Organic-inorganic hybrid coating films have been used to increase the transmittance and enhance the physical properties of plastic substrates. Sol-gel organic-inorganic thin films were fabricated on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates using a dip coater. Metal alkoxide precursor tetraethylsilicate (TEOS) and alkoxy silanes including decyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPM) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were used to synthesize sol-gel hybrid coating solutions. Sol-gel synthesis was confirmed by the results of FT-IR. Cross-linking of the Si-O-Si network during synthesis of the sol-gel reaction was confirmed. The effects of each alkoxy silane on the coating film properties were investigated. All of the organicinorganic hybrid coatings showed improved transmittance of over 90 %. The surface hardness of all coating films on the PMMA substrate was measured to be 4H or higher and the average thickness of the coating films was measured to be about 500 nm. Notably, the TEOS/DTMS coating film showed excellent hydrophobic properties, of about 97°.

PURPOSES : This study aims to improve pedestrian safety by analyzing the effectiveness of displaying the remaining time of red crosswalk signal that provide pedestrians with information regarding the time available for crossing METHODS : This study analyzes the effectiveness of newly installed displays for remaining time of the red pedestrian signal in the cities of Yeongcheon and Yeongju in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The data collection was divided into periods before and after the installation of the facilities. Pedestrian departure delays were measured at the introduction and subsequent stages of installation, and changes in pedestrian behavior were quantitatively analyzed. Statistical significance of the results was verified using a t-test. RESULTS : For the displays of remaining time of crosswalk red signals installed in Yeongju, the pedestrian departure loss time decreased from 3.36 seconds before installation to 1.85 seconds after installation. Additionally, compared to the pre-installation situation, the postinstallation situation showed a relatively lower standard deviation, indicating that the pedestrians exhibited a more consistent pattern when starting to cross. Similarly, for the displays of remaining time of crosswalk red signal installed in Yeongcheon, the pedestrian departure loss time decreased from 2.37 seconds before installation to 1.89 seconds after installation. As in Yeongju, the post-installation situation showed a relatively lower standard deviation, indicating that the pedestrians exhibited a more consistent pattern when starting to cross. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, we verified the effect of newly installed pedestrian countdown signals on improving pedestrian safety at two intersections in Yeongcheon and Yeongju, which were selected through a survey of traffic accident-prone areas in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Pedestrian countdown signals were quantitatively confirmed to have a positive impact on pedestrian safety. Based on the observations, it is anticipated that expanding the installation of these signals will have a positive effect on pedestrian safety, particularly in areas with frequent traffic accidents and the senior and children protection zones. Results of this study indicate that the proposed policy measures are expected to strengthen pedestrian safety and reduce traffic accidents.

철근은 콘크리트와 결합하여 인장 능력을 보완하고 표면 피막으로 부식을 방지하지만, 탄산화 및 염화물 침투로 인해 부식이 발생하면 내력이 저하된다. 이를 해결하기 위해 내부식성이 뛰어난 GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) 보강근이 철근 대채제로 주 목받고 있다. 본 연구는 직경에 따른 GFRP 보강근의 부착특성을 철근과 실험적으로 비교 분석하였다. 콘크리트는 약 39MPa의 고강도 에 가까운 콘크리트를 사용하였으며, 보강근의 직경은 D10과 D13을 사용하였다. 실험 결과, GFRP 보강근의 평균 부착 응력은 17.21MPa로 철근의 18.14MPa와 유사하게 나타났다. GFRP 보강근의 슬립 양은 3.05mm로 철근의 1.53mm 보다 크게 나타났다. 또한 GFRP의 경우 인발 과정에서 표면에 국부손상이 발생하는 것을 확인하였다.

2015년부터 2016년까지 경상남도농업기술원 약용자원연구소 연구 포장에 재배 중인 갯기름나물에서 흰비단병이 발생하였다. 갯기름나물의 잎자루 부위가 수침상으로 물러지고 부패되어 서서히 시들면서 결국 포기 전체가 말라 죽는 병징을 보였다. 잎자루의 병반부와 토양 표면에 흰색의 곰팡이가 발생하며 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵이 많이 형성되었다. 감자 한천 배지에서 균총은 흰색이고 갈색의 작고 둥근 균핵이 많이 형성되었다. 균핵의 크기는 1-3 ㎜이며 균사의 폭은 4-9 ㎛였다. 균사 생육과 균핵 형성 적온은 30℃이었고 균사 특유의 clamp connection이 관찰되었다. 병원성 검정을 수행하였고 인공감염과 원인 곰팡이의 재분리를 통해 Koch의 가설을 만족하였다. 분자 동정을 위해 원인 곰팡이의 전체 ITS rDNA 서열을 분석하고 계통 발생 관계를 분석하였다. 갯기름나물에서 분리한 곰팡이는 A. rolfsii의 참조 균주를 포함하는 clade r-2 그룹에 포함된 것을 확인하였고, A. rolfsii 특이적 PCR 진단을 수행하여 540-bp PCR 산물 생산을 확인하였다. 균학적 특성, ITS rDNA 염기분석, 종 특이적 PCR 분석 및 숙주 식물의 병원성으로 이 곰팡이를 Athelia rolfsii로 동정하였다. 이 연구는 A. rolfsii에 의한 갯기름나물의 흰비단병에 대한 세계적으로 첫 번째 보고에 해당한다.

본 연구는 국내 육성 품종 ‘선플’과 ‘감황’ 과실 생산에 적합 한 수분수를 선발하기 위해 ‘SKK2’, ‘델리웅’, ‘보화’, ‘Chieftain’ 각각의 꽃가루로 인공수분하여 과실 품질과 종자의 발육을 조 사하였다. 착과율은 두 품종이 모든 처리구에서 96% 이상이 었다. ‘선플’은 ‘델리웅’ 처리에서 과중이 가장 높았고 2021년 은 ‘보화’ 처리에서 2022년은 ‘Chieftain’ 처리에서 가장 낮았 다. ‘감황’은 2021년에 ‘델리웅’ 처리에서 2022년은 ‘Chieftain’ 처리에서 과중이 가장 높아 연차 간 차이를 보였다. ‘선플’의 과실 품질 조사 결과, 2022년에 건물률은 ‘SKK2’처리에서 가장 높고 가용성 고형물 함량은 ‘Chieftain’에서 가장 높았으 며 2021년에는 처리 간 유의차가 없었다. ‘선플’의 총 종자 수 와 미숙 종자 수는 6배체 수분수 처리구에서 가장 많았고 천립 중은 4배체 수분수 처리구에서 무거웠다. ‘감황’의 과실 품질 조사 결과, 건물률과 산 함량은 2년 모두 ‘SKK2’ 처리에서 가 장 높았고 가용성 고형물 함량은 연차 간 차이를 나타냈다. ‘감 황’의 총 종자 수와 성숙 종자 수는 ‘델리웅’과 ‘Chieftain’ 처 리에서 가장 많았고 미숙 종자 수는 ‘SKK2’ 처리에서 가장 적 었다.

이 연구에서는 대학 CTL에서 운영하는 대표적인 교수지원 프로그램인 교수법 특강과 수업컨설팅 참여 여부에 따라 강의평가에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. A대학에서 2022년 1년 동안 운영한 교수법 특강과 수업컨 설팅에 참여한 교수들의 교수지원 프로그램 참여 여부를 파악하고, 총 2,062개 교과의 강의평가 결과를 분석하였다. 교수법 특강에 참여한 교 수는 59.1%였으며, 수업컨설팅에 참여한 교수는 15.9%였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교수법 특강 참여교수의 강의평가 점수는 미참여 교 수의 강의평가 점수보다 높았고 이러한 차이는 통계적으로 유의미했다. 둘째, 수업컨설팅에 참여 여부에 따른 강의평가 점수에는 유의미한 차이 가 없었다. 이 연구의 의의는 교수법 특강, 수업컨설팅과 같은 교수지원 프로그램의 효과를 양적으로 분석한 것과 교수법 특강 참여가 강의평가 에 영향을 준다는 점을 확인한 것이다. 이러한 결과는 향후 대학에서의 교수법 특강과 수업컨설팅 설계, 운영과 평가에 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

The semiconductor and display industries require the development of plasma resistant materials for use in high density plasma etching process equipment. Yttria (Y2O3) is a ceramic material mainly used to ensure good plasma resistance properties, which requires a dense microstructure. In commercial production, a sintering process is applied to reduce the sintering temperature of Y2O3. In this study, the effect of the addition of glass frit to the sintered specimen was examined when manufacturing yttria sintered specimens for semiconductor process equipment parts. The Y2O3 specimen was shaped into a Ø50 mm size and then sintered at 1,600 °C for 1~8 h. The characteristics, X-ray diffraction pattern, densities, contraction rate of the specimen, and swelling of the surface of the Y2O3 specimens were investigated as a function of the sintering time and glass frit addition. The Y2O3 specimen exhibited a density of over 4.9 g/cm3 as the sintering time increased, and the swelling phenomenon characteristics were improved by glass frit, by controlling particle size.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between ecotoxicity and water quality items using Daphnia magna in public sewage treatment plant process and to obtain operational data to control ecotoxicity through research on removal efficiency. The average value of ecotoxicity was 1.39 TU in the influent, 1.50 TU in the grit chamber, and 0.84 TU in the primary settling tank and it was found that most organic matters, nitrogen, and phosphorus were removed through biological treatment in the bioreactor. Using Pearson’s correlation analysis, the positive correlation was confirmed in the order of ecotoxicity and water quality items TOC, BOD, T-N, NH3-N, SS, EC, and Cu. As a result of conducting a multilinear regression analysis with items representing positive correlation as independent variables, the regression model was found to be statistically significant, and the explanatory power of the regression model was about 81.6%. TOC was found to have a significant effect on ecotoxicity with B=0.009 (p<.001) and Cu with B=16.670 (p<.001), and since the B sign is positive (+), an increase of 1 in TOC increases the value of ecotoxicity by 0.009 and an increase in Cu by 1 increases the value of ecotoxicity by 16.670. TOC (β=0.789, p<.001) and Cu (β=0.209, p<.001) were found to have a significant positive effect on ecotoxicity. TOC and Cu have a great effect on ecotoxicity in the sewage treatment plant process, and it is judged that TOC and Cu should be considered preferentially and controlled in order to efficiently control ecotoxicity.

PURPOSES : This study presents a general guideline for the initial management of traffic signal timings in response to traffic incidents, prior to the implementation of specific treatments in detail. The proposed solution includes a set of optimal reductions in the green time rates at three signalized intersections upstream. METHODS : To account for the various traffic and incident conditions that may be encountered, a total of 36 traffic-condition scenarios were prepared. These scenarios encompass a wide range of conditions, from unsaturated to near-saturated conditions, and were designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of traffic conditions on signal timing. For each of the traffic conditions, all 27 traffic signal timing combinations were subjected to testing. A total of 972 simulation analyses were conducted using the SUMO model. The results indicated that the scenario with the lowest control delay was the optimal choice. RESULTS : The results indicated that the most effective initial management for the traffic incident would be to reduce the green signal timings by 20% at the first two upstream intersections and by 40% at the third intersection. CONCLUSIONS : We propose reducing the green times by 20% at the first and second intersections and by 40% at the third intersection as the initial response of the traffic signal control center when a traffic incident occurs.

This study examined the spatial morphological patterns of forest habitats and the characteristics of roadkill occurrences in the forests of Mungyeong, Yecheon, Yeongju, Andong, and Bonghwa in Gyeongsangbuk-do. It involved building a resistance map between habitats and analyzing connectivity based on the least-cost distance. The analysis of the distance between the forest habitat Cores derived from MSPA and roadkill points showed that roadkill occurrences were concentrated approximately 74.11 m away from the Cores, with most roadkills happening within 360 m from the habitats. The connectivity analysis between core habitats larger than 1 km2 revealed 141 core habitats and 242 least-cost paths between them. The corridor distance value was found to be highest in Mungyeong city, indicating an urgent need for strategies to enhance habitat connectivity there. This research is expected to serve as foundational data for developing strategies to enhance ecosystem connectivity and restore habitats, by analyzing ecosystem connectivity and roadkill issues due to habitat fragmentation.

Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.

For sustainable livestock industry, black soldier fly as eco-friendly animal protein source is spotlighted for swine and poultry. However, most of black soldier fly is reared in dirty condition like food waste. In this study, we investigated the effects of fiber level on the growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly reared in specific substrate. Treatments were divided in two as Low (fiber level: 7.1%), and High (fiber level: 14.2%) with a total of 50,000 eggs each. The rearing box had a dimension with 1064 × 507 × 320 cm (length × width × height). Black soldier fly survival rate (72.24 vs. 76.48) and substrate consumption (77.43 vs. 80.37) were greater in High than Low. However, bioconversion (10.59 vs. 9.80) and protein conversion (8.97 vs. 8.00) were increased in Low than High. Gross energy was higher in High compared with Low (4,133 vs. 4,208). Some of essential amino acid (Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) were significantly higher in High compared with Low, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) were higher in High compared with Low. Acids such as C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C20:1 were higher in High compared with Low, while C18:4 was higher in Low compared with High. As a result, black soldier fly reared in high fiber substrate might be a preferred option for rearing and producing a reliable animal protein source for monogastric animal.

2023년 경상남도 함안 소재 재배중인 팥의 땅가 줄기에서 흰비단병 증상이 발생하였다. 병징은 팥의 땅가 줄기 아랫부분에 수침상 현상을 보이다가 이후 물러지고 부패되어 서서히 시들어 포기 전체가 말라 죽었다. 땅가 줄기에서 병반부와 토양 표면에 흰색의 곰팡이가 발생하였고 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵이 많이 형성되었다. 순수 분리 및 배양을 통해 얻은 곰팡이는 감자한천배지에서 흰색을 띈 매끈한 비단결 균사를 잘 뻗었고 균총 위에 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵을 많이 형성하였다. 균핵의 크기는 1-3 mm이고 균사의 폭은 4-9 μm였다. 또한 균사에서 clamp connection이 관찰되었다. 병원성 검정을 통해 최초 포장에서 발견한 동일한 병징이 발달하였고 코흐의 가설에 근거한 재분리를 수행하였다. 곰팡이를 처리하지 않은 팥에서는 병징이 발달하지 않았다. 원인 곰팡이의 동정을 명확하게 위해 ITS rRNA 영역 염기서열 및 유전적 유연관계를 분석하였다. 또한 종-특이적 PCR 검정을 수행하여 팥에 발생한 흰비단병 증상의 원인 곰팡이를 Athelia rolfsii로 동정하였다. 본 연구는 국내 팥 흰비단병의 최초 보고이다. 또한, 흰비단병의 발생은 국내 팥 생산에 큰 위협이 될 수 있을 것이고 본 연구는 향후 팥 흰비단병 방제를 위한 전략 수립에 기초자료로 사용되리라 여겨진다.

해상풍력자원지도는 풍력발전사업, 국가 재생에너지 공급 정책, 전력계통망 계획의 핵심자료이다. 본 연구에서는 풍력자원 해석기술의 개발 동향을 검토하고 시사점을 논의하였다. 국가별 해상풍력자원지도 개발하여 활용하고 있는 대표적인 국가는 유럽연합 (덴마크), 미국, 그리고 일본이며, 이들을 중심으로 풍력자원지도 생산 기술 및 활용 현황을 분석하였다. 기본적으로 풍력자원지도의 품 질 향상을 위해 수치해석 기술을 업그레이드 해오고 있다. 이들의 개발 전략은 앙상블 중규모 수치해석과 중규모-미세규모 모델의 커 플링이었고 그 외 모델내 물리해석기법들의 적용은 지역마다 다른 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 최근 진보된 수치모델을 도입하고 우리 나라 풍황 특성을 고려하여 최적의 실험디자인을 도출해야 할 것으로 보인다. 특히 300 m부근의 대기경계층에서의 연직고도의 상세 한 반영은 공통점으로, 이는 대형화된 풍력터빈을 고려하여 최적의 풍력발전소 후보지 발굴에 적합하도록 장기간의 풍황정보를 정확 하게 제공하기 위한 제안사항인 것으로 보인다.

This study analyzes the impact of import country environments on Korean fishery exports. To achieve the research objective, focusing on trade facilitation and import market aspects, the import country environment was modeled and analyzed by panel gravity analysis technique. In the basic export model considering only the trade facilitation aspect, agriculture and institutional factors had a significant impact on Korean fishery exports. However, when considering both trade facilitation and import market aspects, it was found that import market aspect had a greater influence on Korean fishery exports than trade facilitation aspect. Specifically, the import market factor that had the most positive impact on Korean fishery exports was the GDP of the import country. GDP, representing the economic scale of the country, indicates consumer purchasing power through per capita GDP. Hence, a higher GDP level implies a higher consumer purchasing power, suggesting a higher potential consumption of fishery products. The second positive factor influencing Korean fishery exports was food imports in the import country. Therefore, to expand Korean fishery exports, it is essential to target countries with high levels of GDP and food imports. Conversely, factors negatively affecting Korean fishery exports were merchandise imports and population in the import country. Therefore, countries with high levels of these negative factors should be managed as demarketing targets. Additionally, trade facilitation variables, which have relatively smaller influence, such as transparency and institutions, also significantly impact Korean fishery exports. While transparency has a positive effect, institution has a negative effect. Thus, to expand Korean fishery exports, strategies should focus on countries with high transparency and less stringent institutional regulations.