어류는 수체 내에 서식하기 때문에 시각적으로 행동이 나 이동을 연구하는 데에는 어려움이 있다. 원격측정방식 중 하나인 수중음향측정 방식(acoustic telemetry)은 수 생 생물 특히, 어류에 효과적으로 적용되는 방식으로 이 동경로 및 거리, 패턴의 분석에 효과적이다. 본 연구에서 는 국내에 서식하는 잉어과 어류인 눈불개를 대상으로 하 여 수중음향측정방식을 적용, 서식처범위(home range)와 이동패턴에 대한 모니터링을 시행하였다. 연구는 금강 하 구둑부터 백제보까지의 약 70 km 구간을 대상으로 총 9 개체의 눈불개를 하구둑(Sc1-3)과 백제보(Sc4-9)에서 각 각 방류하여 모니터링을 진행하였다. 하구둑에서 방류한 개체들은 방류지점으로부터 12.7 km 상류지점까지를 서 식처 범위로 하여 이동하는 패턴을 나타냈고, 백제보에서 방류한 개체들은 가장 하류까지 이동한 Sc6 (방류지점에 서 직선거리로 53.4 km 하류까지 이동)을 제외하고 대부 분 방류지점에서 7.2 km 하류 지역을 서식처 범위로 이용 하고 있었다. 상대적으로 크기가 작은 Sc7, 8, 9 개체는 큰 이동을 보이지 않았다. 눈불개의 총 이동거리는 개체의 체장의 크기와 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났고(rs=0.715, p=0.03), 또한 이동 개체와 이동하지 않은 개체 비교 시 이동 개체들의 체장이 통계적으로 유의하게 큰 것으로 확 인되었다(Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.024). 따라서 눈불 개의 이동 범위는 크기와 관련이 있고, 체장이 커질수록 총 이동거리가 늘어나는 것으로 나타났다. 비록 모니터링 개체수가 많지 않았지만 대상종의 이동과 관련된 의미 있 는 자료들의 수집이 가능하였으며, 연구방식이 전반적으 로 국내의 다양한 어류에 안정적으로 적용이 가능하기 때 문에 향후 어류의 이동을 모니터링을 하는데 있어서 활용 가치가 높을 것으로 판단되었다.

Wild grass is edible, and it grows in the mountains or field areas. Wild grass has diverse biological effects, such as antiobesity, anti-cancer, antioxidant activities and immune stimulation. Currently, many studies are aimed at enhancing the efficacy of medicinal foods on biological activity using a bioconversion technology, including the fermentation process. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of the fermented wild grass was investigated. The antioxidant activity of fermented wild grass was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH(2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP(ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), reducing power, and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). Moisture contents of the fermented wild grass is 49.6±0.06%. Contents of crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat were 0.65±0.01, 0.65±0.04, and 3.3±0.59%, respectively. Moreover, fermented wild grass showed that the hunter's color values were 80.36(lightnees), 11.47(redness), and 44.53(yellowness), respectively. Total phenolic contents of the fermented wild grass was 1, 185±159 ㎍ GAE(gallic acid equivalent)/g. The antioxidative activities of the fermented wild grass were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. In addition, fermented wild grass did not show any cytotoxicity up to 500 ㎍/㎖. However, the anti-adipogenic effect of the fermented wild grass extract was barely detectable. This antioxidant potential is partly due to the phenolic compounds that are present in the fermented wild grass extracts.

석조문화재의 풍화훼손도를 평가하기 위해 초음파속도를 이용하는 방법은 현장적용 및 풍화도 평가가 용이하여 널리 사용되고 있다. 이 방법은 풍화가 진행되면 초음파 속도가 감소하는 특성을 이용해 신선암과 풍화암의 초음파속도 차이를 이용하여 풍화등급을 산정한다. 그러나 풍화등급 산정에서 신선암의 초음파속도를 암석의 산출지역과 관계없이 고정값(5,000 m/s)으로 사용하기 때문에 우리나라와 같이 동일한 암종에서도 다양한 속도가 나타나는 경우 많은 문제가 발생되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 석조문화재를 구성하는 대표 암종에 대하여 20종의 시편과 60개의 코어시료를 획득해 신선암의 초음파속도를 측정하여 데이터베이스(DB)를 구축하고 이를 보고하였다. 이 결과, 동일한 암종인 화강암 내에서도 초음파속도가 3,118에서 5,380 m/s까지 다양하게 나타나며 이를 무시하고 고정값을 사용할 경우 풍화등급 산정에 많은 오차를 발생시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 다음으로 측정 오차에 대한 보정을 위해, 현장측정에서 사용하는 두 가지 방법(직접법과 간접법)에 의해 속도를 측정하고 지역별 암종에 따른 보정계수를 산출하였는데 그 범위는 1.31에서 1.76까지 다양하게 나타났다. 그 외 측정온도, 장비운영자에 따른 초음파속도의 차이를 확인한 결과 그 차이가 오차범위 내에 있어 풍화도 평가에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 얻어진 초음파속도 DB와 측정보정계수를 실제 석조문화재인 봉황리 마애불상군에 적용한 결과, 풍화지수는 0.3으로 기존의 방법보다 0.1 정도 낮게 평가되었으며 풍화등급 또한 기존의 방법이 "상당히 풍화"로 판별하는 것에 비해 "중간정도의 풍화"로 차이가 나타났다. 동일한 문화재를 대상으로 한 다른 연구결과에서 중간정도의 풍화등급을 제시하고 있어 본 연구의 결과가 보다 정확한 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 보다 정확한 풍화지수의 산정과 그에 따른 보존대책을 수립하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This current survey was conducted to examine consumer attitudes toward factors determining beef purchasing and improving distribution systems. The frequency of beef purchasing was shown to reflect social and economic status, where inhabitants in large cities, such as Seoul, with higher salaries showed a higher frequency. In addition, consumers that were in their forties bought beef more frequently than consumers that were in their twenties. Consumers in Seoul and the megalopolis with a monthly income of higher than 200 million won preferred to purchase meat from department stores and discount markets. In contrast, people in small cities with lower incomes tended to buy meat from butcher shops and brand shops. In a question regarding unsatisfaction factors of retail beef, individuals that were in their thirties with a high income had concerns associated with packaging problems. For people under thirty with low income, the consistency of quality and price were the prime concerns. In regards to the beef grading system, consumer response varied between inhabitants, monthly income and age group, where consumers from small cities that were in their twenties and forties with a low income had a negative viewpoint. For the differential beef distribution system, housewives between the ages of 30 and 40 from a small city with an income higher than 200 million won had a positive response; however, a large number of consumers were not familiar with this system. The most demanding beef cuts were in the following order: loin, flank and rib. In addition, the most important factors determining purchasing beef were as follows: price, breed and portion.

This study was performed to investigate the possibility of repeated superovulation treatment at interval from 27 days to 41 days in Hanwoo cattle and to compare with superovulation effect between doses of FSH 200 mg and FSH 400 mg. Different doses of FSH (200 mg or 400 mg) were injected at Day 8 after controlled internal drug release (CIDR) treatment for superovulation of Hanwoo donors following CIDR treatment (Day 8 after the estrus). Superovulation was repeated four times for one donor and number of corpus luteum (CL), number of embryos, number of transferable embryos and pregnancy rate after embryo transfer (ET) were investigated. 5 cows were used for each FSH treatment (10 cows in total). Average number of CL were and for the donors treated with FSH 200mg and FSH 400mg, respectively. Average number of embryos collected were and for the donors treated with FSH 200 mg and FSH 400 mg, respectively. Average number of transferable embryos were and for the donors treated with FSH 200 mg and FSH 400 mg, respectively. The pregnancy rate following ET with embryos collected from 200 mg FSH treated donors and 400 mg FSH treated donors were 61.9% and 53.8% respectively. The numbers of embryos tended to be decreased as the numbers of repeat of superovulation were elapsed. These results indicated that superovulation treatment by about a month to Hanwoo donors is usable and 200 mg of FSH is preferable for simple FSH treatment following CIDR treatment.

In order to synthesize high-solid coatings, acrylic resins (HSAs) containing 90% solid content were first synthesized, then the synthesized HSAs were cured with a curing agent, isocyanate, at room temperature to obtain high-solid coatings. In the HSAs synthesis, conversion was in a range of 82~87%, and viscosities and number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of the HSAs were in a range of 4380~8010 cP and 1540~1660, respectively. From the correlation between Tg value, viscosity and Mn, it was found that, with increasing Tg value, viscosity increases rapidly and molecular weight increases slowly. From the visco-elasity measured by the pendulum method, it was found that the curing time decreased with increasing Tg values. From the tests of physical properties of the coatings' film, 60˚ specular gloss, impact resistance and heat resistance were proved to be good and pencil hardness, drying time and pot-life were proved to be poor.

In order to perform the protein analysis using the paraffin sections previous fixed with formalin, we applied the ImmunoMemBlot (IMB) method1) to detect the epitopes of target proteins with specific antibodies. In this study the protein extracts were obtained from the paraffin sections of each representative case of ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), and normal gingiva, and more a protein extract from fresh tissue of ameloblastoma was also compared to evaluate the IMB results used with 24 different antibodies. First of all, in the comparison between the paraffin section extract and fresh tissue extract of ameloblastoma, the latter consistently showed more positive IMB reaction than the former. Meanwhile, the paraffin section extract of ameloblastoma was more comparable with that of normal gingival, disclosing that most of proliferating genes, oncogenes, and apoptosis related genes, i.e., PCNA, CDK4, c-erbB2, CEA, p53, Bax, Bad, FLIP, FAS, Bcl-2, p21, N-ras, MMP-2, MMP-9, caspase-3, -8, -9, were highly expressed in ameloblastoma, but EGFR, HGF, and VEGF were similarly expressed both in the ameloblastoma and in normal human gingiva. On the other hand, the comparison between ameloblastoma and AOT both in the immunohistochemistry and IMB using their paraffin section extracts clearly demonstrated that the ameloblastoma showed more expression of proliferating genes and oncogenes while the AOT showed more expression of apoptosis related genes, i.e., Bax, Bad, FLIP, and caspase-9. Taken together, these data suggest that the IMB can be used for the primary screening of quantitative protein analysis using the paraffin section extract, and that the IMB results could be evaluated in conjunction with the immunohistochemical observation.

아산만에서 크기별 식물플랑크톤의 계절적인 변동과 크기 구조에 따른 식물플랑크톤과 환경인자와의 상관성을 조사하기 위해 2003년 10월부터 2004년 9월까지 매월 5개의 조사 정점에서 현장조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간 동안 전체 엽록소 α 농도에 대해서 크기가 큰 세포들(소형 식물플랑크톤, >20 μm)은 크기가 작은 세포들(미소식물플랑크톤, 3~20μ m; 초미세 식물플랑크톤, <3μ m)보다 더

In order to obtain novel genes related to the human craniofacial development, molecular cloning and sequencing, and in situ hybridization using craniofacial tissue sections were performed and followed by protein structure simulation. Totally 231 clones were obtained from the subtracted craniofacial tissue cDNA library of human embryo. Random cloning using the non-redundant clones from the craniofacial tissue of human embryo was done and obtained 398 clones from the premade human chondrocyte cDNA library. Their partial sequence data showed that 214 clones of subtracted cDNA library of craniofacial tissue were still non-redundant in Genebank search. And 20 clones among 498 clones of premade chondrocyte cDNA library were known to be undefined genes. Through in situ hybridization screening in the craniofacial tissue sections of 10 weeks old human embryo 36 clones were found to be positive in specific tissues. Depending on the cell types of sirnilar developmental origin, the positive reactions could be divided into five groups. Among the 20 clones of undefined genes from human chondrocyte cDNA library, 7 clones showed characteristic positive reaction in human cartilage tissue by in situ hybridization. From the simulated protein structure, motif analysis and in situ hybridization studies for the 7 undefined clones, Ch89, Ch96, Ch129, Ch285 clones may function in the outer space of the cell constituting a part of matrix protein complex, and Ch276 as a transmembrane protein which might partic ipate in matrix calcification around chondrocytes. Ch153 is a kind of antirnicrobial protein also acting as an inflammation mediator, and Ch334 clone is a zinc finger protein, of which expression increases in human adult tissues We presume these novel genes from human chondrocytes may provide a new path of chondrocyte development and functions of human craniofacial tissues

The fragile X mental retardation (FMR) syndrome is the largest source of inherited mental retardation. The syndrome is usually caused by the transcriptional silencing of fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR-1). An 18 years old male wascompla띠ing of multiple toαh missing and abnormal facial profùe, of which signs were matemally dominant in his family. In the C)π。gene디c analysis the pa디ent and his parents did not show any discontinuity in the long arm end of X chromosome, but in the PCR produαs targeω19 the CGG repeat sequence in the 5' untranslated region of FMR gene both the patient'’ s and his mother' s gDNAs produced a normal and an extra bands, sized about 400 and 800 bps, respectively, while the his father' s gDNA produced only one normal band, sized about 400 bps. 까1US ， we suppose that the pa디.ent has heterozygotic alleles of FMR gene inherited matemally, and that the patient s FMR gene was in a premutated state relevant to the dentofacial abnormalities.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) showed characteristic anatomy and functions contrast to the other joints. In particular, children or young adolescent with the progressive temporomandibular disorder (TMD) showed remarkable changes in their mandibular growth and occlusion. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the functional and biomechanical causes for the maxillofacial deformities of TMD. A typocranial experiment was performed using a plastic skull model by simulating the mandibular movement after condylectomy. The directional forces of masticatory and suprahyoid muscles were reproduced on the typocranial skull model by elastics connecting between mandible and adjacent bony structures. Resultantly, the mandible of unilaterally or bilaterally condylectomized mandible was rotated downward and backward by the activation of masticatory and suprahyoid muscles. When unilaterally or bilaterally condylectomized mandible was activated by masticatory, suprahyoid and perioral muscles, the mandible was less rotated downward and backward than the cases activated by masticatory and suprahyoid muscles only. In the typocranial experiment after unilateral condylectomy the mandible was rapidly deviated toward the affected side, but this deviation was much reduced when the mandible was intensely supported by perioral muscles. By the compensatory response against the overload of TMJ due to the mandible body resection the typocranial experiment also produced the deepening of antegonial notch by the increased force of mylohyoid and perioral muscles. These findings suggest that after condylectomy the posterior fibers of mylohyoid and perioral muscles become hypertrophic and induce the characteristic mandibular deformities, i.e., deepening of antegonial notch and bowing of posterior ramus, which are similar to the mandibular changes in the progressive TMD.

Osteoarthrosis in TMJ is known to accompany characteristic features of the craniofacial malformation and malocclusion. In order to explain the mechanism that brings about the typical mandibular changes relating to the frequent clinical symptom, i.e., the limited mouth opening in TMJ patients. The present study investigated the mandibular morphology of the rabbit, also intentional TMJ osteoarthrosis was performed on the TMJ of the rabbits and their morphological changes were observed. A total of 12 New Zealand house rabbits weighing an average of 3 kgwere used and all left side joints were surgically meniscectomized and right side joints were used as controls. The rabbits were sacrificed in one week, two weeks, one month, three months and 5 months after the menisectomy, and the removed TMJs were examined by histological and radiographical methods and analyzed statistically. It was found that the mandibular morphology caused by osteoarthritis in the TMJ was characterized by the decrease in size of the ascending ramus, posterior ramus bowing, deep antegonial notch and thickening of the cortex in inferior and posterior borders of the mandible, that the similar features were also observed in the rabbit mandible. When the menisectomy was performed in the unilateral side of rabbit TMJ, the mandibular changes including the increased depth of antegonial notch and posterior ramus bowing occurred only on the affected side. These data suggested that the limitation of the mandibular movement and altered masticatory pattern by meniscectomy affects the structural remodeling of the mandible and TMJ likely the TMJ osteoarthrosis

As pulp calcification occurs at least fifty percent of total teeth, the focal calcification in pulp chamber usually appears in all age groups. However, the pulp calcification is one of the important pathologic changes affecting the pulp vitality. In order to elucidate the mechanism of pulp calcification during the retrogressive degeneration of pulp tissue we performed an immunohistochemical study for proteases (MMP-3, MMP-10, and cathepsin-G), antiproteases (TIMP-1, α1- AT) and proteins involving tissue protection (TGase-2 and HSP-70). In the normal pulp tissue MMP-3 and MMP-10 were weakly expressed, but cathepsin-G and TIMP-1 were rarely expressed. Around the calcifying tissue of MMP-3, MMP- 10, and α1-AT were predominant, but TIMP-1 and cathepsin-G were sparsely expressed. On the other hands, TGase-2 and HSP-70 were condensed in the proximal fibrous tissue. These data suggest that the pulp calcification is related to retrogressive pulp degeneration, which could be resulted in the incomplete digestion of the degenerated stromal tissue by different proteases. We presume that the aberrant protease digestion of chronic pulpal pathosis, i.e., sclerotic fibrosis, chronic pulp degeneration, etc., may enhance the dystrophic calcification in dental pulp.

본 연구에서는 학교급에 따른 한국 학생의 인공지능(Artificial Intelligence, AI)에 대한 태도를 차이를 분석하였다. 이러한 연구를 위하여 총 6,324명의 학생을 대상으로 학교급에 따라 AI에 대한 태도를 측정할 수 있는 검사 도구를 적용하였다. 또한, 학교급, 성별, AI 직·간접 경험, AI 교육 경험, AI 관심, 프로그래밍 언어 경험, AI 활용 빈도에 따른 AI에 대한 태도의 차이를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 학교급과 성별, AI의 직·간접적 경험, AI에 대한 관심, 프로그래밍 언어 경험은 AI에 대한 태도에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 학교급이 높으며, 성별이 남성이며, AI의 직, 간접적 경험이 있으며, AI에 대한 관심이 높으며, 블록과 텍스트 기반 프로그래밍 언어를 모두 경험한 학생일수록 AI에 대한 태도가 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 AI 교육 경험과 AI 활용 빈도는 AI에 대한 태도는 유의한 영향을 주지 못하였다. 본 연구 결과는 한국 학생의 AI에 대한 태도에 미치는 요인을 학교급에 따라 분석하였는데 의의가 있다.

This paper presents a control and operation system for a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The ROV used in the study was equipped with a manipulator and is being developed for underwater exploration and autonomous underwater working. Precision position and attitude control ability is essential for underwater operation using a manipulator. For propulsion, the ROV is equipped with eight thrusters, the number of those are more than six degrees-of-freedom. Four of them are in charge of surge, sway, and yaw motion, and the other four are responsible for heave, roll, and pitch motion. Therefore, it is more efficient to integrate the management of the thrusters rather than control them individually. In this paper, a thrust allocation method for thruster management is presented, and the design of a feedback controller using sensor data is described. The software for the ROV operation consists of a robot operating system that can efficiently process data between multiple hardware platforms. Through experimental analysis, the validity of the control system performance was verified.