This report describes a case of odontogenic cyst with keratinization and dysplastic change of lining epithelium, which showed the manifestation of inflammatory radicular cyst, clinically. A 28-year-old man complained of dull pain in the right mandibular molar region. Radiographically a well-defined oval cystic lesion with non-vital teeth, a common finding in radicular cyst, was observed. Microscopically, the lining epithelium of the cyst demonstrated both keratinization and severe epithelial dysplasia. Atypical findings such as hyperchromatic nuclei, increase of N/C ratio and drop shaped rege ridge were observed in the lining epithelium. However, definite invasion into fibrous connective tissue was not found. Immunohistochemically, the dysplastic lining epithelium was highly positive for proliferative marker, Ki-67. Based on the dysplastic changes of lining epithelium, this periapical lesion would be considered to be signs of malignant change. From this case, we conclude that definitive diagnosis by microscopical examination should be made, even if the periapical lesion would be clinically considered as inflammatory radicular cyst.

Human pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), which is a newly identified proto-oncogene, is highly expressed in normal pituitary tissues containing proliferating cells and in several cancers. Also, PTTG1 has been known as a securin to involve in the regulation of c ell-cycle and in t he p rogression o f tumor. B u t the effect o f PTTG1 in o ral squamous cell carcinoma (oral SCC) h as not b een studied yet. The objective of this study is to analyze the expression of PTTG1 in oral SCC cell lines (YD-10B and YD-15) and to evaluate the effect of PTTG1 on oral SCC cell lines for the migration effect by PTTG1 siRNA treatment. Western blot, migration assay, and zymography were performed to evaluate the effects of PTTG1 on the expression of MMP-2/-9 and migration activity after PTTG1 siRNA treatment. PTTG1 was expressed in oral SCC cells lines, otherwise, significantly decreased after PTTG1 siRNA treatment. There is no difference in expression of MMP-2 regardless of PTTG1 siRNA treatment. However, the enzyme activity of MMP-9 was significantly decreased. In addition, the migration activities of oral SCC cells were significantly decreased after PTTG1 siRNA treatment (p<0.001). These results suggested that the down-regulated PTTG1 could inhibit the migration of human oral SCC cells through the low MMP-9 expressions. Therefore, these findings provide a useful guideline for the migration mechanism of oral SCC depend on PTTG1 expression.

목적: RGP 렌즈의 형상에 따른 파면수차를 분석하였다. 방법: 본 연구의 취지에 동의하고 안질환이 없고 굴절교정수술을 시행하지 않은 대학생 38명(남 21명, 여 17명, 24.71±0.76세)을 대상으로 나안시력(0.36±0.34), 교정시력(1.06±0.13), 각막이심률(0.51±0.11) 과 RGP 렌즈 착용 전 후 안구수차를 측정하였다. 결과: 고위수차에서 코마수차는 유의한 변화가 없었으며, 세조각수차와 구면수차는 4가지 디자인 모두 유의하게 감소하였다(p< 0.05). 동공크기와 고위수차의 상관성은 A 렌즈에서 코마수차(r=0.406, p=0.000) 및 세조각수차(r=0.232, p=0.044)와 유의성이 있었다. 각막이심률과 고위수차의 상관성은 없었다. 등가구 면굴절력과 고위수차의 상관성은 C 렌즈에서만 코마수차와 유의성이 있었다(r=0.324, p=0.004). 각막굴절 력과 고위수차의 상관성은 코마수차는 B 렌즈(r=0.310, p=0.006)에서, 세조각수차는 D 렌즈(r=0.255, p =0.026)에서 유의성이 있었다. 구면수차는 A 렌즈(r=0.358, p=0.002), B 렌즈(r=0. 501, p=0.000) 및 C 렌즈 (r=0.479, p=0.000)에서 상관성이 있었다. 결론: 4가지 RGP 렌즈에서 가장 변이가 큰 수차는 구면수차이며, 렌즈의 전면에 경계가 없고 일정한 면을 가지고 있는 비구면 디자인에서 고위수차가 효과적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 구면수차를 줄이는 렌즈의 디자인이 개발된다면 시력의 질을 개선시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Melamine has raised international concerns for its catastrophic health effects from tainted infant formula. This report concerns the developmental validation of a sensitive HPLC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods about melamine and cyanuric acid in human urine and serum. Analytical detection ranges of LC/MS was from 0.2 to 5.0 ng/mL and 2.0 to 60.0 ng/mL about melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively. The limits of quantification and confirmation are 0.2 ng/mL for both analytes in human urine and serum by LC/MS/MS. The range of recovery was 91.6%, and 107.6% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation was from 2.0%, to 11.8% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine. The range of recovery was from 94.9%, to 119.0% about cyanuric acid and melamine in serum, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation from was 3.7%, and 13.5% about cyanuric acid and melamine in serum. Analytical detection ranges of GC/MS were 5.0 to 100.0 ng/mL about melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively. The limits of quantification and confirmation are 5.0 ng/mL for both analytes in human urine and serum by GC/MS. The range of recovery was from 83.7%, to 114.5% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation was 3.5%, and 10.7% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine. The range of recovery was 94.4%, and 110.7% for cyanuric acid and melamine in serum,respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation from was 3.9%, and 13.8% for cyanuric acid and melamine in serum. Several changes were taken to optimize performance by this method.

Understanding the metapopulation structure and movement of a species are required for conserving the species. In this paper, migration patterns and connectivity of patches of a threatened butterfly, Pamassius bremeri Bremer, were postulated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique in a habitat located in the mid-southern region of the Korean peninsula. A total of 194 individuals were captured (137 males and 57 females) and, of them, 93 individuals (73 males and 20 females) were recaptured during the MRR experiment. The migration analysis showed 23-150% immigration and 28-53% emigration. There were high correlations between the migrating individuals and the distance between patches, but there was no correlation between migrating individuals and patch size or between migrating individuals and the number of host plants. Consequently, the migration of butterflies occurred frequently between closer patches, while patch size and quantity of the food plant had minor effects on migration behavior. Additionally, males migrated more frequently than females. Analysis of the migration patterns of P. bremeri showed that the central patch played an important role on linking patch groups and more frequent migrations were monitored between nearby patches than between the remote patches. This study suggested that active migrations take place between the neighboring multiple patches and these are accelerated if there is a stepping-stone patch between them.

In general, a valve body of the automatic transmission(AT) is controlled by the clutch, the brake and lubricating oil flow in a hydraulic system and lubricant flow for each valve can be adjusted independently. To increase the lifetime of AT, the lubrication flow rate in a valve body for a 6 speed AT based parallel hybrid electric vehicle must be provided with proper oil distribution and control. In this study, we carried out several experiments without the inner parts of AT and with a AT assembly. The variation of the flow rate on oil temperature and pressure between an oil supply port and the outlets of the lubrication port was evaluated and analyzed. In the case of AT without the inner parts, it was evident that as the oil required for an operation of the clutch and brake was discharged from the outlet port, the flow rate from each lubrication port is decreased. However, the flow rate of the AT assembly was slightly increased. In addition, the lubrication flow rate was increased with increasing the oil temperature, and also it was reduced with increasing the oil pressure. Details of the resulting data are discussed.

목적 : 본 연구는 자유로운 탐색으로서의 다감각 환경에서 치매노인들에게 제시된 스노즐렌 도구들에 대한 감각별 선호도를 조사하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 강원도 W시에 위치한 노인전문요양원에서 치매 진단을 받은 노인 17명(남 3명, 여 14명)이며, 연구진행 방법은 스노즐렌 도구 사용에 익숙한 작업치료사 1인이 시각적 자극(6가지), 청각적 자극(1 가지), 촉각적 자극(6가지), 후각적 자극(1가지)이 주어지는 총 14가지 스노즐렌 도구를 일정한 순서로 1주일 간 격으로 1명당 총 2 회기(40분/1회기) 동안 탐색하도록 제시하였다. 각 도구별 선호도 측정을 위하여 2명의 작업치 료사는 7점 리커트 척도를 사용하였다. 측정자간 점수 일치도는 평균 82.5%(1 회기: 80.6%, 2 회기: 84.4%) 이었 다. 결과 : 연구 결과 둥근돌로 만든 촉각판, 곡식상자, 물기둥, 프로젝터, 밍크털 등의 익숙한 촉각 자극에 대한 선호도 는 높은 반면, 싸이키 조명, 아로마 향, 거친 촉각판, 광섬유와 같이 익숙하지 않고 자극적인 도구들에는 부정적인 반응을 보였다. 또한 클래식의 이완음악, 진동물침대, 밀러볼 등에는 반응을 보이지 않았다. 결과를 종합적으로 보 았을 때 치매 노인들은 후각, 청각적 자극보다 촉각 및 시각자극에 긍정적인 반응을 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구결과를 토대로 스노즐렌 치료실을 구성 및 배치시 우선순위에 촉각, 시각적인 자극을 필수적으로 고 려하고 추후 환자별로 선호하는 도구에 따른 감각과 도구를 배치한다면 치매환자에게 보다 효과적인 프로그램을 운영하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

The binomial option pricing model is widely used to understand pricing an option which is a financial derivative. The Model presents very important characteristics in deciding a price of an option. First, a value of option is decided independently with probabilities that stock prices are ascending or fall. Second, an option pricing is not depend on investors' risk preferences. When an option is evaluated, this paper may clear that investors had to consider the probabilities of a stock price's movements and their own preferences for a risk.

이 논문은 아이돌 가수 소속 기획사 담당자 및 대중음악 작사가, 전직 아이돌 가 수를 포함한 대중음악 생산자들과의 심층 인터뷰를 통해 한국의 대중음악과 연예 산업 전반에서 두드러지게 나타나고 있는 아이돌 편중현상과 그 원인을 분석한다. 연구 결과 한국 대중음악의 아이돌 편중에는 세 가지의 주요인이 작용하고 있음을 밝혀냈다. 첫째, 디지털 기술의 발달로 인해 대중음악 시장이 듣는 음악 시장에서 보는 음악 시장으로 변화하였고, 이로 인해 화려한 퍼포먼스와 풍부한 볼거리를 제 공하는 아이돌 그룹이 선호되기 시작했다. 음악의 주요 시장이 오프라인에서 온라 인으로 바뀌면서 온라인을 가장 자유롭게 이용하는 청소년과 20대가 가장 중요한 음악 소비자로 인식되면서, 이들이 가장 선호하는 비슷한 또래의 아이돌 그룹이 인 기를 누리게 되고 다른 세대들이 선호하는 음악은 설 자리를 잃게 되었다. 둘째, 리스크가 높은 연예사업의 특성상 대규모의 자본력을 갖춘 소수의 대형 기 획사에서 거의 독점적으로 아이돌 가수 양성을 전담하는 구조가 형성되었고 이로 인해 대형 기획사와 방송사간에 카르텔이 형성되었다. 방송사가 가장 인기 있는 소 수의 기획사 소속 아이돌 가수들을 각종 프로그램에 섭외하기 위해 가요프로그램 에 주요 기획사 출신의 아이돌을 대거 출연시킬 수밖에 없고 이는 방송의 전 연역 에 걸친 아이돌 편중현상을 심화시킨다. 마지막으로, 가수로만 활동하는 아이돌은 상업적 가치가 떨어지므로 연예기획사는 아이돌을 만능 엔터테이너로 트레이닝 시키고 활용시키는데, 이는 기획사의 수익을 극대화 할 수 있는 방안이자 아이돌 편중현상의 중요한 요인으로 작용한다.

This study investigated the effect of solvent on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid and compared the alloy particles fabricated by three different methods (PWE in liquid, PWE in Ar, plasma arc discharge), for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature soot filter system. Three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, distilled water) of liquid were adapted in PWE in liquid process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. The alloy powder synthesized by PWE in ethanol has good particle size and no surface oxidation compared to that of distilled water. Since the Fe-based alloy powders, which were fabricated by PWE in Ar and PAD process, showed surface oxidation by TEM analysis, the PWE in ethanol is the best way to fabricate Fe-based alloy nano powder.

This study investigated the effect of wire diameter and applied voltage on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid, for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature particulate matter (or soot) filter system. Three different diameter (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm) of alloy wire and various applied voltages from 0.5 to 3.0 kV were main variables in PWE process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. It was controlled the number of explosion events, since evaporated and condensed nano-particles were coalesced to micron-sized secondary particles, when exceeded to the specific number of explosion events, which were not suitable for metallic porous body preparation. As the diameter of alloy wire increased, the voltage for electrical explosion increased and the size of primary particle decreased.