파이 프 설 t서는 다양한 두께 및 직경， 길이 룹 가진 파이프뜰로 이 루 어진 ':rL조 늄로 서 정확한 해석 을 위해서논 3차원의 유한 요소 모델이 필요 하다 그러나 유한효소 모덴에 의한 헤석 l상빈은 계산 시 간이 길어 칠 뿐만 아니라 방대한 양의 컴퓨터 용량을 핀요로 한다. 반변에， 파이 프 륜 보 요소로 가 정한 단순 한 해석 모덴은 파이프 설비의 정확한 서동을 예측하기에 문제점이 많 다. 따라서， 본 연구에서는 파이프 설비의 효율적인 해석 모탤을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 해석 모델 은 보요소로 구성된 모델에 접합부 요소만을 추가함으로써 보요소만으 로 구성된 모델만큼 단순하며， 또 한 파이프 접합부의 국 부적 인 변형을 고려하기 때 문 에 파이프 설비의 거동 을 정확히 예 꽉 할 수 있다. 예제 해석 올 통하여 결과들을 비교함으로써 본 연구에서 제안한 모델의 효융성올 입 증하였다.

본 연구에서는 기초의 uplift의 영향을 고려하여 지진하중에 대한 건축구조물의 동적 거동을 예측하는 효율적인 방법을 제안하였다. 기초와 지반의 관계에 대한 모델에는 Winker 모델과 Two-Spring 모델이 있다. Winker 모델에 의한 해석방법은 정확하기는 하나 계산 시간이 오래 걸리고 복잡하다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서 Winker 모델을 보다 정확하게 나타낼 수 있고 해석이 간편하며 효율적인 등가 Two-Spring 모델(S-모델)을 제안하였다. S 모델은 기초에 정적하중이 작용했을 때의 기초 중앙의 모멘트와 회전각의 비선형 관계를 간단한 5개의 선형적인 관계로 나타냄으로써 유도되며, S모델에 의한 동적해석 결과는 Winker 모델에 의한 해석 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

대중교통이 편리하고 기반시설을 갖추고 있는 곳들의 주택 및 아파트 값은 비싼 편이어서 경제적으로 취약한 계층에 있는 사람들이 거주하기에 힘든 것이 현실이다. 경제적으로 취약한 계층을 위해 철도 주변의 유휴 부지를 활용하여 비교적 저렴 한 가격의 건축물을 공급할 수 있다. 이 경우에, 열차로 인한 진동을 효과적으로 제어해야 되는 문제가 있다. 이미 궤도 방진, 방 진벽 설치, 면진 장치 설치, 기초 방진 등의 진동제어 공법들이 있지만, 각 공법마다 단점들이 있다. 때문에, 본 연구에 전이층 중간과 기초 중간에 방진재를 삽입하는 진동제어 일체형 구조시스템을 개발하였으며, 방진 시스템별 단위블록 실험, 구조체 실험, 유한요소해석을 통하여 진동제어 일체형 구조시스템이 기존 공법들과 비교하여 우수함을 증명하였다.

This study started with drawing problems of early implementation and suggesting improvement plans in order to lead a rural convergence industrialization district system to early settlement and management for its policy goals. The study aimed at 13 districts that were designated from 2014 to 2016 for analyzing an actual condition of promoting early implementation, and went ahead with it combining literature research, interview survey and specialist opinion investigation. The study examined and organized an outline, policy goal, and actual condition of rural convergence industrialization district. Furthermore, it analyzed an actual condition of promoting at each stage such as designating processes of rural convergence industrialization districts, operating body and system, regulation improvement, district supporting projects and relating projects, drew problems and finally suggested improvement plans. This study could be meaningful because it is the first study to grasp an actual condition of promoting early implementation and to remedy problems in order to manage rural convergence industrialization district system which was newly promoted since 2014 for its policy goal. In addition, it suggests that the further study of the result after managing district system for a certain period of time should be needed.

Despite the expectation that small green spaces provide high cooling effects, making air temperatures drop such effect in urban areas has been less explored in comparison to larger parks and urban forests. These knowledge gap has required advanced techniques to record spatial and temporal data and analysis small green spaces cooling effects. A temperature-sensing unit with ventilated double cylinder shelter (TVC) meets the needs and is known as an advanced device to record temperature data more accurately using a T-type thermocouple with a ventilator. This device also can be useful to develop guidance to describe thermal environment with a finer scale and an experimental research design for identifying air temperature data with spatial analysis using TVC. However, how we would conduct transect survey with this device and make a thermal map based on the collected data is not well known. The purpose of the study was to find out the usage of TVCs in collecting air temperature data and was to produce a thermal map of the study site and analyze temperature mitigation effect of each green space. The processes to create a thermal map required complicating, endeavoring and time-consuming works as well as skills to use computer programs for space drawing and spatial analysis. The overview of all the processed to get a thermal map should be helpful for researchers and students. Collected air temperature data and recorded time of them were downloaded, converted to Excel file (XLS) and ready to be analyzed through ArcGIS 9. In the mean time, recorded transect routes were drawn on the site map as polylines and made into spatial points through AutoCAD 2007. The routes consisted of five routes classified into the lawn, the rain garden, the residence, the prairie, and the forest. Separately, each route was drawn because it should reflect its spatial and temporal specification as for when the measurement was conducted. The spatial points of each route created by AutoCAD were converted to shape files (*.shp) and added fields of air temperature and time data in their attribute tables through ArcGIS. This work was done in each measurement hour and day. To create a thermal map, were shape files of each measurement time and the boundary of the site required. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) in ArcGIS was analyzed for each measurement hour (10h, 13h, 16h and 19h (20h)). In each analysis, the spatial points of measured air temperature were calculated to get an isotherm distribution for the measurement hour which we call a thermal map. The thermal maps show the air temperature distribution at 10h, 13h, 16h, and 20h. They also can show how land covers have an impact on the change of air temperature on their point and the surrounding areas. The air temperature of the prairie raises up in the morning (21℃) and continues to be cool during the day and after sunset. Meanwhile, the lawn starts at lower air temperature and goes to hotter. The residence is kept lower in its air temperature by big trees. The rain garden and the forest seem to have more time to discuss on why they are not sure their cooling effects.

Research to reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has focused primarily on the role of large urban green spaces as cool islands (Oke, 2004;Park et al., 2017). However, the role of small green spaces (SGs) such as street trees and pocket parks has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the mitigating effect of SGs on micro-UHI through a comparative analysis of air temperatures of SGs and non-green spaces (NGs), that include building-shaded spaces (BS) and non-shaded, impervious, paved spaces (PS) completely exposed to sunlight. Six urban blocks were the study site and in a highly developed area, Jongnogu and Junggu, Seoul, 37°34′N 126°58′E, South Korea and also located in the same micro-climatic zone. They had SGs which were vegetation patches presented as distinct areas of tree cover. And they were mapped through aerial images analysis and field survey. The experiment was conducted across six urban blocks in a highly developed area in Seoul, South Korea during daytime in summer. Two researchers at each block simultaneously recorded air temperatures at 1.5 m above the ground level using mobile loggers at one-minute intervals for an hour. Measurements were repeated three times, and 1,296 temperature readings were collected in total and made 174 mean temperature data. ArcGIS was used to perform solar radiation analysis to highlight SGs, BSs, and PSs on a thermal map. The highest air temperatures and the lowest air temperatures of each block were extracted and classified. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test utilizing SPSS statistics were used to verify the significant differences in mean air temperatures between SGs (TSG), PSs (TPS), and BSs (TBS). As a result, ΔTPS-B (the thermal effect of PSs on a block‘s air temperature) ranged from –1.38 ℃ to 2.28 ℃ with fifty-six points, ΔTBS-B (the thermal effect of BSs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –2.38 ℃ to 2.38 ℃ with fifty-eight points and ΔTSG-B (the thermal effect of SGs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –1.98 ℃ to 1.62 ℃ with sixty points. 68% (N = 41) of SGs were a negative number of ΔTSG-B while 50% of BSs shows a negative number. The result means that SGs contribute to reducing microscopic UHI than BSs which have much more shade area than SGs have. The results showed that SGs contributed to significantly reducing TBi up to 2.9 ℃ while BS reduced TBi up to 2.7 ℃. The highest TBi was on a PS. The air temperature difference between SGs and NGs over all the blocks ranged from 0.9 ℃ to 2.9 ℃. The air temperature difference between PS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.2 ℃ to 2.0 ℃, while the difference between BS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.1 ℃ to 1.2 ℃.

Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.

본 연구의 목적은 교사가 수리 논술 문항을 개발하고 채점 기준을 설정하는 하향식 과정과 학생의 응답을 바탕으로 문항과 채점 기준을 수정하는 상향식 과정이 통합된 교사교육과정을 개발하여 적용한 후 교사들의 평가에 대한 인식이 어떠한 특징을 보이는지 분석하는 것이다. 이러한 목적 달성을 위해 서울소재 K대학교 교육대학원 수학교육과에 개설된 [수학교과논리 및 논술] 강의를 수강하는 교육대학원생 52명을 대상으로 <평가에 대한 인식 검사>와 파이널 프로젝트(중·고등학생을 대상으로 수리논술 문항 개발과 채점 기준표 수정을 한 학기동안 그룹 별로 실시하는 프로젝트)를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 개발된 교사교육과정을 경험한 교사들의 평가 목적, 방법, 효과성에 대한 인식 변화는 과정 중심 평가의 중요성과 필요성을 인식할 수 있는 계기가 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 결론을 바탕으로 문항 개발과 채점 기준 설정을 위한 상향식·하향식 평가교육과정이 유기적으로 결합된 교사 교육을 통해 과정 중심 평가 역량 함양의 가능성과 필요성을 제시함으로서 교사들이 향후 현장에서 과정 중심 평가를 시행하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Mt. Nochu (1,322m) from April, 2014 to October, 2015. The vascular plants were summarized as 515 taxa, including 89 families, 304 genera, 448 species, 4 subspecies, 57 varieties and 6 forms. Among the investigated 515 taxa, 11 Korean endemic plants and 14 rare and endangered plants were included. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 11 taxa of grade IV, 30 taxa of grade III. Naturalized plants consisted of 24 taxa that made up 4.6% of the total vascular plants in this area. Medicinal plants of the Korean Pharmacopoeia and Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia distributed in this area consisted of 67 taxa.

Urban Heat Island has become a serious problem in urban area. Tree is considered as effective measure for mitigating urban heat. The purpose of this study is reviewing urban heat island mitigation effect of tree, focusing on evaluation indices related to temperature reduction. We selected 49 previous studies and classified studies considering type of site and variables related to mitigate urban heat. Studies were classified as tree, vegetation, green roof/wall and green area. Variables of each group were categorized as space, function, individual and environment variables. Each study site showed different mitigation effects and considered different variables. Therefore, plans or designs for green area in urban area should consider differences among sites and use integrated evaluation indices including humidity and wind speed for mitigating urban heat.

In this study, experimental research was carried out to study the high strength RC exterior beam-column joints regions using reinforcing detailings and high ductile fiber-reinforced mortar. Test results showed that specimen BCJISP were increased th maximum load-carrying capacity and showed stable hysteresis behavior and satisfactory crack pattern in comparison with th standard specimen BCJC.

In this study, shear assessment equation of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints without shear reinforcement using high ductile fiber reinforced mortar based on the test results was proposed. Suggested equation was proposed to modify Hegger's seismic design equation. It was reflected the effect of high ductile fiber incorporated

In this study, experimental research was carried out to study the high strength RC exterior beam-column joints regions, without the shear reinforcement, using high ductile fiber-reinforced mortar. Specimens designed by retrofitting the exterior beam-column joint regions of existing reinforced concrete building showed a stable mode of failure and an increase in shear strength capacity due to the effect of enhancing dispersion of crack control at the time of initial loading and bridging of fiber from retrofitting new high ductile materials during testing.

In this study, experimental research was carried out to study the structural performance of slab-column joints designed by the application of reducing of joint regions damage using steel fiber reinforced concrete. Test results showed that specimens(RCFPS series) were increased the maximum load-carrying capacity by 1.12~1.23 times and showed stable hysteresis behavior in comparison with the standard specimen(SRCFP).

Climate change is known to affect both natural and managed ecosystems, and will likely impact on the terrestrail carbon balance. This paper reports the effects of climate change on spatial-temporal changes in carbon reductions in South Korea's during 2000-2100. Future carbon (C) stock distributions are simulated for the same period using various spatial data sets including land cover, net primary production(NPP) and leaf area index (LAI) obtained from MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), and climate data from Data Assimilation Office(DAO) and Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA). This study attempts to predict future NPP using multiple linear regression and to model dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature. Plants store large amounts of carbon during the growing periods. During 2030-2100, Carbon accumulation in vegetation was increased to 566~610gC/m2/year owing to climate change. On the other hand, soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of carbon dioxide. The estimated soil respiration spatially ranged from 49gC/m2/year to 231gC/m2/year in the year of 2010, and correlating well with the reference value. This results include Spatial-Temporal C reduction variation caused by climate change. Therefore this results is more comprehensive than previous results. The uncertainty in this study is still large, but it can be reduced if a detailed map becomes available.

대부분 경골어류의 성은 자웅이체이며, 생식소 분화시기에 결정된 형태학적 성이 일생동안 지속된다. 하지만, 형태학적 성이 완성된 이후에도 외부환경요인 등에 의하여 자웅동체 또는 성의 교란이 나타나기도 한다. 경골어류의 성과 생식에 영향을 미치는 환경요인 가운데 하나인 EDCs는 생물의 내분비계 작용기작에 비정상적으로 작용하여 호르몬 생산, 분비, 이동, 대사, 결합작용 및 배설을 간섭하는 외인성 물질이다. 많은 연구자들은 EDCs는 androgenic effector나 estrogenic effector로서 각각 다른 기작에 의해 수서동물의 생식관련 내분비계를 교란시켜 성의 표현이나 기능을 변화시킨다고 보고하였다 (Ackermann et al., 2002; Metrio et al., 2003; Quinn et al., 2004). 본 연구에서는 우리나라 남해안의 광양만에서 채집된 주둥치, Leiognathus nuchalis의 성비 불균형 및 intersex 현상을 보고하고자 한다. 연구에 이용된 주둥치는 2009년 7월에 남해안 광양만 인근 해역에서 채집된 80개체였다. 채집된 개체들은 해부하여 생식소를 적출하였다. 생식소는 전, 중, 후 세 부분으로 나누어 Bouin 용액으로 12～24시간 동안 실온에서 고정하였다. 그 후 파라핀절편법으로 4～6 ㎛ 두께로 연속절편하여 조직표본을 제작한 후 Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) 염색을 실시하여 광학현미경 (BX50F4, Olympus, Japan)으로 관찰하였다. 성비와 intersex는 생식소 표본을 관찰하여 구분하였으며, intersex는 반대 성의 생식세포가 관찰되는 경우만을 포함하였으며, 다른 성징은 포함하지 않았다. 성비 (암:수)는 1:0.27 (n=63:17)로 암컷의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 조직학적인 측면에서 intersex 현상은 반대 성의 생식세포들이 생식소 내부에 산재되어 나타나는 형태와 생식소 외부에 다른 체 조직이 형성되어 이곳에 반대성의 생식세포들이 발달된 형태를 나타냈다. Intersex 현상이 관찰된 암컷 개체들의 난소에서는 변성된 난모세포들이 확인되거나 초기의 난소 발달단계를 보였다. 또한, intersex 현상이 관찰된 수컷의 정소에서 확인된 난모세포들도 난황형성전기 (previtellogenic stage) 또는 난황형성개시기 (initial vitellogenic stage)의 초기단계였다. 80개체의 주둥치 생식소를 분석한 결과, intersex 출현율은 31.3%였다. 성별로는 수컷에서 64.71%로 암컷 22.22% 비해 뚜렷이 높게 나타났다.

대부분 이매패류의 성은 자웅이체이며, 체외수정을 한다. 하지만 화학물질 등을 비롯한 다양한 외부환경요인 등에 의하여 자웅동체 또는 성의 교란이 나타나기도 한다. 수질오염원으로 확인되는 화학물질 가운데 한 종류인 내분비계장애물질 (endocrine disrupting chemicals: EDCs)은 androgenic effector나 estrogenic effector로서 수서동물의 생식관련 내분비계를 교란시켜 성의 표현이나 기능을 변화시킨다 (Ackermann et al., 2002; Metrio et al., 2003; Quinn et al., 2004). EDCs에 의한 이매패류의 생식저해, 성비 불균형, intersex 등의 생식이상은 굴, Crassostrea gigas (Mori et al., 1969), Mya arenaria (Gauthier-Clerc et al., 2002), Dreissena polymorpha (Quinn et al., 2004), 대복, Gomphina veneriformis (Lee and Park, 2007; Ju et al., 2009) 등에서 보고된 적이 있다. 우리나라에서 굴과 바지락은 수산자원 학적 측면에서 생산량이 높은 중요한 생물자원 가운데 하나로서 해양생태계의 관리, 생물자원의 보존 및 수산물 안전성 측면에서 관리가 필요한 종이다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 남해안 일부지역에서 굴과 바지락의 intersex 현상이 관찰되어 이를 보고하고자 한다. 분석에 사용한 굴은 통영, 거제, 여수의 각각 2지역에서 모두 6개 지역, 바지락은 여수의 5개 지역에서 채집하였으며 모두 자연산이었다. 분석 개체수는 굴 363개체와 바지락 221개체였다. 채집한 시료는 측정형질을 계측한 후 해부하여 생식소가 포함된 내장낭 부위를 적출하여 Bouin 용액으로 12～24시간 동안 실온에서 고정하여 파라핀 절편법으로 4～6 ㎛ 두께로 연속 절편하여 조직표본을 제작한 후 Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) 염색을 실시하여 광학현미경 (BX50F4, Olympus, Japan)으로 관찰하였다. 성비와 intersex는 생식소 표본을 관찰하여 구분하였다. Intersex는 개체당 평균 1 ㎠ 크기의 조직표본 5～10개를 대상으로 관찰하였으며, 반대 성의 생식세포가 관찰되는 경우만을 포함하였으며, 다른 성징은 포함하지 않았다. 조직학적인 측면에서 intersex 현상은 반대 성의 생식세포들이 생식세포형성소낭 내부와 소낭 사이에서 단독 또는 무리지어 나타나는 형태였으며, 생식소 외부에 다른 체 조직이 형성되어 이곳에 반대 성의 생식세포들이 발달된 형태는 관찰되지 않았다. Intersex 현상이 관찰된 난소에서는 변성된 난모세포들이 확인되거나 소화선의 구조적 이상을 보였다. 굴에서 intersex 출현율은 16.25% (n=59/363)였다. 성별로는 암컷에서는 24.79% (n=30/121), 수컷에서는 11.98% (n=29/242)로 수컷보다 암컷에서 높게 나타났다. 6개 지역 가운데 여수 중앙동 장군도에서 44.0%로 가장 높았다. 바지락에서 intersex 출현율은 24.43% (n=54/221)였다. 성별로는 암컷에서는 37.76% (n=37/98), 수컷에서는 13.82% (n=17/123)로 굴과 마찬가지로 수컷보다 암컷에서 높게 나타났다. 5개 지역 가운데 화양면 삼도에서 38.1%로 가장 높았다.

The purpose of this study is to build Island biogeography in the basic concept of landscape ecology in South Korea by draw relationship between the species side of quantitative habitats and forest area surveyed in the national database based on investigation of the 2nd natural environment. In addition, try to present criterion of habitats character category after understanding habitats character of emergence area side of quality habitats based on the type of formatting. Species and forest area relationship analyzed using correlation analysis and simple regression analysis. Also habitat character limited composition ratio of neighboring land cover and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis to classify type of habitat. As a result, we found that forest area is correlated with number of species, forests which is bigger than 100ha are more important of increase in species' population. And according to land cover composition ratio, bird's classified types of forest inner species, forest edge species, forest outer species and mammal's classified types of forest inner species, forest general species, forest edge species. We suggest that study of species-forest area relationship and emergence habitat character be used as some management plans of species' conservation, protection and restoration.

해양콘크리트 구조물의 내구성은 염분의 침투와 확산에 의해 심하게 저하한다. 이로 인해 많은 연구자들이 해양구조물에 대한 내구성을 향상시키기 위한 연구를 수행하여 왔다. 이 연구에서는 광물질 혼화재, 코팅철근, 부식억제제를 사용한 휨 부재에 대하여 4점 휨 시험을 수행함으로써 휨 거동을 비교 평가하고 해양구조물로의 적용성을 검토하였다. 결과에 따르면, 광물질 혼화재와 부식억제제는 초기균열 안전성과 휨 저항에 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 내구성 재료를 사용하여도 동일 휨 모멘트 구간에서의 인장철근 응력 변화는 적고 부재도 안정된 거동을 보인다. 또한, 내구성 재료를 사용한 부재의 균열간격도 크지 않게 나타났다.

Amenity landscapes in rural areas are becoming increasingly important as a resource to enhance the (public) interest in rural landscapes and to vitalize the rural areas. Befitting the times, the objective of this project is to discover the amenity landscapes distributed throughout the rural areas and to produce material in the form of a publication for the promotion of the aforementioned landscapes. For such purposes, local autonomous bodies, rural amenity resource investigation team, and experts on landscape found rural amenity landscapes and entered them for a selection process, out of which the top 100 rural amenity landscapes were ultimately selected based both on the assessment system developed by the researchers and on the assessment process executed by the assessment committee. The following two categories of assessment criteria for the amenity landscapes were presented: village-related assessment criteria including value as resource and use value; landscape-resources-related assessment criteria, including aesthetic value, identity, adherence to traditionality, and sustainability. Assessment for each criteria item was made by applying a 5-point Likert scale throughout. The sum of the points for each landscape was then converted at a 100 point scale for ultimate use in selection of the top 100 landscapes. This paper is the outcome of such series of processes and systems.