Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has been widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry as a functional material. In a previous study, we have investigated not only pharmacological effects such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, but also analyzed various functional ingredients. In this study, triterpenoids were analyzed using HPLC-DAD to determine marker compounds among functional ingredients. When triterpenoids were analyzed, asiaticoside from C. asiatica was determined as an optimal marker compound. Next, specificity, linearity, limited of detection (LOD), limited of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and range were evaluated using HPLC-DAD to determine asiaticoside contents in C. asiatica juice and extracts. The specificity was elucidated by chromatogram and retention time using an established analytical method. The coefficient of correlation obtained was 0.9996. LOD was 4.99 μg/mL and LOQ was 15.12 μg/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision of asiaticoside were determined to be 0.48~1.68% and 0.08~1.09%, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rate of asiaticoside was 98.88% and the analytical range of Field-70E was determined to be 0.625~10 mg/mL. As a results of evaluating ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidative effect, Field-70E showed potent antioxidant activities. Results of this study could be used as basic data for quality standardization of C. astiatica juice and extracts.

PURPOSES : This study analyzes the effectiveness of different types of children's safety devices in a school zone. The analysis targets are yellow carpet type A (installed up to the floor and wall) and yellow carpet type B (installed only on the floor). METHODS : Based on field data collected at a school zone in Seoul, statistical tests were conducted to compare three different pairs of data: (1) none vs. yellow carpet type A, (2) none vs. yellow carpet type B, and (3) yellow carpet types A and B. The test employed two different measures: (1) the level of drivers’ eye attention and (2) the level of the vehicle deceleration rate. The study utilized software named "Visual Attention Software" to quantify the level of drivers’ eye attention at the location where children pedestrians were waiting for a green signal. It also utilized the Vegas (pro 17) image processing software to reduce the cruising speed data frame-by-frame from the video streaming data. The image data used in this study were collected with (1) camcorders attached to a test vehicle and (2) a drone aerial imaging technique. RESULTS : It was found that the level of the drivers’ eye attention level improved in the daytime when either of yellow carpet types A and B was placed; moreover, the safety enhancement effects were statistically identical. However, in nighttime, the measures only improved when the yellow carpet type A was placed. It was learned that yellow carpet type A provides significant safety effects according to both measures, i.e., the level of drivers’ eye attention and cruising speed. CONCLUSIONS : The test results suggest that the yellow carpet type A should be installed in school zones to maximize the safety effects of yellow carpets.

The predator-prey interaction in freshwater ecosystems is a crucial area in the ecological study field and one of example to find such interaction is to investigate stomach contents. However, traditional method through visual inspection often induce misidentification, as it depends critically on intactness of physically visible data. In this study, we utilized Next-Generations Sequencing (NGS) technology to test the applicability stomach content analysis and overcome such limitation. NGS was applied to analyze the stomach contents of the Hemibarbus labeo, Tachysurus fulvidraco, and Plecoglossus altivelis collected in the lower part of Nakdong River. As a result, T. fulvidraco had a higher number of Animalia operational taxonomic units (OTUs) intake rate than H. labeo. At the same time, P. altivelis had higher number of Plantae OTUs intake rate than T. fulvidraco and higher Protozoa OTUs intake rate than H. labeo respectively. Therefore, NGS technology application enable to overcome traditional method’s limitation and discover hidden interspecific interaction which can further be used in appropriate habitat assessment.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the fish community structures and distribution characteristics of fisheries resources in the Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, fishery resources protection areas. For the study, we conducted fish samplings four times in the two streams from April to October 2019. In Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, we sampled 31 species and 29 species and the dominant species were Zacco platypus (28.6%) and Squalidus multimaculatus (41.7%), respectively. According to the life type of fish species, primary freshwater species were collected 18 species (58.1%) and 21 species (72.4%), and migration fishes were sampled 4 species (12.9%) and 6 species (20.7%) in Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, respectively. Fisheries resources species showed high relative abundance in June, and the fish biomass was highest in October. As a results of comparing the previous studies with this study, both rivers showed high biodiversity and were found to maintain stable populations of fishes. According to analysis of tolerance guilds, the proportion of tolerant species, based on the number of individuals, was composed of 14.4% and 1.1% in Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, respectively. This very low ratio of tolerant species confirmed that both streams have very good physiochemical environment conditions. From the above results, it was judged that the fishery resource protection areas of Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream have high ecological function and preservation value. For sustainable use and management of fishery resource protection areas of Osip Stream and Wangpi Stream, it is suggested that biological disturbance management, fish discharge projects considering environmental capacity, efforts to improve the habitat environment, and establishing a fishery resource protection areas management system were necessary as considerations.

본 연구의 주제는 평화체제와 평화협정이다. 본 연구는 한반도 평화체 제는 국제정치 보편의 맥락과 닿아있는데, 최근 논의들이 시간적으로는 현안, 공간적으로는 한반도에 국한하여 이루어지고 있다는 문제의식에 기초하였다. 이와 관련, 한반도 평화협정과 특성을 공유하는 - 관계정상 화와 협정 주 객체의 지위 변화 – 일소 공동선언(1956), 일중 공동성명 (1972), 바르샤바(1970) 및 프라하 조약(1973), 2+4 조약(1990)과 오스트 리아 국가조약(1955)을 분석, 이를 관통하는 공통 요소를 추출하는데 연 구 주안점을 두었다. 관계정상화의 성격을 띤 조약들의 경우 외교관계 회복 및 상호관계의 포괄적 발전 방안에 대한 내용을 포함하였다. 또한 분쟁당사자간 관계 재설정 차원에서, 청구권, 포로송환, 국제법 원칙 확 인 및 국경의 안정성과 관련된 내용이 비중있게 반영되었다. 조약 주 객 체의 지위 변경 관련 조약들에서는 조약 서명 당사국의 보증 아래, 영토 와 군사력 등 지위 변경된 객체 규정 관련 내용이 중요 부분을 구성하였 다. 본 연구는, 평화체제 관련 기초적 데이터를 제공, 향후 한반도 평화 체제 논의 국면에서 한국의 국익을 투영하면서 그 체제의 안정적 작동을 위한 요소 구상에 기여할 수 있다는 의의를 지닌다.

To enhance the efficacy of Abeliophyllum distichum leaves, extracts were prepared using different solvents for hydrolytic enzyme-treated Abeliophyllum distichum leaves. Physicochemical quality and antioxidant activity were measured. Soluble solids, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols contents showed the lowest values in the control without enzyme treatment. However, they showed high contents in ethanol extract. In the case of enzyme treatment, their values were higher than those of the control. In particular, verbascoside content increased about 220 times more than that of the control group when treated with enzymes and extracted with 50% ethanol. pH was lowered upon enzymatic treatment. Regarding DPPH radical scavenging activity, for enzyme-free, 25% ethanol extract showed the highest activity among extracts with different solvents. For cellulase and pectinase-treated leaves, water extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. For leaves treated with enzyme combination, 50% ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. Regarding ABTS radical scavenging activity, it was generally higher in the 50% ethanol extract than in the water extract and 25% ethanol extract. In particular, verbascoside content was increased when the extract was prepared by co-treatment with enzymes and 50% ethanol.

본 연구에서는 전라북도 군산시 백악기 산북동층의 전석에서 발견된 소형 새 발자국 화석을 간략히 기재하고, 척추동물 발자국 화석을 포함한 산북동층 퇴적 시기를 확인하기 위해 산북동층 응회암질사암에서 쇄설성 저어콘을 분 리하여 S H RIMP U -Pb법 절대연령 분석을 실시하였다. 소형 새 발자국 화석은 보존상태가 양호하지 않으나, 보행렬을 이루는 두 개의 발자국과 세 개의 개별 발자국으로 구분된다. 이들은 물갈퀴가 없고, 비대칭이며 가느다란 세 개의 발 가락으로 걷는 소형 새 발자국이다. 보행렬을 이루는 발자국은 Koreanaoris dodsoni?, 개별 발자국은 Koreanaornis ichnosp.로 동정하였다. 본 연구는 산북동층 사족동물 발자국 화석 군집이 수각류, 조각류, 익룡과 새 발자국으로 구성 되어 있었음을 의미한다. 절대연대 분석 결과, 산북동층 퇴적시기의 최대지질연대는 112.5±5.8 Ma로 중생대 백악기 압 트절(Aptian)에 해당하며, 경상분지 진주층 하부에 대비될 수 있다. 그러므로 산북동층의 백악기 소형 물떼새 발자국 화 석(Koreanaornis)은 국내에서 가장 오래된 것으로 추정된다.