The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of familiar exercise and novel exercise on motor function after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. The rats were subjected to a unilateral striatal ICH via collagenase infusion. The rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: the CON (control group; rested one week post-ICH), the FE (familiar exercise group; familiar exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period), and NE (novel exercise group; novel exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period). We measured neurological behavior using a ladder rung walking test and a beam walking test; we measured the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. We performed a one-way ANOVA test to analyze the scores obtained from the neurological behavior tests and the differences of NGF protein levels among the three groups. In the present study, the FE group and the NE group showed significant improvement during the neurological behavior tests and in their expression of NGF protein level, as compared to the CON group. Especially, NE group more increase than FE group in neurological behavior tests, the expression of NGF on motor cortex. In conclusion, these results suggest that, after ICH, familiar exercise and novel exercise enhance motor function and, novel exercise is more effective than familiar exercise.

This study aimed to determine the usefulness of classifying patients with neck pain on the basis of the results of passive scapular elevation test. We classified 21 patients with neck pain into positive (n=12) and negative (n=9) groups on the basis of passive scapular elevation test; the 2 groups then equally performed scapular stabilization exercise program for 30 min, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were recorded both before and after the intervention for both groups. Paired t-test was used to determine that there were significant changes between before and after the intervention, and independent t-test was used for analyzing changes between two groups of dependent variables. After 4 weeks of training, we observed significant decrease in pain and disability (p<.05) and a significant increase in rotation, flexion, extension, and side-bending ROM (p<.05) in both groups. Further, between pre- and post-intervention evaluations, we observed a significant decrease in pain and disability and a significant increase in rotation and flexion ROM in the positive group than in the negative group (p<.05). These results indicate that passive scapular elevation test may be used to identify mechanical disorders of the cervicoscapular muscle in patients with neck pain. Therefore, we recommend the use of passive scapular elevation test to determine appropriate treatment intervention when treating patients with neck pain.

The lower trapezius muscle is an important stabilizer and primary mover of the scapula. The potential use of ultrasound imaging to evaluate scapular muscle function warrants investigation. The purpose of this study is to use ultrasound imaging for determining the effectiveness of 4 different isometric exercises for maximally activating the lower trapezius muscles in healthy subjects. Twenty-eight (14 men and 14 women) volunteers were recruited for this study. Thickness measurements of the lower trapezius muscles were recorded during 4 exercises: latissimus pulldown (LP), prone V-raise (PV), prone row (PR), and modified prone cobra (MP). Lower trapezius muscle thickness was measured 3 times by 2 investigators at a point 3 cm lateral to the lateral edge of the T8 spinous process. The order of 4 exercise execution was randomized for each participant. To identify statistical significance, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used with the significance level of .05. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-reliability was .86~.98 and inter-rater reliability .83~.96 for the lower trapezius, respectively (p<.01). Thickness changes in the lower trapezius muscles between the relaxed and contracted states in men were as follows: LP (, 182%), MP (, 167%), PV (, 149%), and PR (, 133%). In women the values were as follows: LP (, 163%), MP (, 131%), PV (, 129%), and PR ( mm, 100%). Thickness of the lower trapezius muscles significantly differed between exercises in both the gender (p<.01). The LP was the most effective exercise for increasing the activation of the lower trapezius muscle in both the gender. We recommend performing the LP exercise for strengthening the lower trapezius muscles.

본 연구에서는 분자동역학 전산모사와 유한요소해석 기반의 균질화 기법을 통해 나노복합재의 열전도 특성을 정확하고 효율적으로 예측할 수 있는 순차적 멀티스케일 균질화 해석기법을 제안하였다. 나노입자의 크기효과가 나노복합재의 유효 열전도 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 크기가 다른 구형 나노입자가 첨가된 나노복합재의 열전도 계수를 분자동역 학 전산모사를 통해 예측했고, 그 결과 나노입자의 크기가 작아질수록 계면에서의 Kapitza열저항에 의해 나노복합재의 열 전도 계수가 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 나노입자의 크기효과를 균질화 해석모델을 통해 정확하게 묘사하기 위해 Kapitza 열저항에 의한 계면에서의 온도 불연속 구간과 고분자 기지가 높은 밀도를 가지며 흡착되는 유효계면을 추가 적인 상으로 도입하여 나노복합재를 입자, Kapitza 계면, 유효계면, 기지로 구성된 4상의 연속체 구조로 모델링하였다. 이 후 순차적 멀티스케일 균질화 해석기법을 통해 유효계면의 열전도 계수를 나노복합재의 열전도 계수로부터 역으로 예측 했으며, 이를 입자의 반경에 대한 함수로 근사하였다. 근사 함수를 토대로 다양한 입자 체적분율과 반경에 대한 나노복합 재의 유효 열전도 특성을 예측하였으며, 유효계면에 대한 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristics of Gondregaedduck containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% Cirsium setidens. By increasing the level of Cirsium setidens, Hunter color L and a values of Gondregaedduck decreased, whereas b value increased. Hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of Gondregaedduck decreased upon addition of Cirsium setidens. Over 3 days of storage, Gondregaedduck showed a slightly high total bacterial count compared to control. Sensory evaluation showed that Gondregaedduck containing 10% Cirsium setidens had higher color, taste preference, and overall acceptability.

The purpose of our study was to develop the fabrication method of porous diatomite ceramics with a porosity gradient by centrifugal molding. The processing variables of centrifugal molding were derived from Stoke's law of sedimentation, which were the radius of the particles, the acceleration due to centrifugal molding and the dynamic viscosity of the slurry. And these could be controlled by ball-milling conditions, centrifugal conditions, and the addition of methyl cellulose, respectively. The effects of processing conditions on the gradient pore structure of diatomite were investigated by particle size analysis, scanning electron microscope, and mercury porosimeter.

Effect of Cu and powder mixing with Cu-free (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B jet-milled powder on the magnetic properties of sintered magnets was investigated. The coercivity of a magnet prepared from the Cu-free (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B powder was about 10 kOe even though the alloy powder already contained some Dy (3.5 wt%). When small copper powder was blended, however, the coercivity of the magnet increased almost 100%, exhibiting about 20 kOe. On the contrary, the coercivity enhancement was moderate, about 4 kOe, when dysprosium content in the sintered magnet was simply increased to 4.9 wt% by the addition of small 3 powder.

PURPOSES : Effective speed management is necessary for preventing traffic crashes on the road. Speed hump is known as an effective tool for managing speed. Unlike existing studies which are mainly focused on humps for vehicles, this study proposed a novel method to determine design parameters for bicycle speed humps based on a multi-criteria decision making process. METHODS : Three objectives including the effectiveness of speed reduction, bicycle safety, and user's comfortability were incorporated into the proposed evaluation framework for determining design parameters. A multi-criteria value function was also derived and utilized as a part of the proposed method. RESULTS : Extensive simulations and statistical tests show that an integrated bike-box way is identified as the best in terms of operational efficiency and safety. CONCLUSIONS : It is expected that the outcomes of this study can be a valuable precursor for developing design guidelines for bicycle road and facility.

Today, Korea society focuses on multisociety and kid problem of multiculture home. Korea does not accept traditional multisociety, but entered in multiculture society according to economic, political, global trend. Multiculture society has so many problems; such as criminal situation, culture shock, identity destroy in multiculture home's kids. In this situation, how can do Korea church take care their life problems? Korea church should support toward them in multiculture home through missional education. This article mentions meaning of multiculture society and based on biblical foundation about multiculture society, kids of multiculture home, and Korea church mission toward mlticulture society. This study focuses on for survivals of migrants kids and social discrimination of Kosian in Korea society. Korea churches have to support their settlement by their own ways and encourage them to establish not only their own identity in Korean society but also Christian kid identity based on multiculture society. Therefore, how would Korea church' task do to support for children education of multiculture society. Above all, this article deals with knowledge shift of multiculture society about kid problem and education method. This multiculture came from low fertility and super aging society. Korea churches should response problems of multicultural peoples and their kid with multicultural living together in Korea society.

KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) has developed an SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) system since 2008. The name of the development program is ARGO (Accurate Ranging system for Geodetic Observation). ARGO has a wide range of applications in the satellite precise orbit determination and space geodesy research using SLR with mm-level accuracy. ARGO-M (Mobile, bistatic 10 cm transmitting/40 cm receiving telescopes) and ARGO-F (Fixed stationary, about 1 m transmitting/receiving integrated telescope) SLR systems development will be completed by 2014. In 2011, ARGO-M system integration was completed. At present ARGO-M is in the course of system calibration, functionality, and performance tests. It consists of six subsystems, OPS (Optics System), TMS (Tracking Mount System), OES (Opto-Electronic System), CDS (Container-Dome System), LAS (Laser System) and AOS (ARGO Operation System). In this paper, ARGO-M system structure and integration status are introduced and described.

본 연구는 내장산국립공원 금선계곡과 원적계곡을 대상으로 현존식생과 식물군집구조를 조사하여 식생구조 특성을 밝혀냄으로써 국립공원 관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 현존식생 조사결과, 굴참나무군집(47.3%)과 졸참나무군집(17.0%) 등 참나무류군집(64.3%)이 넓은 면적으로 분포하고 있었으나, 계곡부에는 개서어나무군집(7.5%)과 느티나무군집(6.9%)이 분포하고 있었다. 400m2 크기의 조사구 20개소를 설정하여 classification 분석 중 TWINSPAN 기법을 이용하여 군집분류를 실시한 결과, 들메나무군집, 개서어나무군집, 개서어나무-굴피나무-느티나무군집, 느티나무군집, 낙엽활엽수혼효군집, 비목나무-말채나무군집 등 6개 군집으로 분류되었다. 금선계곡은 평균경사 20˚의 전석지대 계곡부로서 수령 86년생의 들메나무군집, 수령 56~79년생의 개서어나무군집, 수령 48~71년생의 개서어나무-굴피나무-느티나무군집이 분포하고 있었다. 원적계곡은 평균경사 11˚의 전석지대 계곡부로서 수령 52~71년생의 느티나무군집, 수령 49~70년생의 낙엽활엽수혼효군집, 수령 43~51년생의 비목나무-말채나무군집이 분포하고 있었다. 군집별 천이경향은 대부분 현 상태를 유지할 것으로 예측되었으며, 400m2 당 Shannon의 종다양도지수는 0.8220(들메나무군집)~1.3850(개서어나무군집)이었다.

The acid value of the oil extracted from the three kinds of 15 fried foods ranged from 0.89 to 3.92, the peroxide value ranged 10.0～57.14 meg/㎏. Among the samples, popcorn chicken contained the highest crude fat content, showing 6.64± 0.26(%), while the french-fries showed 2.87±0.31(%), which was the lowest. The content of the trans fatty acid per 100 g of the foods were; the fried foods: 0.02～0.06 g. The french-fries contained the lowest saturated fatty acid per 100 g of the foods, showing 0.41～1.55 g, while the popcorn chicken showed the highest content, 1.16～3.43 g. The fried foods contained the highest linoleic acid content. Further, fried foods exhibited safe levels of trans fat content. The “School Zone”, which sells snacks, candies, chocolates flow, was not detected in the saccharin. Cookies, candies, chocolate was not detected in the tar colors. Aerobic plate count were ranged from 0∼4, 700 cfu/g in cookies, Salmonella test came out negative.