This study analyzed effective capacity building education plans for public institution management supervisors. A survey was conducted on 635 management supervisors of public institutions (99 institutions) subject to the safety management rating system to understand the characteristics of educational participants and the impact of educational satisfaction on professionalism improvement after capacity building education. As a result of statistical analysis, the professional improvement according to the affiliation of educational participants was higher in the workplace and construction site divisions than in the research facility division, and the professional improvement according to the working period was higher for more than 15 years than for less than 5 years and less than 15 years. In addition, the quality of education had a significant positive (+) effect on the degree of professional improvement. This study can be used as basic data for further research related to capacity building education for public institution management supervisors

이 연구는 동물매개중재 프로그램이 학업 중단 위기 청소년의 우울과 불안에 어떠한 효과를 미치는지 살펴 보는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 우울과 불안 척도를 사전, 사후 검사를 통하여 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과 동물매개중재 프로그램이 학업 중단 위기 청 소년의 우울과 불안을 감소시키는데 긍정적인 효과를 나타낸다. 이러한 결과는 학교나 기관에서 우울과 불안 등의 정서적으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 학 업 중단 위기 청소년을 위한 프로그램을 개발하고, 운영하는데 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

As markets and industries continue to evolve rapidly, technology opportunity discovery (TOD) has become critical to a firm's survival. From a common consensus that TOD based on a firm’s capabilities is a valuable method for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and reduces the risk of failure in technology development, studies for TOD based on a firm’s capabilities have been actively conducted. However, previous studies mainly focused on a firm's technological capabilities and rarely on business capabilities. Since discovered technologies can create market value when utilized in a firm's business, a firm’s current business capabilities should be considered in discovering technology opportunities. In this context, this study proposes a TOD method that considers both a firm's business and technological capabilities. To this end, this study uses patent data, which represents the firm's technological capabilities, and trademark data, which represents the firm's business capabilities. The proposed method comprises four steps: 1) Constructing firm technology and business capability matrices using patent classification codes and trademark similarity group codes; 2) Transforming the capability matrices to preference matrices using the fuzzy function; 3) Identifying a target firm’s candidate technology opportunities using the collaborative filtering algorithm; 4) Recommending technology opportunities using a portfolio map constructed based on technology similarity and applicability indices. A case study is conducted on a security firm to determine the validity of the proposed method. The proposed method can assist SMEs that face resource constraints in identifying technology opportunities. Further, it can be used by firms that do not possess patents since the proposed method uncovers technology opportunities based on business capabilities.

고문읽기와 쓰기는 우수한 중국 전통 문화의 계승과 발전을 위한 기초 능력이다. 현재 고문 교육은 학습 효율이 낮고, 문턱이 높으며, 목적성이 부족하다는 세 가지 문제점이 존재한다. 고문읽기와 고문자에 대한 두려움은 많은 청소년들이 맞닥뜨리고 있는 실제 문제이다. 본 연구는 고대 중국어 교육의 특징과 실제에 근거하여 대규모 고적 코퍼스의 통계 작업을 통해 1,000개의 한자를 선정하였다. 한자의 자형, 자음, 자의, 용자 네 가지 측면에서 각 등급별 기준을 설정하고, 한자 학습의 우선순위를 반영하여 ｢고적한자등급자표古籍汉字分级字表｣를 개발하였다. 이 표 에는 1급 105자, 2급 340자, 3급 555자를 수록되어 있다. 청소년에게 고문 학습을 위해 한자학습 자료를 제공하는 것은 고적 한자의 점진적 학습을 도울 뿐 아니라 청소년이 가지고 있는 고문 학습에 대한 부담감을 줄여주고 고문 읽기 능력을 향상시켜 줄 것이다. 더 나아가 중국의 우수한 전통 문화를 계승하고 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

As the demand for p-type semiconductors increases, much effort is being put into developing new p-type materials. This demand has led to the development of novel new p-type semiconductors that go beyond existing p-type semiconductors. Copper iodide (CuI) has recently received much attention due to its wide band gap, excellent optical and electrical properties, and low temperature synthesis. However, there are limits to its use as a semiconductor material for thin film transistor devices due to the uncontrolled generation of copper vacancies and excessive hole doping. In this work, p-type CuI semiconductors were fabricated using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for thin-film transistor (TFT) applications. The vacuum process has advantages over conventional solution processes, including conformal coating, large area uniformity, easy thickness control and so on. CuI thin films were fabricated at various deposition temperatures from 150 to 250 °C The surface roughness root mean square (RMS) value, which is related to carrier transport, decreases with increasing deposition temperature. Hall effect measurements showed that all fabricated CuI films had p-type behavior and that the Hall mobility decreased with increasing deposition temperature. The CuI TFTs showed no clear on/off because of the high concentration of carriers. By adopting a Zn capping layer, carrier concentrations decreased, leading to clear on and off behavior. Finally, stability tests of the PBS and NBS showed a threshold voltage shift within ±1 V.

Recently, the electron transport layer (ETL) has become one of the key components for high-performance perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study is motivated by the nonreproducible performance of ETL made of spin coated SnO2 applied to a PSC. We made a comparative study between tin oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or spin coating to be used as an ETL in N-I-P PSC. 15 nm-thick Tin oxide thin films were deposited by ALD using tetrakisdimethylanmiotin (TDMASn) and using reactant ozone at 120 °C. PSC using ALD SnO2 as ETL showed a maximum efficiency of 18.97 %, and PSC using spin coated SnO2 showed a maximum efficiency of 18.46 %. This is because the short circuit current (Jsc) of PSC using the ALD SnO2 layer was 0.75 mA/cm2 higher than that of the spin coated SnO2. This result can be attributed to the fact that the electron transfer distance from the perovskite is constant due to the thickness uniformity of ALD SnO2. Therefore ALD SnO2 is a candidate as a ETL for use in PSC vacuum deposition.

Okadaic acid (OA) group toxins, including OA and its analogs, such as dinophysis toxins (DTXs), have been reported to cause diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP). These toxins are primarily produced by dinoflagellates and are accumulated in bivalves. Recently, the presence of Dinophysis sp., a causative alga of DSP, has been reported along the coasts of Korea, posing a potential risk of contamination to domestic seafood and exerting an impact on both the production and consumption of marine products. Accordingly, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established standards for the permissible levels of OA group toxins in marine products for safety management. Additionally, in line with international initiatives, the domestic inclusion and regulation of DTX2 among the substances falling under the purview of management outlined by the 2022 diarrheal shellfish toxin standard have been implemented. In this study, we reviewed the physicochemical properties of OA group toxins, their various exposure routes (such as acute toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity), and the relative toxicity factors associated with these toxins. We also performed a comparative assessment of the methods employed for toxin analysis across different countries. Furthermore, we aimed to conduct a broad review of human exposure cases and assess the international guideline for risk management of OA group toxins.

The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.

This study investigated the changes in the cyanogenic glycoside (CN-Glc) content of maesil chung (MC) prepared according to its preparation conditions (i.e., maesil part, sugar type, maesil-sugar mixing ratio, liquid separation) and sugaring-ripening period and the quality characteristics of their products finalized through filtration and heat treatment (85oC, 30 min) with the 6-month ripened MC. The CN-Glc content dramatically decreased when the maesil flesh, isomaltooligosaccharide, maesil:sugar ratio of 5:5, and liquid separation after the 4-month sugaring were applied to the MC production. The CN-Glc content decreased with the ripening period. There was no effect of filtration and heat treatment on the CN-Glc reduction of the MC product. The sugar type predominantly affected the soluble solid and total carbohydrate content of the MC products, and their contents increased in the order of high-fructose corn syrup > sucrose > isomaltooligosaccharide. The MC product at a maesil:sugar ratio of 6:4 exhibited the higher organic acid content. There was no direct association between the total polyphenolic compound content and the preparation conditions of the MC product. Overall, the use of maesil flesh as a maesil ingredient and more than 6-month ripening after liquid separation may be a pivotal factor in producing the cyanogenic glycoside-reduced maesil chung.

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the cyanogenic glycoside (CN-Glc) content of apricot and plum chungs over the sugaring-ripening period and to evaluate their quality characteristics. The whole and flesh parts of the apricot and plum were mixed with sugar to a mixing ratio of 1:1 (w/w) to prepare their chungs, after which the fruit-sugar mixtures were stored for 13 months. The CN-Glc content dramatically increased within 3-4 months, reached the maximum, and gradually decreased over storage by 13 months. The apricot and plum chungs with seeds exhibited much higher CN-Glc contents than those without seeds. All chungs stored for 10 months were filtrated and treated for 30 min at 85oC to measure their quality characteristics. Similar soluble solid contents (53.4- 53.6oBx) were found in all chungs. The apricot and plum chungs without seeds exhibited the higher concentrations of total carbohydrate, organic acid, and total polyphenolic compounds than those with seeds. In addition, the color of the apricot and plum chungs without seeds was darker and deeper yellow than those with seeds. Overall, the apricot and plum flesh may be better for producing the stone fruit chungs with minimal CN-Glc content and better nutrition.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the practical experience of nursing graduates through a clinical practicum alternative program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants in this study comprised sixteen students who had gone through clinical field practice and clinical alternative programs during 4 semesters at nursing college. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and analyzed via the phenomenological research method developed by Colaizzi. Results: From the meaningful statements offered by the participants, six theme clusters emerged: (a) interest in new experiences, (b) practice that doesn’t feel like practice, (c) limits on yourself, (d) ambivalence about alternative programs, (e) longing for vivid clinical settings, and (f) choice in an unavoidable situation. Conclusion: This study provides a profound understanding of the practical experiences of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic situation about the clinical practicum alternative program. Based on this study, it is necessary to determine how students who have participated in the implementation of the clinical practice alternative program are adapting to the actual field as nurses. It is also necessary to develop various programs that reflect the needs of students and utilize technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and metaverse along with current teaching methods.

교통안전특정해역은 해사안전법에 따라 설정되어 대형 해양사고를 막고 수 역 안전 및 항행 안전을 확보하는 목적을 지니고 있다. 하지만, 설정 범위에 있 어 국제법과 행정상의 원칙에 저촉되는 사안이 있다. 먼저, 바다의 헌법이라 불리는 해양법에 관한 국제연합협약(유엔해양법협약) 에 따른 접속수역에 교통안전특정해역이 설정되어 있으며 접속수역이 갖는 관 할권을 기준으로 본다면 교통안전특정해역과 관련된 모든 법령이 저촉되는 것은 아니지만, 대부분 법령이 저촉된다는 점을 알 수 있다. 특히 접속수역에서 보장되는 항행의 자유에 대한 침해가 주요한 문제라고 볼 수 있다. 이에 대한 해결방안으로 설정 수역 범위를 영해 내로 축소하거나 수역 안전 확보라는 공 익적 목적을 근거로 주변국의 인정을 받는 방법을 제시하였다. 또한, 행정기본법에 따른 비례의 원칙에 따라 울산구역과 포항구역을 살펴보 면 입법목적에 부합하지 않고 필요 이상으로 범위를 설정하여 공익 달성 없이 사익이 침해받는 구역이 있다. 이에 대한 해결방안으로 울산구역의 경우 거대 선 및 위험화물 운반선의 통항이 없는 저수심 구역의 제외를 제시하고, 포항구 역의 경우 실제 통항량이 존재하는 영일만 내로 범위를 한정하거나 혹은 유조 선통항금지구역 내로 범위를 한정하는 것을 제시하였다.