dramatic cut in fishing quota and the termination of fishing access. International fisheries cooperation and payment of fishing access could be viable options for such a situation.