Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits onto the host when administered at adequate doses. Most widely used probiotics, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, are known to be elements of healthy gut microflora and hence are not considered a threat to the host. However, probiotics may pose a risk in certain populations with compromised immune systems or defects in gut barrier functions. Herein, we evaluated the safety of Bifidobacterium breve BB077, according to the safety evaluation guidelines for probiotics produced by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS). The results show that B. breve BB077 is both non-hemolytic and non-cytolytic. In contrast, B. breve BB077 exhibited higher streptomycin and tetracycline resistance than the suggested NIFDS standard cut-off values. Hence, a genetic analysis of the streptomycin and tetracycline resistance genes was performed to determine the origin of antimicrobial resistance. Streptomycin and tetracycline resistance was shown have arisen from chromosomal mutations and considered intrinsic to the taxonomic group. In conclusion, the B. breve BB077 strain might be safe for human consumption.

일반적으로 혼자서 보내는 시간이 많을수록 외로움 수준이 높은 경향이 나타난다. 그러나 홀로 있을 때, 즉 사회적 으로 고립되었을 때 외로움을 경험하는지 여부는 사람마다 다르다. 본 연구에서는 홀로 많은 시간을 보내는 사람 중, 누가 외로움을 경험하는지를 예측하는 요인으로 권력감(sense of power)의 역할을 알아보았다. 연구 1은 대규모 설문 조사 연구 자료를 이용하여 사회적 시간이 적은 사람들의 외로움을 예측하는 요인을 알아보았다. 판별분석 결과, 권력 감이 사회적 활동 시간이 적은 사람들을 높은 외로움과 낮은 외로움 집단으로 판별하는 요인임을 검증하였다. 연구 2는 실험을 통해 권력감의 수준을 조작하여 높은 권력감과 낮은 권력감 집단으로 나누었다. 이후 홀로 있음을 점화한 뒤, 외로움과 소속감 상실의 여부가 권력감 조건에 따라 달라지는지 분석하였다. 그 결과 권력감이 높으면 사회적 외 로움을 적게 경험하고 소속감 상실이 완충되는 인과관계를 확인하였다. 현대 사회는 일인 가정이 많아지고 코로나로 인해 사회적 만남이 제한됨으로써 외로움에 취약한 환경에 처한 개인이 전례 없이 많다. 본 연구는 이러한 현 상황에 서 외로움 완화의 요인으로써 상황의 변화보다는 개인의 내적 심리적 측면에 주목하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

이 연구는 ‘태양 복사’가 ‘가시광선 복사’로, ‘지구 복사’가 ‘적외선 복사’로 상호 대체될 수 있는 개념인가에 대한 문제 인식에서 출발하였다. 이를 위해 각 개념을 어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 드러낼 수 있는 질문지를 통하여 지 구과학 I을 이수한 고등학생들의 인식을 조사하고, 이들의 인식에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 교과서의 서술 및 삽화를 분석 하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사에 참여한 학생들은 모두 태양 복사를 가시광선 영역에서만 방출되는 복사로 인식하고 있으며, 지구 열수지에서 대류·전도·숨은열을 복사에 의한 에너지 전달로 인식하고 있는 학생 들도 약 35%로 나타났다. 둘째, 2015 개정 교육과정의 지구과학 I 6종 교과서를 분석한 결과, 2종에서는 ‘단파 복사’와 ‘장파 복사’라는 용어를 도입하지만 이들에 대한 설명이 없었으며, 다른 2종에서는 태양 복사를 각각 ‘주로 가시광선 형 태의 복사’ 또는 ‘파장이 짧은 가시광선 복사’로 서술하였다. 그 밖의 2종 교과서에 있는 태양 복사와 지구 복사에 관 하여, 파장 영역에 대한 설명이 없거나 ‘단파장/장파장’이라는 모호한 용어가 사용되었다. 아울러 2종의 교과서에서 열 수지 삽화에 일부 오류가 발견되었다. 따라서 교과서들이 단파 복사와 장파 복사에 관한 정확한 용어 정의 없이 태양 복사와 지구 복사를 설명함에 따라 학습자들은 태양 복사와 지구 복사를 각각 가시광선 복사와 적외선 복사라는 개념 으로 인식할 개연성이 있다. 이를 종합해 보면, 교과서에 기술된 불분명한 진술이나 오류가 학생들의 오개념을 유발하 거나 재생산할 수 있음을 함의한다. 이 연구에서 논의된 바가 지구의 열수지와 복사 평형에 대한 교수·학습 과정의 유 용한 참고 자료로 활용되고, 추후 교과서 집필에서도 합리적인 서술 방안을 제안하는 데 기여할 수 있으리라 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to identify nutrition quotient for elderly (NQ-E) and to investigate factors affecting NQ-E of the elderly using welfare center and senior citizen’s center in Changwon city. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted between June 2021 and early August 2021 for 320 elderly (≥65 years, male, n=52, female, n=268). As a result of the survey, the mean NQ-E score was 61.12, which was within the medium-high grade. The scores of balance, moderation, and dietary behavior factors were within the medium-high grade, while diversity factor was within the medium-low grade. According to the results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis, NQ-E showed positive correlations with the ‘with family’ (p<0.01), ‘education level’ (p<0.01), ‘health functional foods consumption’ (p<0.01), ‘monthly household income’ (p<0.05), ‘nutrition education experience’ (p<0.05), ‘reading nutrition labeling of health functional foods’ (p<0.01), ‘perception of the efficacy of health functional foods’ (p<0.01), and ‘the number of times of leisure activities per week’ (p<0.01) and negative correlations with the ‘gender’ (p<0.05), ‘age’ (p<0.01), ‘smoking’ (p<0.05), and ‘social frailty’ (p<0.01). As a result of multiple regression analysis, ‘gender’ (p<0.05), ‘perception of the efficacy of health functional foods’ (p<0.05), ‘the number of times of leisure activities per week’ (p<0.05), and ‘social frailty’ (p<0.05) were found to be factors affecting NQ-E. Based on the results of this study, customized services by characteristic, nutrition education, and counseling for the elderly should be implemented and the development of various programs and continuous support of the community are necessary so that the elderly can carry out social exchange.

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the nursing work environment, job embeddedness, and job esteem on the retention intention in the millennial generation nurses. The subjects of this study are nurses working in general hospitals with more than 300 beds. Among nurses born in the 1980s and early 2000s, 97 agreed to study. As a result of the study, there was a significant difference in academic background.(F=6.74, p=.002) In terms of final education, those with graduate or higher were higher than those with three-year graduation and four-year graduation Retention intention is the degree of job placement (r=.319, p=.001), job respect (r=.331, p=.001) had a positive relationship with the nursing working environment (r=-.252, p=.013) was negatively correlated. Factors affecting the retention intention is 12.9% explanatory skills as a result of the introduction of job embeddedness, nursing work environment, and job esteem. It is necessary to understand the characteristics of the generation in order to increase the retention intention as a millennial generation nurse.

This study was conducted with 375 workers in Changwon to examine the effects of working patterns on dietary habits and health. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted July 22 October 30, 2019. According to the results of the dietary habits and health related factors analysis, non-shift administrative workers showed significantly higher rates of green tea intake (p<0.05), and shift production workers showed significantly higher smoking rates (p<0.001) and waist circumferences (p<0.01). According to the results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis, work hours showed negative correlations with job satisfaction (r=0.22, p<0.01) and positive correlations with perceived stress level (r=0.14, p<0.01). Temporary workers showed negative correlations with feel job satisfaction(r=0.14, p<0.01), perceived stress level (r=0.12, p<0.05), and concern about health (r=0.13, p<0.05). Diabetes showed positive correlations with hypertension (r=0.20, p<0.01), low HDL cholesterolemia (r=0.22, p<0.01), abdominal obesity (r=0.13, p<0.05), and hypertriglyceridemia(r=0.22, p<0.01). Based on these results, this researcher proposes that continuous attention and support of industries and communities are necessary for nutritional education and counseling relative to improving workers’ dietary lives as well as disease prevention and control.

절대 습도와 이슬점 온도의 관계에 대한 예비 교사들의 인식을 조사하기 위하여 설문지를 투입하였다. 설문 결과 예비 교사들이 “절대 습도와 이슬점 온도는 비례한다.”, “이슬점 온도는 공기 중의 수증기의 질량에 비례한다.”와 같은 견고한 오개념을 갖고 있음을 발견하였다. 예비 교사들이 갖는 이러한 오개념은 절대 습도와 이슬점 온도의 관계에 대한 7차 교육과정과 2007 개정 교육과정 중학교 과학 교과서의 부정확한 서술 내용에서 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 2015 개정 교육과정 중학교 1학년 과학 교과서는 증발, 응결, 압력과 온도 변화에 따른 기체의 부피 변화를 분자 운동의 관점에서 다루기 때문에, 중학교 교육과정에서 이러한 관점을 유지하기 위해 수증기량과 이슬점 온도의 척도로서 수증기압의 도입은 예비 교사와 학습자의 오개념을 방지할 수 있으며, 과학 교육과정을 보다 일관되고 논리적으로 만들 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aimed to develop processed foods that can be tailored to the tastes of consumers in countries to enter domestic and foreign markets utilizing fresh Korean pears, in which the consumption is decreasing. A survey was also conducted on three types of samples (pear jelly, pear rice cake, and pear muffin). As a result, both Korean and Chinese women aged in their 20s preferred pear muffins the most among the pear products evaluated. Pear jelly and rice cake were preferred by Chinese consumers because of their sweet taste (p<0.05). Pear rice cakes were preferred because of their texture (p<0.05). Pear muffins were not significant in all items except for odor/flavor and sweetness, but Korean consumers had a high preference for them and showed a significant preference for colors (p<0.05). Pear muffins were most familiar to both Korean and Chinese consumers showing a high willingness to purchase. An analysis of the preference inducement factors of consumers in each country of the three processed foods containing pears using Check-All-That-Reply (CATA) showed that the consumers of both countries preferred the ‘pear odor/flavor’ characteristics of pear jelly, and that pear rice cakes were preferred by Chinese consumers compared to Korean consumers. Pear muffins were preferred by Korean consumers. Overall, pear muffins are the product expected to be most suitable for female consumers in Korea and China aged in their 20s.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the illness experience of patients with short bowel syndrome. Methods: Six patients with short bowel syndrome were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Korea. Semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were conducted with the participants between April, 2018 and October, 2018. The transcribed data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Three themes and nine sub-themes emerged as follows. The first theme is ‘suffering from bad symptoms caused by short bowel,’ including 1) difficult to suppress uncontrolled appetite, 2) fear of having abdominal pain at all time, and 3) having multiple diarrhea with non-digested food as sub-themes. The second theme is ‘enduring negative consequences of the prolonged disease,’ including 1) must adopt a skinny body to the bone, 2) have to be dependent on TPN, and 3) Suffer from complications such as infection and dehydration. The last theme was ‘having difficulties of living with hopelessness,’ including 1) being lack of information about the disease, 2) being hopeless of the fact that it is incurable, and 3) being nervous on endless medical bills to pay. Conclusion: Patients with short bowel syndrome are more likely to suffer from various physical, psychological, social, and financial problems. Based on the results of the study, health professionals could develop effective management guidelines. In addition, vigorous efforts such as multidisciplinary team approach including physicians, nurses, pharmacists and clinical dietitians are demanded to improve nutritional status and quality of life of the given population.

Purpose: The objective of this study was conducted to investigate the effects of rutin, buckwheat components on cell growth and anti-inflammation in adipocyte 3T3-L1 and human colon cancer cell SW-480. Methods: We cultured 3T3-L1 adipocyte and SW-480 colon cancer cell to confluence, at which time starvation was induced with SFM for 1 day. Cells were then cultured in medium containing 0, 25, 50, or 100 μmol/mL of rutin 3T3-L1 or 0, 10, 20, or 40 μmol/mL SW-480. Cell viability was measured using a cell viability kit. In addition, we examined the expression of mRNA related to inflammation. RT-PCR was used to quantity tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels. Results: Rutin significantly inhibited 3T3-L1 and SW-480 cell proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner. Rutin also significantly reduced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at the highest dose. In addition, rutin treatment caused a significant reduction in COX-2 and iNOS mRNA levels compared to the control group. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that rutin has the potential to reduce inflammation, and that these effects are greater during tissue-damaging inflammatory conditions.

레이더 빔의 과대굴절현상은 수증기압과 기온의 특정한 연직적 대기 조건 하에 주로 발생한다. 과대굴절에 의해 발생하는 이상전파에코는 레이더 영상에서 강수에코로 자주 오인되기 때문에 자료품질 과정에서 미리 제거될 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 X밴드 이중편파레이더 관측에서 비기상에코(과대굴절에코와 청천대기에코)와 기상에코의 영역에 있는 이중편파변수(차등반사도, 교차상관계수, 차등위상차) 자료들만을 수집하여, 반사도와 이중편파변수들과의 관계성 및 그룹함수에 대해서 두 에코 유형을 비교하였다. 이들 이중편파변수에 텍스쳐 기법을 적용함으로써 비기상에코를 최대한 제거하는 X-밴드 이중편파레이더용 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 전반적으로 이 알고리즘은 이상전파에코를 비교적 잘 탐지하여 제거하였으며, 또한 전라남도 진도에 위치한 S밴드 단일편파레이더 영상 자료와 비교하여 정성적으로 평가되었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of smokers and non-smokers among a few male university students residing in Changwon-si and factors that affect their smoking behavior. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted for a duration of one month in June 2015 (n=367). The results of this study showed that the breakfast skipping rate of the smoking group was significantly higher compared to the non-smoking group (p<0.001), and the smoking rate was significantly higher among those with more serious smoking problems (p<0.001). Compared to the non-smoking group, the smoking group showed significantly higher BMI (body mass index) (p<0.05) and demonstrated significant drinking habit of more liquid type yogurt among milk and dairy products and significantly more coffee mixes among fat, oils, and sugars (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed the necessity to prepare smoking systems in school (t=－2.87, p<0.05), encumbrances to studies due to smoking (t=－3.59, p<0.001), and variables that affect smoking such as the number of close friends who smoke (t=4.17, p<0.001), BMI (t=3.08, p<0.05), and the level of problematic drinking (t=3.67, p<0.001). The results of this study suggest factors that must be considered in establishing smoking prevention education programs, anti-smoking policies, and strategies for university students.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of α-lipoic acid in diluted solvents on cell growth in 3T3-L1 cells according to the treated concentration and times. Methods: Adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell were cultured. Confluent cells underwent starvation with SFM for 1 day and then were cultured in a medium containing various concentrations 0, 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L of α-lipoic acid. The cell viability was measured using the EZ Cytox assay kit. In addition, the effect of α-lipoic acid of diluted solvents on the cell growth in 3T3-L1cells was examined according to the treated concentration and times. Results: The α- lipoic acid diluted ethanol inhibited cell proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner. The α-lipoic acid diluted ethanol induced adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells proliferation with an adipocyte inducer. In addition, α-lipoic acid inhibited adipocyte 3T3- L1 growth in a dose and time dependent manner (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that a treatment with α-lipoic acid diluted ethanol inhibits cell growth of, adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells induced with an adipocyte inducer, (200 μmol/L of α- lipoic acid) treated for 48 hr.