The incidence of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus continues to increase in hospitals and the community all over the world. As the importance of miner surgery in dentistry gets greater recently, the frequency in use of antibiotics has been increasing. Although several cases of acquired infection in oral cavity in dental hospital has been reported, the research on isolation of S. aureus and evaluation of its antibiotic resistance from outpatients in the dental clinic has not been found yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolates. The isolation rate of S. aureus were 41.7% in dental hospital personnel, 60.4% in outpatients and 62% in dental hygiene students. S. aureus which showed resistance to penicillin were 88.6%, ampicillin 88.6%, erythromycin 8.6%, tetracycline 4.3%, oxacillin 4.3%, cefoteten 4.3%. Six strains of S. aureus showed the susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Sixty-four(91.4%) strains were multiple antibiotic resistance. Fifty-two strains(72.8%) resisted to AM-P. and Seven strains(10.0%) resisted to AM-P-E, AM-P-GM, AM-P-TE.

In the previous molecular cloning study from human salivary gland cDNA library novel clones (C75‐014, C76‐022) were known as candidate genes for proline rich proteins by GenBank data base search and RNA in situ hybridization. C75‐014 and C76‐022 genes were characterized as those expressing excretory basic proteins primarily composed of alanine, proline, and leucine residues, mimicking basic proline‐rich proteins (bPRPs) with helical structures and multiple consensus sequences of phosphorylation sites. In the immunohistochemical stainings using polyclonal antisera against each C75‐014 and C76‐022 peptide showed strong reaction in the secretory granules of striated and excretory ducts. And in Western blot for the different salivary specimens relatively distinctive bands appeared at lower molecular weight, ranging about 15‐50 kDa. This study was aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of C75‐014 and C76‐022 proteins, which showed properties of basic proline rich protein. These data suggest that C75‐014 and C76‐022 are candidate genes for proline rich proteins in human salivary gland, which may play a role for protecting and stabilizing the mucosal epithelium against numerous proteolytic damages and stresses.

A 37 years old male patient had suffered from fibrous nasal polyp for more than 10 years even though careful medical treatment, and recently aggravated with severe nasal stiffness and pain. In the radiological observation the lesion was continuously extended into the ipsilateral maxillary sinus by poly cystic radiopacities gradually destroying the anterior wall of antrum. During the Caldwell-Luc operation a cystic fibrous granulomatous tissue was removed, and its microsections showed multicystic and tunnel-like spaces, of which lumens were usually round and filled with parts of parasitic worm e xhibiting parasitic t eguments and eggs. The granulomatous l esion showed relatively mild inflammatory reaction with the infiltration of eosinophilic PMNs. The histological features of tunnel-like penetration of parasitic worms, and their teguments and eggs were competent with the diagnosis of sparganosis. Especially, although the patient had no experience of raw foods such as frog or snake, he used to drink the untreated natural stream water obtained in the mountain area of Gangwon prefecture in Korea. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a rare lesion of antral spanganosis, and we suppose that the frequent incident of oral sparganosis in Gangwon prefecture is possibly related to the usage of untreated stream water in the mountain area of Gangwon prefecture in Korea

In the previous molecular cloning study from human salivary gland cDNA l ibrary a novel clone (C77-091) was known as a candidate gene for antimicrobial protein by GenBank database search and RNA in situ hybridization. This study is aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of C77-091 protein, which showed an antimicrobial activity on E.coli, thereby named as salivary antimicrobial protein (SAMP). SAMP consisted of a typical hydrophobic amino acid rich domain in the N-terminus, a cluster of basic amino acids, carbohydrate attachment site, a possible transglutaminase catalyzed cross-linking site, and multiple consensus sequences of phosphorylation site in the C-terminus. Western blot analysis of human organs and tissue with the monospecific antibody to the synthetic SAMP peptide showed strong interacting protein from the extracts from submandibular gland and parotid saliva but absent in the mixed saliva, and the immunohistochemical staining detected a strong positive regions in the secretory granules in the luminal cytoplasm of interlobular ductal cells of salivary gland. The SAMP was also distributed in the human sebaceous gland and prostate. These data suggest that C77-091 named SAMP gene is a novel antimicrobial protein in human salivary gland, which may play a role for the innate immunity by protecting and stabilizing the mucosal epithelium to maintain homeostasis of oral mucosa.

Nowadays, personal media is a new tool for communication as digital cameras and mobile phones are developing rapidly. We are concerned over Cyworld users who could have different personal characteristics which will influence on buying patterns in on line shopping behaviors. The purpose of this research was to observe fashion attitudes and purchase behavior of Cyworld mini homepage users, for establishing marketing strategies by understanding consumers. For this study, one line survey was used for 500 male and female subjects who are 20 to 40 years old. Only reliable 441 questionnaires were used for analysis. The SPSS program was used for frequency, K-means cluster, t test, and chi-square test. A total of 441 respondents were clustered on the basis of 8 item self-disclosure scale, using the K-means procedures. The results indicated that respondents were clustered into two segments; 267 respondents(active attitude towards self-disclosure) and 164 ones(not active). We examined fashion attitudes in mini home page and buying behavior by self-disclosed variable. Those who are involved actively in self expression and self-disclosure considered more fashion style and trend. The major motivates of web surfing was finding a good design, and good price. High self-disclosure group tends to search many shopping mall for right design and low self disclosure group tends to search them for the right price. High self-disclosure group tend to shop the fashion products more, while low self disclosure group tend to purchase books more through the internet. We realized that active group in self-disclosure purchased their clothing accidently when they visit Cyworld.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of storage time on fresh boar semen in Androhep and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS). Boar semen samples extended in each extender were stored at 17℃ up to 4 days. Sperm motility kinematics was evaluated by computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) and capacitation status by chlortetracycline (CTC)/Hoechst 33258 staining. Sperm motility (%) was not decreased during storage in BTS and Androhep. No significant difference between extenders was observed. Only significant differences in kinematic parameters on linearity during storage were found. The percentage of dead sperm significantly decreased during storage (p<0.05). Also the percentage of noncapacitated, capacitated, and acrosome-reacted sperm significantly modified during storage (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between extenders except proportion of capacitated sperm. This finding supported that modification in these parameters was not significantly different between extenders during this short-term storage. Our finding strongly indicated that both Androhep and BTS maintained favorable conditions for motility, motility kinematics, and capacitation status during short-term storage. Despite modifications in some parameters were apparent during sperm storage in extenders, these may not affect the fertilizing capacity of boar semen.

Since there had been the first human outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 in Mexico, it has become pandemic throughout the world. In the Republic of Korea, the first human case was on May, 2009 and National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) has started monitoring novel influenza A/H1N1 on domestic swine farms. The first positive case was detected on 14, Dec, 2009 and until now, we have had total 17 positive cases. From the first case, we did epidemiological investigation on introduction and transmission of virus to pigs. We have concluded that virus had been introduced from humans to pigs, possibly from October to November, 2009 in our country. There were direct and indirect factors including the vehicles transporting veterinary medicine, feed, etc. related to transmission of virus from farm to farm. However, breeding pigs seem to be extrinsic to transmitting factors. Upon the epidemiological investigation, the off-limits of visitors to farms and the disinfection is thought to be critical for blocking the introduction and transmission of novel influenza A/H1N1. In addition, collecting and analyzing the genetic informations of influenza virus is important for predicting and handling the new pandemic influenza in the future.

This paper describes an investigation of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Republic of Korea in January 2010. In this paper, we investigated introduction to the index farm from overseas countries, transmission from index farm to other outbreak farms. The introduction factors were divided direct, indirect factors or airborne spread factor. Based on the epidemiological data, clinical information and other data, in these introduction factors, it was likely that outbreak of FMD in index farm was due to international goods or employees from overseas countries (including China). There were other suggested causes in index farm. But it was less likely that outbreak of FMD in index farm have occurred by other causes. The transmission factors from index farm to other farms were also divided direct, indirect factors or airborne spread factor. In these transmission factors it was possible to make assumptions from index farm to other outbreak farms that the FMD virus was transmitted through animal treatment, persons concerned and persons (who were) attended farmers’ assembly.

This study was to investigate the effect of flavonoid treatment on in vitro development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, and their pregnancy and delivery rate after embryo transfer into recipient. In experiment 1, to optimize the flavonoid concentration, parthenogenetic day 2 (≥ 2-cell) embryos were cultured in 0 (control), 1, 10 and 20 μM flavonoid for 6 days. In the results, in vitro development rate was the highest in 10 μM flavonoid group (57.1%) among treatment groups (control, 49.5%; 1 μM, 54.2%; 20 μM, 37.5%), and numbers of total and ICM cells were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 10 μM flavonoid group than other groups. We found that 10 μM flavonoid treatment can significantly (p<0.05) decrease the apoptotic index and derive high expression of anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, cell growth and development marker genes such as Mn-SOD, Survivin, Bax inhibitor, Glut-5, In-tau, compared to control group. In experiment 2, to produce the cloned Jeju Black Cattle, beef quality index grade 1 bull somatic cells were transferred into enucleated bovine MII oocytes and reconstructed embryos were cultured in 10 μM flavonoid added medium. When the in vitro produced day 7 or 8 SCNT blastocysts were transferred into a number of recipients, 10 μM flavonoid treatment group presented higher pregnancy rate (10.2%, 6/59) than control group (5.9%, 2/34). Total three cloned Jeju Black calves were born. Also, two cloned calves in 10 μM flavonoid group were born and both were all healthy at present, while the one cloned calf born in control group was dead one month after birth. In addition, when the result of short tandem repeat marker analysis of each cloned calf was investigated, microsatellite loci of 11 numbers matched genotype between donor cell and cloned calf tissue. These results demonstrated that the flavonoid addition in culture medium may have beneficial effects on in vitro and in vivo developmental capacity of SCNT embryos and pregnancy rate.

In order to unravel unidentified genes from human salivary gland, a cDNA library of human submandibular gland was constructed in the Uni‐ZAP XR vector by use of mRNA from human submandibular gland and ZAP‐cDNA® Gigapack® III Gold Cloning Kit. cDNA of salivary gland was subtracted with cDNA of immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, Rhim Human Epithelial Keratinocyte cell line. The phage cDNA library was converted into a pBluescript phagemid cDNA library, which was subsequently plated on LB plates with ampicillin, IPTG, and X‐gal, and white colonies were selected for sequencing. Among 200 clones analyzed, four clones containing C77‐091, C75‐014, C76‐022, and C76‐012 designated orphan genes that are intensely expressed in the interlobular ductal and serous acinar cells of human submandibular gland. Particularly C77‐091 gene expresses 46 amino acids peptide (pI=9.45). C75‐014 and C76‐022 genes were characterized as those expressing excretory basic proteins primarily consist of alanine, proline, and leucine residues, mimicking a basic proline‐rich protein (bPRP) showing helical structures and having multiple consensus sequences of phosphorylation sites. The strong expression of C76‐012 mRNA in the nuclei of salivary ductal and acinar cells suggests a role of C76‐012 gene as a DNA binding RNA/protein. These data suggest that the identification of four orphan genes from the human salivary glands may add further understanding of greater role of salivary proteins providing innate immunity by protecting and stabilizing the mucosal epithelium in the maintaining homeostasis of oral mucosa.

Functional Concrete Added Titanium Dioxide(TIO2) for photocatalysis was about a result strength Reduction by recent studies. Therefore, The purpose of the study is to review the possibility of TIO2 for using concrete admixture. As a result, Nano TIO2 for concrete admixture helps increased strength of concrete and here are some of the details. The compressive strength and flexural strength of cement mortar added same amount of Nano SF and TIO2 for admixture were development of strength a certain level each other. when Nano admixture use 10%, SF and TIO2 showed development of strength 60% and 40% each other gradually. If I use over 10% Both SF and TIO2, they showed irregular strength variations.

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a ubiquitous protein of eukaryotic and archaeal organisms which undergoes hypusination, and known to play pivotal functions for the synthesis of proteins involved in cell proliferation and cell cycle control. Its nuclear localization has an important implication for the eIF5A functions in nucleus, but the evidence of the nuclear translocation is still in controversy. This study is aimed to elucidate the nuclear localization of eIF5A in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia by the immunohistochemistry using trypsin digestion to remove their cytoplasms. The keratinocytes of the acanthotic and basal cell layers in oral leukoplakia showed the complete removal of their cytoplasmic components, but the nuclei of those cell layers were remained on the microsection. The immunostainings using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody against eIF5A showed the strong positive reaction in the nuclei remained after trypsin digestion. And the immunostaining was more intensely expressed in the nuclei of the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes than in the nuclei of the upper spinous keratinocytes. These data directly indicate the post-translationally modified eIF5A is abundantly localized in the nuclear matrix components including nucleoli, which are resistant to the trypsin digestion. It is also presumed that the nuclear eIF5A localized at the trypsin resistant nuclear matrix, i.e., histone and r ibosomal proteins, may be closely relevant to the control of mRNA production or to the nuclear-cytoplamic trafficking for mRNA transportation.

Mucous retention cyst (MRC) is not uncommon in the pathology of maxillary sinus, which should be differentially diagnosed from chronic maxillary sinusitis. The main stream of diagnosis usually depends on the clinical symptoms and radiological findings. Thus it was sometimes puzzling to confirm the histological features of mucous retention phenomenon in the antral mucosa, when the specimen was from a limited portion or much degenerated by inflammatory reaction. This study aims to define the histopathological features of MRC through reevaluation of MRCs (n=19) and maxillary sinusitis (n=65) diagnosed previously. The present study classified three types of MRC, i.e., an extravasation type, a luminal retention type, and a mixed type of MRC. The extravasation type MRC showed clear pseudocyst cavity under sinus mucosa with infiltration of foamy macrophage, and the luminal retention type MRC showed mucous retention in the luminal cavity of maxillary sinus accompanied with inflammatory reaction, and the mixed type MRC showed the both features of extravasation and luminal retention type MRCs. Resultantly, among nineteen cases of MRC only three cases belonged to the extravasation type MRC, eleven cases belonged to luminal retention type MRC, and three cases belonged to mixed type MRC, while two cases were turned out to be postoperative residual cysts of maxillary sinus. The MRCs examined in this study showed different pathological features from ordinary maxillary sinusitis, exhibiting the typical mucin retention phenomenon of extravasation type or luminal retention type with relatively mild inflammatory reaction with infiltration of mucin-pooled macrophages. However, the luminal retention type MRC was predominant among the MRCs (11/17, 64.7%) and each of the extravasation and mixed type MRCs was only three cases out of 17 MRCs (17.6%). The extravasation type MRC characteristically produces a pseudocyst by the overexpressions of matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Because not only the pathogenetic mechanism but also the prognosis of MRC is different from chronic maxillary sinusitis, we suggest that the MRC of maxillary sinus should be classified into extravasation, luminal retention, and mixed types in the histological observations in addition to the clinical and radiological informations.

As the human mixed saliva plays important roles for the protection, regeneration, immunity, and molecular transfer/ signaling in the oral and gastro-intestinal mucosa, the salivary contents have great implications for the general health of human body. Nevertheless, the analysis method of human saliva has not been well developed up to date, because the proteins of mixed saliva are rapidly interacted with each other and easily degraded by proteolytic enzymes and microorganisms. This study aims to develop an immunoprecipitation-based high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) for the analysis of human mixed saliva. The representative IP-HPLC analyses were performed to compare among different subjects in variable general conditions. Compared to the normal control the subjects suffered from bacterial infections of gastro-intestinal enteritis, chronic periodontitis, and acute necrotizing gingivo-stomatitis showed dramatic increase of LL-37 level depending on the severity of diseases, while the subject suffered from Herpes stomatitis, a viral infection showed great increase of β-defensin 2. These data indicate that LL-37 in human mixed saliva is more responsible to the bacterial infections of gastro-intestinal enteritis, chronic periodontitis, and acute necrotizing gingivo-stomatitis, while β-defensin 2 is more responsible to the viral infection of Herpes stomatitis. This study also suggeststhat the IP-HPLC be easily applicable to the wide range of biological samples for the quantitative analysis of an objective protein.

Most propionic acid is added to food (especially breads) as preservatives and its form is sodium or calcium salt. Most countries admitted propionic acid as food preservatives but a tolerance limit is somewhat different according to countries. Recoveries of the official method for propionates reported as 50.0~60.0%. Accordingly new rapid determination method for propionates was developed using formic acid added sodium chloride (5 g) and ether (formic acid : ether = 1 : 2) as the extraction solvent to improve the official method with the complex processes. Propionate was dissolved from the samples with formic acid omitting steam distillation and ion exchange procedure. Then propionate in formic acid was extracted with ether and sodium chloride again. A 1 μl aliquot of the filtrate of ether was analyzed by gas chromatograph. Recoveries from sample A and B fortified with propionic acid sodium salt were 85.0 % and 90.0 %, respectively.

도시정책 패러다임의 변화에 따라 도시의 계획 및 개발위주의 정책은 기존의 도시와 마을을 가꾸고 정비하는데 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 정책의 흐름과 더불어 주민참여의 중요성이 높아지면서 참여형태가 다양해지고 참여도도 활성화되고있다.최근들어 지자체, 시민단체, 중앙정부를 중심으로 다양한 주민참여 도시․마을만들기가 시도되고 있으며, 국토해양부에서는도시․마을만들기 계획수립과 더불어 주민역량을 강화하기 위한 교육프로그램의 일환으로 도시대학을 운영하고 있다. 도시대학의영은 사전준비단계, 프로그램 진행단계, 사후평가단계로 구성된다.본 연구에서는 중앙정부인 국토해양부에서 주최하는 스튜디오형 도시대학의 운영과정 특성을 살펴보고, 2009년도 호남권도시대학 실제 운영사례와 경험을 바탕으로 운영과정의 한계점과 과제를 도출하였다. 또한, 2009년도 호남권 도시대학의운영과정별 결과에 대한 평가를 통해 도출된 문제점에 대한 (정책적)해결방안을 제안하였다.중앙정부주최의 도시대학 운영은 규모에 있어 전국을 대상으로 운영함에 있어 참여자의 관심 및 결과물에 대한 의의가매우 크다. 이에 전국적 형평성을 고려한 도시대학이 운영되기 위해서는 권역설정 및 스튜디오 구성의 한계점을 해결하기위해 권역별 광역․기초자치단체와의 협력이 병행되어야 한다. 또한, 결과물의 실효성(사업성)을 높이고 평가의 객관성을 확보하기위해서는 프로그램 운영단계의 실습프로그램에 대한 범주화가 이루어져야할 것이다