This study investigated the culture characteristics of Cryptoporus volvatus, whichis grow naturally in Korea, to determine the suitable environmental conditions for its cultivation. The physiological characteristics of the mycelia were assessed according to the cultivation conditions, to determine the optimal conditions for artificial cultivation. The visual characteristics of the hyphae of Cryptoporus volvatus KACC52303 included an irregular and uneven surface and a fuzzy or cotton-like texture. Under the microscope, its microstructure showed pre-chlamydospore formation, but no clamps were seen. The appropriate culture temperature was found to be a medium/high temperature of approximately 25–30oC, and the optimal pH was found to have a wide range from weakly acidic (pH 4) to neutral (pH 7). In the optimal nutrient source experiment, hyphal growth was shown to be fair in a mixed medium with 2.5% dextrin as the carbon source and 0.1% yeast extract as the organic nitrogen source. Among the various amino acids, organic acids, and inorganic salts tested, the fastest hyphal growth was observed in the presence of leucine, acetic acid or gluconic acid, and KCl or KH2PO4, respectively. The column test showed that the best mycelial growth occurred in a mixed medium of 80% pine sawdust, 10% rice bran, and 10% corncob sawdust.

Pleurotus species are the most consumed and cultivated mushrooms in Korea. Although oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) can be cultivated automatically, their storability is slightly lower than that of king oyster mushrooms (P. eryngii) and winter mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes); therefore, the export proportion of oyster mushrooms is very low. Since Korean mushrooms are highly preferred across Southeast Asian, the export of oyster mushrooms in the form of complete substrates is expected to be more promising than that of fresh mushroom. Here, 1 and 2.5 kg complete substrates of P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ and P. sajor-caju ‘Sambok’ were prepared and stored at different temperature from 0 to 15°C for 10 days. Thereafter, the formation of fruiting bodies was induced. Since the 2.5 kg complete substrates required 70 days of incubation, their mycelia were at an advanced age and their fruiting bodies did not grown normally. When 70%-incubated complete substrates were stored at 5–10°C, the growth was faster and more uniform and stable fruiting bodies were formed. Export test of complete substrates to Vietnam using distribution containers set at 0°C and 15°C revealed that the growth period was shortened by 1–2 days when the distribution containers were set at 15°C and the yield of ‘Soltari’ increased by approximately 10%. In addition, even though the yield of ‘Sambok’ was similar between treatments at 0°C and 15°C, the quality of fruiting bodies from 15°C-distributed complete substrates was much better than that of those from 0°C-distributed substrates.

본 연구는 유학(儒學)의 핵심을 덕(德)으로 상정하여,『논어(論語)』의 덕(德) 과 연관한 도(道)⋅인(仁)⋅예(藝)와의 용례 분석에 기초하여 덕교육적 의미를 탐구하고자 하였다. 이는 도덕적 실천과 윤리적 가치의 다원성 및 사회공동체 의 역사문화적 배경 등을 견지하는 현대 덕 윤리학의 관점을 지지하는 연장 선상에서, 전통 교육이 표방하는 덕교육적 의미를 강조하고 지금의 교육을 성 찰하기 위한 것이다. 일반적으로 도(道)는 자연에 관한 이치를 표방하는 반면, 덕(德)은 인간을 주체로 하여 주로 논의되고 있다. 그러나 공부를 하여 도를 이해하고 실행하 여 실제로 내 마음에 얻은 것을 덕이라고 하듯이, 공공(公共)의 가치와 지향점 을 체득하게 된다면 바로 도를 깨우친 덕인(德人)이 된다. 따라서 도는 덕에 의해 보다 구체화 된다. 인(仁)은 덕목 중의 하나로서 위계구조상 덕의 하위 범주에 해당하며, 덕의 속성과 특징으로도 논의된다. 그러나 『논어』의 핵심을 인으로 상정하고, 인을 구체적인 인간과 인간다움을 기반으로 이해하자면, 인은 모든 덕의 기초이자 본질적인 요소가 된다. 예(藝)는 예술이나 문예 등의 의미로 이해할 수 있지만, 인을 중심으로 하 여 구체적인 실천 덕목을 이행하고 실현함으로써 덕을 함양하고자 하는 도덕 군자를 주체로 하자면, 예(藝)는 군자가 탐구하는 유학의 학문으로서, 도덕적 실천을 중심으로 하는 덕교육적 교과 영역이나 교과 내용이다. 『논어』의 덕은 구체적인 실천 덕목과 확연히 차별화되어 진술되고 있지 않 고 있으며, 덕과 덕목 간의 위계구조 역시 명확하지 않다. 따라서 『논어』의 덕은 인(仁)을 중심으로 하여 실천 주체와 대상 또는 덕목 간의 관계성 측면 에서 중층구조를 띄고 있으며, 도(道)를 이해하고 깨우침으로써 공공(公共)의 가치와 선(善)을 지향하고 언행일치를 도모하는 등 일상생활에서의 지속적인 이행과 함양을 촉구한다.

본 연구는 기계식 앵커와 FRP를 새로운 시스템으로 복합하여 새로운 메커니즘의 Hybrid 앵커모델의 파괴형태중 균 열을 영상기반으로 프로세싱하여 균열탐지하는 메카니즘을 제시하였다. 기존의 cascade mask R-CNN 방식보다 탐지율과 효율성 이 우수한 Dense-UNet 기법을 활용하여 균열탐사기법에 활용하였다. 기존의 균열 뿐 아니라 앵커주위의 Round crack도 함께 탐 사되어 앵커 설치후 초기 균열 탐사에 효율성을 크게 가질 수 있다고 판단된다. 따라서 향후연구에서는 이미지 프로세싱 타임 을 줄이면서 정확도를 높일수 있는 Post-Processing이 보완된다면 균열탐사 및 오탐을 줄이는데 크게 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 또한 피사체와 카메라와의 거리를 계산하여 알고리즘에 고려한다면 구조적 균열기준인 0.3 mm의 균열 탐사에도 활용할 수 있 는 효과적인 기법이라 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 용제를 전혀 사용하지않고 UV경화가 가능한 나노 실버 페이스트를 개발하였다. 무용제(solvent-free) 타입으로 개발한 나노 실버 페이스트의 점도 및 점탄성 측정하였다. 그리고 스크린인쇄로 패턴을 인쇄한 후에 UV 경화로 전극도막을 형성시켰다. 형성된 전극도막의 전도성, 연필경도, 접착력에 대해서 평가하였다. 또한 전극 도막 을 광 소결하여 전도성을 평가하였다. 마지막으로 전극도막의 경화특성은 TGA 및 FT-IR로 평가하였다. 이러한 결 과를 정리하면 UV경화만 시켰을 경우에는 전도성, 접착력, 경화특성에 대해서는 Paste(3)이 가장 우수하였다. 그러 나 광소결 후에는 Paste(1)이 가장 우수한 전도성을 얻을수있었다. 그 이유는 10nm 실버 파우더를 사용한 것이 소 결 특성이 가장 우수했기 때문이라고 판단된다.

PURPOSES : Recently, increasing number of local governments are introducing on-demand public transportation service in real time to improve the management efficiency of public transportation. In preparation for the autonomous driving era, the “autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time” is being developed in the public transportation sector to introduce on-demand public transportation. For this service to become the public transportation of the future, it must receive publicity. Therefore, in this study, indicators were selected to evaluate the publicity of the autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a survey was conducted among the general public to examine the validity of the indicators. METHODS : To secure the publicity of on-demand public transportation in real time, the goal of the service was first set. Second, the keywords of the service were analyzed to define the publicity requirements of this service. Based on the analyzed keywords and definition of publicity, service indicator types were classified, and the indicators were defined by type. A user satisfaction survey was conducted on the final selected indicators to improve the degree of completion of indicator development. The user survey was conducted by presenting selected publicity indicators to respondents responding on a five-point scale to determine whether each indicator could satisfactorily evaluate publicity. RESULTS : When examining various previous research cases and the contents required for autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, the required items of publicity indicators were found to be “safety” in terms of “autonomous driving” and “convenience” in terms of “demand response.” Publicity indicators were developed according to these three items. Thirty-one indicators were developed, and a satisfaction survey was conducted on the general public for each indicator. In the survey, most of the indicators scored 3.5 points or higher, indicating that the indicators were generally well defined. Users gave the highest score to “fairness” among the three items, and “reasonable fairness” was found to be a necessary item as a publicity indicator. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, evaluation indicators were selected to secure the publicity of autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a satisfaction survey was conducted for each indicator. Most of the indicators showed a score of 3.5 or higher, indicating that they were generally well defined. However, this study has a limitation in that it surveys the general population. In future, experts should be included in the survey to increase the degree of completeness of the public indicators.

The energy dissipation of inverted V-type eccentric steel braced frames can be achieved through the yielding of a slit link, through yielding of a number of strips between slits when the frame is subjected to inelastic cyclic deformation. On the other hand, the development of seismic resistance system without residual deformation is obtained by applying the superelasdtic shape memory alloy (SMA) material into the brace and link elements. This paper presents results from a systematic three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis on the structural behavior of the eccentric bracing systems subjected to cyclic loadings. A wide scope of structural behaviors explains the horizontal stiffness, hysteretic behaviors, and failure modes of the recentering eccentric bracing system. The accurate results presented here serve as benchmark data for comparison with results obtained using modern experimental testing and alternative theoretical approaches.

Micro-climate measurements and computational fluid analysis were conducted to use it as basic data for the preservation and management of the old house of Kim Myung-kwan, a traditional building that is National Folk Cultural Property No. 26. As a result of the actual measurement, the temperature and humidity are relatively evenly distributed indoors unlike outdoors, but the temperature and humidity vary depending on the time change and the installation location in the outdoors. It was found that the temperature increases after dawn and the temperature varies depending on the installation position around 14:00–15:00, when the temperature becomes the highest. In particular, the temperature was high at the outdoor measurement point adjacent to the building and the fence. As a result of the computational fluid analysis, the temperature was high in the buildings and fences in the old house or in the area adjacent to the building, and it was about 1℃ higher than the surrounding area. In this area, it is judged that the thickening of wood will occur more severely than in other locations, and special preservation management is required.

PURPOSES : In this study, a method for improving roadside barrier performance by introducing additional reinforcing materials without dismantling or drilling the old underperforming roadside barrier is developed based on the Installation and Management Guide for Roadside Safety Feature. METHODS : Reinforcing roadside barriers comprising reinforcement rails, impact absorbers, blockouts, and support reinforcement plates attached to an old underperformance roadside barrier were designed and manufactured. The manufactured prototypes were subjected to a vehicle crash test to verify their performance. RESULTS : In a structure whose performance is measurable after it collides with a large truck, the minimum strength of the structure to withstand the collision is maintained. Additionally, the safety of passengers measured via the collision test of a small vehicle is excellent. Hence, the reinforcement plan for the old underperforming roadside barrier satisfies all the performance evaluation standards. CONCLUSIONS : The cost of the improvement technology specifications proposed herein is approximately 50% lower than that of a SB3 level roadside barrier. The proposed method for improving the old underperforming roadside barrier is expected to be widely applied as it can be applied conveniently to road sites.

홍콩의 소수민족 학생들을 위한 효과적인 교육 방법의 부족은 중국어를 배우려는 동기의 부족으로 이어진다. 본 연구는 소수민족 중등학교 학생들을 대상으로 그림책 수업을 실시하였다. 인터뷰, 수업 참관, 텍스트 분석 등의 연구 방법을 활용하여 중국어 교사가 어떻게 그림책 텍스트 속의 한자와 문장을 판별하게 하는지, 그리고 이야기의 내용과 주제를 이해시켜 깊은 성찰에 이르게 하는지를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 교사와 학생은 그림책 수업의 효과에 대해 긍정적인 평가를 하고 있으며, 그림책 수업이 학생들이 한자의 의미를 쉽게 인지하게 하고 텍스트의 내용 과 주제를 깊이 있게 이해하는데 도움을 준다고 생각함을 알게 되었다.

The Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTSSe) absorbers are promising thin film solar cells (TFSCs) materials, to replace existing Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe photovoltaic technology. However, the best reported efficiency for a CZTSSe device, of 13.6 %, is still too low for commercial use. Recently, partially replacing the Zn2+ element with a Cd2+element has attracting attention as one of the promising strategies for improving the photovoltaic characteristics of the CZTSSe TFSCs. Cd2+ elements are known to improve the grain size of the CZTSSe absorber thin films and improve optoelectronic properties by suppressing potential defects, causing short-circuit current (Jsc) loss. In this study, the structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics of CZTSSe and CZCTSSe thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. The FE-SEM images revealed that the grain size improved with increasing Cd2+ alloying in the CZTSSe thin films. Moreover, there was a slight decrease in small grain distribution as well as voids near the CZTSSe/Mo interface after Cd2+ alloying. The solar cells prepared using the most promising CZTSSe absorber thin films with Cd2+ alloying (8 min. 30 sec.) exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.33 %, Jsc of 34.0 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 62.7 %, respectively.

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to understand and describe teachers' experiences of early childhood sex education. Methods: For data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 early childhood teachers working at daycare centers until the data were saturated. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis method suggested by Braun and Clarke. Results: Although early childhood teachers recognized the necessity of sex education for children, they experienced difficulties in imparting sex education in daycare centers. Teachers lacked confidence because they themselves had not received proper education related to teaching sex education. It was confirmed that sex education methods and materials were lacking and outdated, and the support of educational institutions was insufficient. Teachers emphasized the importance of communication and cooperation with parents when sexual behavior problems occur in children. Conclusion: Systematic education for teachers and parents is required to raise awareness of sex education and to communicate smoothly among them.

최근 주요 국가들은 자율운항선박의 핵심기술을 개발하고 실제 선박에 대해 시범운항을 거쳐 상용화를 추진하고 있다. 이러한 자율운항선박의 시범운항 또 는 실증시 예기치 않은 사고가 발생할 경우 책임은 누구에게 있는지 그에 따른 손해보상은 어떻게 이루어지는지 확인할 필요가 있다. 먼저 규제자유특구 및 지역특화발전특구에 관한 규제특례법에 따라 자율운 항선박 실증시 사고 발생에 따른 인적 손해 및 물적 손해 등에 대해 실증사 업자에게 1차적 책임이 있다. 아울러 이러한 손해배상책임을 보장하기 위하여 실증사업자에게 책임보험이나 공제에 가입하도록 규정하고 있다. 이는 유럽연 합, 벨기에, 핀란드 등의 해외 사례에서도 시범운항에 대한 전적인 책임을 시 험기관에 부과하고 있으며, 선박보험, 책임보험 등의 가입을 의무화하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 기본적으로 실증사업자인 실증기관·연구단체에 책임이 있으나, 제조물의 결 함으로 손해를 입힌 경우 제조업자에게 책임을 물을 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 즉, 자동계류시스템, 원격제어시스템의 오류·결함 등으로 인해 손해가 발생한 경우 예상 가능한 오류로 인해 사고가 발생하였다면 원격시스템 개발자에게 제조물 책임을 물을 수 있으나, 예상 불가능한 오류일 경우에는 개발자에게 제조물 책임을 묻기 어려울 것으로 보인다. 자율운항선박 실증시에는 충돌 등의 사고로 인해 시험선, 타 선박에 물적 손해, 인적 손해, 해양오염 손해 등을 야기할 수 있다. 충돌사고로 인한 시험 선 물적 손해의 경우 모두 선박보험에서 보상되며, 타 선박의 물적 손해의 경 우 3/4은 선박보험에서 보상하고 나머지 1/4은 P&I보험에서 보상하게 된다. 부두의 물적 손해는 기본적으로 P&I보험에서 보상되며, 인적 손해, 해양오염 손해 또한 기본적으로 P&I보험에서 보상되기 때문에 선박 실증 전에 선박보 험회사나 P&I 조합에 실증시 위험에 대한 보상 여부를 확인하고 추가 보험료 가 있는지를 확인해야 한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore university students’ experiences of participating in online classes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A survey was conducted with 169 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in W City from May 5 to 22, 2021 through an online survey platform. Qualitative data were collected from 13 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in the same area through three focus group interviews between May 22 and 25 and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The experience of online classes was rated in the following order: live lectures (92.9%) and recorded lectures (73.4%). Satisfaction with online classes was rated for recorded lectures, which were scored 3.54±1.05 (out of five), and live lectures, which were scored 3.32±1.02. Lack of interaction with faculty (37.9%) and lack of participating practicum (30.8%) were cited as dissatisfaction factors in online classes. From the qualitative data, five sub-themes were identified: “not being respected in one’s learning”, “increased burden of learning in a situation of poor communication,” “it's not that I hate online classes”, “efforts to improve the loose will and attitude toward classes”, “reduced quality of experience and uncertain future”. These sub-themes were abstracted under the theme of “everyday life of learning alone toward an uncertain future”. Conclusion: To ensure more effective online learning, it is necessary to strengthen the interaction between faculty and students, apply online teaching strategies suitable for class objectives, and support various programs to motivate students for self-directed learning.

Purpose: The aim of this study investigated the transition experience of novice nurses working in a tertiary hospital, focusing on the difference between nursing school education and clinical nursing practice. Methods: The data were collected through an unstructured, in-depth interview with 14 recently employed nurses from October 2020 to January 2021. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The main theme of the transition experience perceived by new graduate nurses was confirmed as ‘reality shock’. In the process of identifying the main themes, five categories, sixteen sub- categories, and sixty-two concepts were derived. The five categories were, ‘Clinical field different from school education setting’, ‘Nursing school education in need of change’, ‘Strengths and limitations of clinical training in schools and hospitals’, ‘Difficulty in establishing relationships and communicating’, and ‘struggling to stand alone’. Conclusion: To minimize the reality shock experienced by novice nurses, nursing schools should innovate their traditional teaching methods based on the changing characteristics of the novice nurses and the clinical environment. In nursing practice, hospitals should grant more time to the nurses for adaptation and diversify mentoring programs comparable to internships for novice nurses.