PURPOSES : In this study, model-agnostic methods are applied for interpreting machine learning models, such as the feature global effect, the importance of a feature, the joint effects of features, and explaining individual predictions. METHODS : Model-agnostic global interpretation techniques, such as partial dependence plot (PDP), accumulated local effect (ALE), feature interaction (H-statistics), and permutation feature importance, were applied to describe the average behavior of a machine learning model. Moreover, local model-agnostic interpretation methods, individual conditional expectation curves (ICE), local surrogate models (LIME), and Shapley values were used to explain individual predictions. RESULTS : As global interpretations, PDP and ALE-Plot demonstrated the relationship between a feature and the prediction of a machine learning model, where the feature interaction estimated whether one feature depended on the other feature, and the permutation feature importance measured the importance of a feature. For local interpretations, ICE exhibited how changing a feature changes the interested instance’s prediction, LIME explained the relationship between a feature and the instance’s prediction by replacing the machine model with a locally interpretable model, and Shapley values presented how to fairly contribute to the instance’s prediction among the features. CONCLUSIONS : Model-agnostic methods contribute to understanding the general relationship between features and a prediction or debut a model from the global and/or local perspective, securing the reliability of the learning model.

Density and sound speed contrasts (g and h , respectively), and swimming angle were measured for sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) without swimbladder. The density contrast was measured by the volume displacement method while the sound speed contrast was measured by the acoustic measurements of travel time (time-of-flight method). The swimming angle was measured by dividing it into daytime, nighttime, daytime feeding and nighttime feeding. The g was 1.001 to 1.067 with an average (± standard deviation) of 1.032 (± 0.017), and the h was 1.007 to 1.022 with an average (± standard deviation) of 1.015 (± 0.003). The swimming angles (mean ± standard deviation) were 16.8 ± 10.3° during the daytime, 1.9 ± 12.3° during the nighttime, 30.2 ± 12.6° in the daytime feeding and 35.0 ± 13.2° in the nighttime feeding. These results will provide important parameters input to calculate theoretical scattering models for estimating the acoustic target strength of sandfish.

Rare earth elements, which are important components of motors, are in high demand and thus constantly get more expensive. This tendency is driven by the growth of the electric vehicle market, as well as environmental issues associated with rare-earth metal manufacturing. TC 298 of the ISO manages standardization in the areas of rare-earth recycling, measurement, and sustainability. Korea, a resource-poor country, is working on international standardization projects that focus on recycling and encouraging the domestic adoption of international standards. ITU-T has previously issued recommendations regarding the recycling of rare-earth metals from e-waste. ISO TC 298 expands on the previous recommendations and standards for promoting the recycling industry. Recycling-related rare earth standards and drafts covered by ISO TC 298, as well as Korea’s strategies, are reviewed and discussed in this article.

수처리 및 의약바이오 분야에서 유효물질 분리에 활용되고 있는 알루미나 중공사 분리막은 얇은 두께로 인해 취 급 및 적용시 쉽게 파괴되는 단점이 있기 때문에 분리막의 강도를 100 MPa 이상으로 향상시키기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 나노입자의 함량을 0, 1, 3, 5 wt%로 증가시켰을 때 제조된 중공사 분리막의 특성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 나노입 자의 함량이 증가함에 따라 중공사 분리막의 강도는 79 MPa에서 115 MPa로 증가하였으며, 밀도는 1.76 g/m3에서 1.88 g/m3 으로 증가하였고 기공률과 평균기공크기는 각각 51%에서 48%로, 416 nm에서 352 nm로 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 스폰지구 조가 발달하고 스폰지구조의 기공크기가 향상된 알루미나 중공사 분리막은 100 MPa 이상으로 기계적 강도가 향상되었으며, 약 100000 GPU의 높은 질소 투과도 및 약 3000 L/m2h의 높은 물 투과도를 나타내었다. 따라서, γ-알루미나 나노입자를 소 결조제로 첨가하는 것은 α-알루미나 중공사 분리막의 기계적 강도를 효과적으로 증진시키고 높은 투과성능을 유지할 수 있 는 매우 유효한 방법임을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서는 용매로 침액되었을 시 전반적으로 더 균일한 상전이법 기반 평막 제조 시 주로 사용되는 부직포 지지체의 영향을 분석하였다. 도프용액의 점도가 낮을 경우 용액이 부직포층으로 쉽게 침투하여 불균일한 막이 형성되는 것 을 확인하였으며, 이를 방지하기 위해 부직포층을 유기용매로 침액하는 기법을 도입하였다. 부직포층이 유기 분리막이 생성 되는 것을 확인하였으며, 수투과 및 용매투과율도 향상하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 부직포 침액의 영향은 낮은 점도에서 확연하 게 나타났으며, 고분자용액의 점도가 높은 경우 침액 여부에 관계없이 동일한 성능을 얻을 수 있었다.

This paper analyzes the footing shift by focusing on an interviewer’s questioning from the conversation of a Korean TV news interview. By dividing the interviewer’s questions into adversarial questions and non-adversarial questions, this study investigates what footing shift functions and what the interviewer wants to achieve through it. The analysis of the news interview reveals that footing shift in adversarial questions performs a function of defense. The interviewer attributes the responsibility of remarks that criticize and refute interviewees to a third party so that they can defend themselves against the criticism of attacking interviewees. On the other hand, the footing shift in non-adversarial questions is used to introduce a new topic to the conversation. The interviewer speaks on behalf of a third party when the new topic indicates one’s position on a contentious topic. It enables the interviewer to entirely conceal his personal opinion and lead the discussion in depth. In conclusion, footing shift in questions allows an interviewer to satisfy institutional demands of the news interview. Furthermore, it is found that interviewees collaborate to preserve the interviewer’s stance of footing shift in their responses.

최근 기술의 발전과 함께 새로운 형태 및 구성 방식의 전시가 담론화되고 있다. 현대 전시의 흐름은 급속도로 발전한 디지털 기술을 빠르게 받아들이고 있으며, 새로운 것을 추구하고자 한다. 기존의 오프라인 활동이 주를 이뤘던 대부분의 전시들은 COVID-19로 인해 오프라인에서의 활동에 제약이 생기게 되었으며, 포스트 코로나(POST COVID-19) 시대의 대안으로 비대면·온라인 추세가 확산되며 가상공간 속 하나의 사회를 구축하는 메타버스(Metaverse)는 자연스럽게 주목받게 되었다. 예술 분야뿐만 아니라 경제·사회 등 모든 분야에서 메타버스는 빼놓을 수 없는 키워드가 된 것이다. 메타버스 기술이 활용된 전시 공간은 전시 목적에 따라 구성 방식 및 형태를 자유롭게 구축할 수 있으며, 수동적이고 단편적이었던 기존 전시를 사용자 중심의 환경으로 구축할 수 있게 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 전시의 흐름과 한계를 알아보고, 한계점 극복이 가능한 메타버스 전시에 대한 현황 및 가능성을 탐구하여 전시 공간 활성화에 관한 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 메타버스 4대 유형을 ‘시뮬레이션과 증강현실 사이’, ‘내재적 요소와 외재적 요소’인 2가지 축을 통해 비교분석을 하여 어떤 유형으로 전시하는 것이 더 적합할지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 이러한 연구를 토대로 메타버스가 도입되었을 때의 전시가 기존에 진행되던 전시의 한계점을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 패러다임임을 제시하고자 한다.

This study aimed to investigate the flora of Jinjosan Mt. (Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do). The vascular plants were surveyed 9 times between March 2019 and April 2020. The results of this survey revealed a total of 414 taxa comprising of 87 families, 274 genera, 365 species, 12 subspecies, 32 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, 9 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 5 taxa were rare plants of Korea. In addition, the specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa including 1 taxon of grade IV, 18 taxa of grade III, 24 taxa of grade II, and 23 taxa of grade I. Additionally, eight taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. Thirty-one taxa were of alien plants and three taxa were of ecosystem disturbance species, which were also investigated. The percentage of naturalized plants species and the urbanization index were estimated to be 7.5% and 5.0%, respectively. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, and will guide the conservation processes of plant resources such as plant diversity and distributional changes in Jinjosan Mt.