Eight years (2014–2021) of climate data were collected from an automatic weather observation system installed at the foot of Mt. Geumo in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk. Using these data, we investigated local bio-climatological indices (warmth index, WI; coldness index, CI; and effective accumulated temperature, EAT) of the mountain region adjacent to the Keimyung Dongyeong forest. The study area’s WI and CI were 109.3℃ and –11.3℃ per month, respectively, averaged across 8 years. These values are indicative of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate climate zone, suitable for cultivating sweet persimmons and figs. Additionally, EAT in Dongyeong was 2,113.7℃, averaged across 8 years, suitable for growing crops such as corn, soybean, and potato.

Cyanobacteria have been used as pollution indicator species in freshwater ecosystems, and identifying their fluctuations can be an important part about management of surface waters globally. Cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria are directly or indirectly a threat to human and environmental health. In order to confirm the potential risk of these cyanotoxins, the fluctuations of phytoplankton and phylogenetic analysis of cyanotoxin synthetase genes were conducted at each point in the Yeongsan River water system in Gwangju from November 2021 to October 2022. Diatoms which grow well in winter were dominant at 99.4 ~ 99.5%, and diatoms and green algae were dominant from the spring to autumn when the water temperature rises. Stephanodiscus spp. were dominant at 92.7 to 97.5 % at all sites in the winter, and Aulacoseira spp., which grow in warm water temperatures, were dominant in summer and autumn. Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant at 25.2% in summer only at site 5. mcyB and anaC have been detected as cyanotoxin synthetase genes. The phylogenetic tree of anaC could be divided into two groups (Group 1 & Group 2). Group 1 contained Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi. It is combined with Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, which are known to produce cyanotoxins.

The relationship between night cooling rate and meteorological elements was investigated over the past five years (2016-2020), using weather data from the new (Daegu(143)) and old (Shinam(860)) Daegu Regional Meteorological Agency located in the suburban and urban regions, respectively. There was a correlation between the total daily amount of solar radiation (Stot) and the night cooling rate in the both regions. However, a higher correlation was observed at the new Daegu Regional Meteorological Agency station (Daegu(143)). In particular, data from the new Daegu Regional Meteorological Administration's observatory, which experiences a low thermal storage effect caused by artificial structures, showed a higher correlation between nighttime cooling and weather factors. The reason for this is that the lesser the heat storage effect caused by the artificial structures, the better the effect of surface radiation cooling on temperature reduction. These findings confirm that the correlation between night cooling and weather factors can be used to assess the impact of artificial structures in cities.

This study analyses the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the painting and printing facilities, as well as ambient VOCs at industrial complexes in Gwangju. The major components of VOCs emissions from painting facilities were toluene, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene. The printing facilities mostly emitted ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, acetone and toluene. Aromatics (49.9%) and oxygenated VOCs (43.6%) were dominant in painting facilities, while oxygenated VOCs (92.7%) were the largest group in printing facilities. The total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) in printing facilities was approximately six times higher than in the painting facilities. The painting and printing facilities use many solvents. Their THC concentrations differed considerably depending on the type of prevention facilities. To reduce THC, it is necessary to improve the prevention facilities and operating conditions. The dominant species of ambient VOCs in industrial complexes were investigated with toluene, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, ethyl benzene, m,p-xylene, butyl acetate, o-xylene, hexane and acetone. Factor analysis of ambient VOCs showed that the main sources of the VOCs were organic solvents used in painting, coating, and printing, as well as automobile emissions.

이상의 연구 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 도깨비부채 잎(RPL)은 β -catenin의 분해 유도를 통해 대장암, 유방암, 폐암, 전립선암 및 췌장암 세포의 생육을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과는 도깨비부채 잎의 항암을 위한 대체보완소재 및 천연 항암제 개발을 위한 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 추가적 연구를 통해 도깨비 부채 잎의 항암 활성물질의 분석연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of branch (STB) and leave (STL) extracts from Sageretia thea on β-catenin level in human colorecal cancer cells, SW480 and lung cancer cells, A549. STB and STL dose-dependently suppressed the growth of SW480 and A549 cells. STB and STL decreased β-catenin level in both protein and mRNA level. MG132 decreased the downregulation of β-catenin protein level induced by STB and STL. However, the inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl or ROS scavenging by NAC did not block the reduction of β-catenin protein by STB and STL. Our results suggested that STB and STL may downregulate β-catenin protein level independent on GSK3β and ROS. Based on these findings, STB and STL may be a potential candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for human colorectal cancer and lung cancer.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity and potential molecular mechanism of 70% ethanol extracts of branches from Taxillus yadoriki parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (TN-NS-B) against human lung cancer cells, A549. TY-NS-B dose-dependently suppressed the growth of A549 cells. TY-NS-B decreased β-catenin protein level, but not mRNA level in A549 cells. The downregulation of β-catenin protein level by TY-NS-B was attenuated in the presence of MG132. Although TY-NS-B phosphorylated β-catenin protein, the inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl did not blocked the reduction of β-catenin by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B decreased β-catenin protein in A549 cells transfected with Flag-tagged wild type β- catenin or Flag-tagged S33/S37/T41 mutant β-catenin construct. Our results suggested that TN-NS-B may downregulate β- catenin protein level independent on GSK3β-induced β-catenin phosphorylation. Based on these findings, TY-NS-B may be a potential candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for human lung cancer.

본 연구의 목적은 다문화가족지원법 법안 네트워크의 구조적 변수와 가설검증에 기초를 두고 공동발의 네트워크 존립에 대한 기여도를 알아보고자 한다. 19대 국회의원의 다문화 가족지원 관련법 발의 법안들을 대상으로 하여 지수랜덤그래프모형(이하 ERGM)을 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 국회 의안정보시스템을 통해 정보를 활용하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 호혜성 변수는 통계학으로 유의미하였으며, 연구가설과 정적인 관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 호혜성은 공동발의 네트워크 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 확산경향은 모든 모형에서 통계적으로 유의미하였으며, 연구가설과 정적인 관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 확산경향은 공동발의 네트워크 구성에 의미 있는 변수임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 인기도 역시 모든 모형에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 인기도는 법안의 전문성을 고려하면 협력 네트워크 존립에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 이행성 변수는 통계적 유의성을 확보하지 못하여 이행성이 다문화가족지원법 법안 존립에 긍정적인 기여를 할 것이라는 연구가설은 기각되었다. 연구가설과 상반된 이 결과에 대해서는 향후 추가적인 검증이 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

Background : Although the inhibitory effect of mistletoe on cancer cell growth has been reported, the underlying mechanisms to explain its anti-proliferative activity are not fully studied. Thus, we elucidated the potential molecular mechanism of the branch from taxillus yadoriki (TY) parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (NS) (TY-NS-B) for the anti-proliferative effect. Methods and Results : In comparison of anti-proliferative effect of TY from the host trees such as Cryptomeria japonica (CJ), Neolitsea sericea (NS), Prunus serrulata (PS), Cinnamomum camphora (CC) and Quercus acutissima (QA), TY-NS showed higher anti-cell proliferative effect than TY-CJ, TY-PS, TY-CC or TY-QA. In addition, the anti-proliferative effect of branch from TY from all host trees was better than leaves. Thus, we selected the branch from Taxillus yadoriki parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) for the further study. TY-NS-B inhibited the cell proliferation in the various cancer cells and downregulated cyclin D1 protein level. MG132 treatment attenuated cyclin D1 downregulation of cyclin D1 protein level by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B increased threonine-286 (T286) phosphorylation of cyclin D1, and the mutation of T286 to alanine (T286A) blocked cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation by TY-NS-B. But the upstream factors related to cyclin D1 degradation such as ERK1/2, p38, JNK, GSK3β, PI3K, IκK or ROS did not affect cyclin D1 degradation by TY-NS-B. However, LMB treatment was observed to inhibit cyclin D1 degradation by TY-NS-B, and T286A blocked cyclin D1 degradation through suppressing cyclin D1 redistribution from nucleus to cytoplasm by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B activated CRM1 expression. Conclusion : Our results suggest that TY-NS-B may suppress cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D1 protein level through proteasomal degradation via T286 phosphorylation-dependent cyclin D1 nuclear export. These findings will provide the evidence that TY-NS-B has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for human cancer.

Background : Vaccinium oldhamii is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. It was used primarily for edible or medicinal purposes for bladder infection in Korea and China. In addition, it has been reported to be used for treating inflammation, gonorrhea, vomiting, diarrhea and eruption. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the branch of Vaccinium oldhamii and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : In the comparative experiment for the inhibitory effect of the plant parts from Vaccinium oldhamii such as fruits, leaves and branches on NO production, we observed that the branch extracts showed the highest inhibitory effect. Thus, the further study was performed using the branch of Vaccinium oldhamii (VOB). VOB did not affect iNOS expression but significantly IL-1β expression, which indicates that VOB may block NO production through the inhibition of IL-1β expression. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, VOB inhibited the degradation of IκB-α which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, VOB suppressed the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Conclusion : These results indicate that VOB may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, VOB has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Hibiscus syriacus is a widely cultivated ornamental shrub, found throughout eastern and southern Asia. The root of H. syriacus has been used in Asian folk medicine as a fungicide, antipyretic, and anthelmintic in the treatment of dysentery, eczema, tinea, and scabies. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of 70% ethanol extracts of root from Hibiscus syriacus (RHS-E70) and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : RHS-E70 dose-dependently suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, RHS-E70 attenuated LPS-mediated overexpression of iNOS and IL-1β. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, RHS-E70 inhibited the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB-α, which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, RHS-E70 suppressed the activation of ERK1/2 and p38, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 phosphorylation and subsequent ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that RHS-E70 may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, RHS-E70 has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of inflammatory. However, inflammation-regulatory activity of wood-cultivated ginseng has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of wood-cultivated ginseng and elucidated the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : Inhibitory effects of the old wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-O), young wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG-Y) and ginseng (G) on NO and PGE2 production were examined using the Griess assay and ELISA kit. Suppressive effects of WCG-O on inflammatory gene expression, transcriptional activation, and inflammation signaling events were investigated using Western blot analysis, RT-PCR analysis and luciferase activity reporter gene assay. WCG-O dose-dependently suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, WCG-O attenuated LPS-mediated overexpression of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, WCG-O blocked the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In elucidation of the potential mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effect, WCG-O inhibited the activation of IκK-α/β, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, and degradation of IκB-α, which results in the inhibition of p65 nuclear accumulation and NF-κB activation. In addition, WCG-O suppressed the activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, which results in the inhibition of ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that WCG-O may exert anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling. From these findings, WCG-O has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.

Background : Mistletoe has been used as the herbal medicine to treat hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, arthritis and viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of branch from Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) using in vitro model. Methods and Results : TY-NS-B significantly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. TY-NS-B was also observed to inhibit LPS-mediated iNOS COX-2 expression. In addition, TY-NS-B attenuated production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. TY-NS-B blocked LPS-mediated inhibitor of IκB-α, and inhibited p65 translocation to the nucleus and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, TY-NS-B reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38 and JNK, but not ERK1/2. In addition, TY-NS-B increased ATF3 expression and ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated TY-NS-B-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression. Conclusion : Collectively, our results suggest that TY-NS-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation, and increasing ATF3 expression. These findings indicate that TY-NS-B could be further developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

In this study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of biji in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Biji inhibited the generation of NO and PGE2 through the suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, biji attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. Biji blocked LPS-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequently inhibited p65 nucleus accumulation in RAW264.7 cells, which indicates that biji inhibits NF-κB signaling. In addition, biji suppressed p38 phosphorylation induced by LPS. Our results suggests that biji may exert anti-inflammatory activity through blocking the generation of the inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β via the inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and p38. From these findings, biji has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL). Methods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and IκB-α) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 ㎎/㎏ AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 ㎎/㎏ AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at 12.5 ㎍/㎖ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-1β, and TNF-α), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of IκB-α, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially TH and TC cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IκB-α in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T (TH, and TC) cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.

누출, 폭발, 취급 및 운송 등의 화학사고가 일어나면 다양한 화학 물질이 방출된다. 방출 된 화학 물질 또는 1차 방제 처리 후 얻게 되는 폐기물에는 유해하거나 독성이 있는 화학물질이 포함될 수 있다. 이러한 폐기물들을 처리 할 수 있는 구체적인 지침이나 기준이 없기 때문에 적절한 처리 방법을 찾기가 어렵다. 따라서 유해화학물질 사고 처리로 얻은 화학물질 또는 폐기물의 대부분은 지정폐기물로 처리하여 많은 비용이 든다. 이 연구는 유해화학물질의 사고 또는 누출이 발생하였을 때 1차 처리를 하면서 발생한 화학 물질 또는 화학 물질에 오염된 폐기물에 대한 지정폐기물, 일반폐기물 판정 기준을 제안하고자 한다. NFPA 등급, pH 등급 및 폐기물 발생량에 따라 점수를 부여하여 화학폐기물을 분류하는 정량화 된 방법을 제시한다. 보다 객관성 있는 판정기준을 마련하기 위해서 미국 국제화재방호협회(National Fire Protection Association : NFPA)에서 발표한 소방관련 국제 규격인 NFPA 704코드를 활용하여 판정기준을 마련한다. NFPA 704코드는 화학물질에 대한 건강위험성(Health Hazard), 화재위험성(Flammability Hazard), 불안정성 위험성(Instability Hazard)에 대한 정도를 0~4등급 까지 세분화 되어 있다. 추가적으로 산성 또는 염기성 화학물질에 대한 판정방법으로, 기존에 지정폐기물분류 기준에 활용되고 있는 오염물질의 pH를 판정기준에 활용한다. 또한 산업안전보건법에 따른 유해･위험물질 규정량, 또는 폐기물의 일일 처리량도 고려한다. 최종적으로 화학 물질 또는 폐기물은 제안된 분류 방법 또는 절차에 따라 얻은 통합 점수에 따라 지정폐기물 또는 일반폐기물로 분류할 수 있다.

There increasing demand for technologies that are capable of producing heat and electric energy by burning fuels such as solid refuse fuel (SRF) and biomass to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and global warming in the field of thermal power generation. In particular, conversion of SRF into energy (Waste to Energy) is the promising technology with high economic and social benefits. The high temperature corrosion of the heat exchange tube is the most important factor that affects the economic deterioration of a circulating fluidized bed boiler using solid refuse fuel, due to operating time decrease and the periodic shutdown during plant operation. The purpose of this study was to examine the high temperature corrosion characteristics of boiler superheater tubes. The change of corrosion characteristics according to the temperature and alkali chloride salt can be investigated by analyzing the morphology of the surface and the microstructure of specimen cross-section and examining the changes in the physical and chemical properties. The degree of corrosion increased as the temperature increased and the weight of the alkali chloride specimen deposit decreased due to the volatilization of the metal chloride compound above 700°C. Deposits of KCl were found to accelerate corrosion by destroying the oxide layer and forming potassium compounds.

본 연구의 목적은 8가지 한약재(가지, 금은화, 감초, 천궁, 당귀, 황련, 치자, 연교)로 구성된 가지청열소 독음의 항산화 효과와 항염증 효과를 검증하여 효과적인 화장품소재로서의 가능성을 확인하는 것이다. 한약재의 구성과 비율은 동의보감에 수록된 청열소독음(淸熱蘇毒飮) 처방을 변형시켜 사용하였고 추출은 열수와 70% 에 탄올로 하여 동결건조 분말화하였다. 항산화 효능을 확인하기 위해 라디칼 소거능력(DPPH, ABTS+, superoxide), superoxide dismutase (SOD)유사활성능력, 총 폴리페놀 화합물 함량을 조사하였고 항염증 효능을 확 인하기 위해 LPS (lipopolysaccharide)로 염증반응을 유도시킨 RAW264.7 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide (NO)생성 저해력과 western blot 분석을 통한 염증 관련 단백질 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 cyclooxygenase (COX-2)의 발현 저해를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 가지청열소독음은 뛰어난 항산화 효과와 항염 증 효과를 나타내었고 화장품을 위한 효과적인 성분으로 사용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구의 목적은 식공간 내 식물활용이 마케팅 효과에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이었으며 설문지를 활용해 식공간 이용자의 특성을 분석 하였다. 성별에 따른 그룹에서 독립표본 t검정을, 연령과 소득에 따른 그룹은 일원배치 분산분석을 실행하였고 식물 관심도와 식물장식 선 호도에 대해 성별, 연령, 소득에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 여성이 남성보다 식물 관심도가 높았고 50대 이상의 사람들이 식물 관심도가 높았다. 소득에 따라서는 그룹 내에서 월수입이 가장 높은 400만원 이상의 사람들이 식물 관심도가 높았다. 식물소재는 남 성은 잎 위주의, 여성은 꽃 위주의 소재를 선호하는 것으로 나타났고 30대-50대 이상의 그룹에서 연령이 높을수록 잎 위주의 소재를, 낮을 수록 꽃 위주의 소재를 선호하는 경향이 나타났다. 생화와 조화의 선호도를 분석한 결과, 생화를 선호하는 비율(73.6%)이 가장 높았고 연 령이 높을수록 그 경향이 더욱 분명하게 나타났다. 생화를 선호하는 이유로 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보인 것은 ‘생명을 느낄 수 있다’ 였으며 ‘자연의 향을 맡을 수 있다’에 대한 남녀의 응답에서 통계적인 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 생화를 선호하지 않는 이유에서 가장 높은 평균 점 수가 나타난 것은 ‘쉽게 시든다’였으며 통계적인 유의한 차이를 보인 것은 ‘비용이 많이 들 것 같다’에 대한 소득별 그룹의 응답이었다. 생 화에 대한 사람들의 긍정적인 반응과 삶의 질에 대한 관심은 차별화된 마케팅을 목적으로 할 때 공간장식의 요소로써 매력적인 소재가 될 수 있을 것이라고 판단되었다.

시판되고 있는 상황버섯과 영지버섯 차류 제품의 이화학적 특성과 β-glucan 함량, 항산화 활성 및 항산화 성분 함량을 조사하고 이들 간의 상관성을 분석하였다. pH는 4.43-7.05의 범위를 보였으며, 상황버섯 액상차2(PL2)와 영지버섯 액상차1(GL1)이 가장 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). Hunter 색차계로 측정한 결과 L 값은 41.76-55.02, a 및 b 값은 -0.49-5.06, 17.41-28.32의 범위를 보였다. 가용성 고형분 함량은 0.40-0.73 °Brix의 범위를 보였으며, 증발잔류물은 62.04-258.84 mg/100 g의 범위로 PL2와 GL1이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). β-Glucan 함량은 15.51-62.32 mg%의 범위를 나타내었으며, GL1과 PL2가 각각 62.32 mg%, 42.35 mg%로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성에서는 32.63-367.81 μM GAE, FRAP에서는 321.86-1,035.19 μM TE, ABTS 라디칼 소거활성에서는 703.50-1,091.83 μM TE의 범위를 나타내었으며, 총페놀 함량은 286.56-916.00 μM GAE, 총플라보노이드 함량은 85.33-635.33 μM CE의 범위를 보여 전반적으로 PL2와 GL1이 항산화능이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 총페놀 함량과 총플라보노이드 함량은 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성, FRAP 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성과 모두 높은 상관성(r=0.7298-0.9743)을 보인 반면, β-glucan 함량은 항산화 활성 모두와 비교적 낮은 상관성(r=0.3146-0.6663)을 보였다. 전반적으로 액상차가 침출차에 비해 β-glucan 함량 및 항산화능이 우수하였다.