This study was conducted to develop and validate the Sugar Intake Reduction Test (SIRT) for young children, and included eating behaviors, attitude, and nutritional knowledge about sugars. A draft version of the SIRT was developed after literature review. The final draft of the SIRT was established after two pilot tests of 5 year old children and an expert group’s review, and is comprised of a one on one test between an investigator and a child using picture tools. It contained of 20 questions which included 3 components: eating behaviors (5 items), preference for sugar sweetened food (10 items), and nutritional knowledge about sugars (5 items). The final SIRT was conducted on 181 children 5 (n=100) to 6 (n=81) years old, to examine its item and test adequacies. The passing rate of most items significantly increased with increasing age, and most of the item discrimination also differed significantly between the below and upper score groups. The content validity was given a high score by professionals (mean score 3.9 out of 4). Reliability of all the items in the SIRT was high (Cronbach’s α=0.82). Moreover, the total component and the sub-component scores of the SIRT correlated significantly. Our results indicate that the SIRT is a valid tool to measure sugar intake reduction in young children aged 5~6 years.

흰점박이꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis)는 딱정벌레목 꽃무지과에 속하는 곤충으로 갈색거저리 유충이 처음 식품 원료로 인정받은 데 이어 두 번째로 식품 원료로 인정받아 약용으로 널리 쓰이고 있다. 현재 흰점박이꽃무지 의 국내 사육 농가는 약 430여 개로 파악되고 있으며 대부분의 농가에서 응애 발생 피해로 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이에 흰점박이꽃무지 기생응애의 서식 특성을 파악하고자 흰점박이꽃무지에 기생하는 응애를 채집하여 현미경 을 통해 주기적으로 관찰하였다. 그 결과 응애가 흰점박이꽃무지 관절에 붙어 체액을 흡즙함으로써 필요한 영양분을 섭취하는 것을 확인하였다. 암컷과 수컷의 형태에 차이가 있었으며 이들의 교미 후 암컷의 산란을 통하여 새로운 개체가 발생하였다. 또한 습한 환경에서 움직임이 활발하였고 건조한 상태에서는 알 또는 충이 점차 마르며 생존하지 못하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 흰점박이꽃무지 기생응애의 서식 특성을 구명하여 농가의 응애 피해 저감을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

곤충은 학습 및 애완용, 화분매개용, 천적용, 의약용, 환경정화용 등 다양하게 활용되고 있으며 최근에는 식품 원료로써의 역할이 대두되고 있다. 이처럼 곤충에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 국내 곤충 사육 환경의 기초기반 자료를 확보하기 위하여 국내 주요 산업곤충 사육농가의 분포 및 실태를 조사하였다. 각 조사는 지역별로 실시되었으며 주요 산업곤충인 갈색거저리, 쌍별귀뚜라미, 흰점박이꽃무지, 장수풍뎅이, 동애등에에 대하여 규모, 용도, 사육시설형 태 등을 조사하였다. 전체 산업곤충 농가는 867 농가였으며 그 중 갈색거저리 사육농가는 126, 쌍별귀뚜라미 43, 흰점박이꽃무지 433, 장수풍뎅이 241, 동애등에 24 농가로 조사되었다. 지역별로는 경기지방이 246 농가로 가장 많았으며 경남 147, 경북 113, 충북 91, 전남 75, 전북 73, 충남 66, 강원 35, 서울 10, 인천 4, 광주 2, 세종 2, 울산 2, 대전 1 농가 순으로 집계되었다.

도토리에 구멍을 뚫고 가지를 자르는 도토리거위벌레(Cyllorhynchites ursulus, n=130)의 큰턱(mandible)의 외부형태 와 가지를 자르는 기작을 생체모방에 이용하기 위하여 분석을 하였다. 또한 큰턱의 외부형태와 자르는 기작비교를 위하여 비슷한 습성을 가진 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis, n=30), 왕거위벌레(Paracycnotrachelus longiceps, n=15)의 큰턱 외부형태를 분석하였다. 외부형태 분석을 위하여 각 종의 큰턱을 주사형전자현미경(SEM)으로 촬영, 도토리거위 벌레의 자르기 행동과 뚫기 행동은 영상 촬영으로 분석하였다. 도토리거위벌레는 큰턱을 좌우로 움직이며 3개의 톱니형태의 이(teeth)가 있으며, 밤바구미의 큰턱은 상하로 움직이며 2개의 톱니형태의 이가, 왕거위벌레는 좌우로 맞물리면서 씹는 움직임이며 톱니형태의 3개의 톱니형태의 이를 가지고 있다. 도토리거위벌레는 큰턱의 내·외전건 (adductor · abductor tendon)을 움직여 구멍을 뚫고 가지를 자르는 것으로 분석이 되었으며 외전건이 내전건보다 굵어 더 큰 힘이 바깥쪽으로 작용하는 것으로 분석되었다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of size and depth of cavities on the pavement failure using the full-scale accelerated pavement testing. METHODS: A full-scale testbed was constructed by installing the artificial cavities at a depth of 0.3 m and 0.7 m from the pavement surface for accelerated pavement testing. The cavities were made of ice with a dimension of 0.5 m*0.5 m*0.3 m, and the thickness of asphalt and base layer were 0.2 m and 0.3 m, respectively. The ground penetrating radar and endoscope testing were conducted to determine the shape and location of cavities. The falling weight deflectometer testing was also performed on the cavity and intact sections to estimate the difference of structural capacity between the two sections. A wheel loading of 80 kN was applied on the pavement section with a speed of 10 km/h in accelerated pavement testing. The permanent deformation was measured periodically at a given number of repetitions. The correlation between the depth and size of cavities and pavement failure was investigated using the accelerated pavement testing results. RESULTS : It is found from FWD testing that the center deflection of cavity section is 10% greater than that of the intact section, indicating the 25% reduction of modulus in subbase layer due to the occurrence of the cavity. The measured permanent deformation of the intact section is approximately 10 mm at 90,000 load repetitions. However, for a cavity section of 0.7 m depth, a permanent deformation of 30 mm was measured at 90,000 load repetitions, which is three times greater than that of the intact section. At cavity section of 0.3 m, the permanent deformation reached up to approximately 90 mm and an elliptical hole occurred at pavement surface after testing. CONCLUSIONS : This study is aimed at determining the pavement failure mechanism due to the occurrence of cavities under the pavement using accelerated pavement testing. In the future, the accelerated pavement testing will be conducted at a pavement section with different depths and sizes of cavities. Test results will be utilized to establish the criteria of risk in road collapse based on the various conditions.

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of cooling water treatment with ionized calcium on calcium content, extending the shelf-life and quality of fresh chicken meat in poultry slaughtering process. The subjects were divided into four groups: control (0% without ionized calcium) and treatment groups (0.5, 0.7, 0.9% ionized calcium). The results indicated that the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium exhibited the bacterial counts of 105 CFU/cm2 in surface of chicken meat, and maintained the quality of fresh chicken meat with extending the shelf-life above seven days when compared with that of control group. The results found that the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium could produce the calcium enrichment of chicken meat as nine times higher in calcium content of chicken meat when compared with that of control group. pH, water holding capacity, TBARS (MDA mg/kg) in chicken meat via the cooling water treatment with ionized calcium showed 6.4, above 50, below 0.10, respectively, with preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Lightness (L*) as a chicken meat color, shear force indicated above 60, below 1.70 kg/0.5 inch2, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

This study examined the effectiveness of integrated language instruction using dictogloss on vocabulary knowledge and retention. Forty EFL students from two classes of an elementary school participated in the study. The integrated language class and segregated language class were examined by looking into the effect of each instructional type on the vocabulary knowledge development and retention. A total of 10 target words were selected from a storybook related to their textbook. Four types of vocabulary knowledge were measured: passive recognition, passive recall, active recognition, and active recall. The pretest and posttest were performed to measure the vocabulary growth. The retention rate of each instruction was examined by conducting a delayed posttest on the same words after two weeks. The results of this study indicate that integrated language instruction using dictogloss works better in vocabulary retention. They also suggest that further classroom research is required to prove that dictogloss is an effective way for vocabulary learning.

The proposed hybrid damper installs at a coupling beam and consists of a high-damping rubber (HDR) and steel pin. The proposed hybrid damper adopted a pin-lock system acts as a viscoelastic damper under wind load (small displacement) while it behaves as a hysteretic damper under earthquake load (large displacement). In this paper, the pin-lock mechanism and structural performance of the proposed hybrid damper is evaluated through experiment. Experiments were carried out with the variables which displacement, loading frequency and steel pin quantities were used. Test results showed that the pin-lock mechanism and the performance of the hybrid damper under a large displacement were verified. Also equivalent damping ratios of HDR were increasing at a small displacement as displacement amplitudes were increasing. However HDR did not depend on frequency,

This study considers the modern expression of oriental esthetics by analyzing the fashion design with the Chinese ink technique based on the concept of Chi-Yun- Sheng-Tung, which was regarded as the best rule of art creation in oriental history. This study was performed by conducting a literature review of related books and advanced studies, and then, collection analysis was done with photos derived from fashion websites (seoulfashionweek.org, chinafashionweek.org, vogue.com, firstview. com) from 2010 S/S to 2016 S/S. A total of 317 fashion photos of designs created using the Chinese ink technique by Korean designers at Seoul Fashion Week and Chinese designers at China Fashion Week were analyzed. The contemporary fashions created with the Chinese ink technique were characterized by, first, the bold brush strokes and natural spreading effects of Chinese ink, second, the emphasis of empty space by taking essential elements, and third, the coexistence of deep Chinese ink colors with modern primary colors. The formativeness of the contemporary fashions created with Chinese ink technique based on Chi-Yun-Sheng-Tung were as follows: first, temperance, pursuing spiritual and minimal expression, second, empty space, making design elements interact and pursue harmony, third, changeable rhythm, symbolizing the growth and variation revealing the power of life, and fourth, vitality, represented in the rhythmical movement of the brush. This study was based on the oriental esthetics inherent in Chi-Yun-Sheng-Tung, and it attempted to analyze contemporary fashion design. The aim was to show the possibility of modern applications to traditional values, and it can be a meaningful case in design planning based on culture.

The sustainability of Iris koreana, a rare and endemic plant designated by the Korea Forest Service, is threatened due to artificial factors such as habitats loss and climate change etc. and internal factors such as changes in biological properties of the habitats etc. but conservation biology research has not been performed in South Korea. The objective of this study is to establish the species conservation strategies by analyzing the characteristics of their habitats, including: 1) Population characteristics, and 2) habitat analysis of the vegetation and abiotic environments. From April to May, 2015, population characteristics [density (stems m-2), flowering rate (%) and leaf area size (cm2)] in I. koreana habitats such as Buan1~6 (BA1~6), Jangseong1~2 (JS1~2) and vegetation characteristics (phytosociological research and ordination analysis), and abiotic environments [soil temperature (℃), soil humidity (%), transmitted light (mol·m-2·d-1) and canopy openness (%)] were measured. I. koreana was mainly distributed at elevation 50 to 150 m and 2 to 11° slope. Slope direction was shown as 90 to 193°. The average degree of canopy openness was 11.9%. It showed the highest at BA2 (17.5) and the lowest at JS1 (7.7). The average degree of transmitted light was 6.3 mol·m-2·d-1. It showed the highest at BA2 (10.1) and the lowest at JS1 (3.6). Population density showed average 25.8 (stems m-2). It showed the highest at JS2 (19.7) and the lowest at JS1 (9.3). flowering stems showed average 16.9 (stems). It showed the highest at BA3 (35) and the lowest at BA5 (4). Leaf area size was average 94.1 cm2.

우리나라에서 동물등록제 의무화가 실시된 이래 유기동물 발생에 대한 감소가 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있지 않으며 동물등록제에 대한 정보가 충분하지 않고 동물등록제에 대한 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있다는 문제점을 인지되어 현황 및 인식조사를 실시하게 되었다. 설문조사는 온라인으로 진행되었으며 약 400여 명의 성인남녀를 대상으로 하여 설문조사의 정확성을 높였다. 또한 동물등록제의 현황을 조사하기 위해 관련 단체 ‘한국동물구조협회’와 인터뷰를 하였으며 외국과 비교하여 우리나라의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 방안을 모색하고 동물 등록제를 장려하기 위해 홍보 캠페인을 진행하였다. 연구결과, 반려동물등록제에 대해 과반수이상이 알고 있다고 응답하였지만, 등록제 시행은 절반도 이루어지지 않았다. 그 이유는 반려동물등록제에 대해 알지 못할뿐더러 내장형 식별장치(마이크로 칩)에 대한 부정적인 인식이 큰 부분을 차지하는 것으로 드러났다. 따라서 반려동물등록제에 대한 보다 적극적인 홍보와 인식개선이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

최근 대도시에서 빈번하게 발생하는 도로함몰로 인해 국민들의 불안감이 증대되는 가운데 도로함몰 발 생 원인 및 위험도 평가를 위한 기초연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해 한국건설기술연구원에서 보유한 포장가속시험기(Accelerated Pavement Tester, APT) 운영을 통해 동공 심도 및 크기에 따라 아스팔트 포장체 파손에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 먼저 예비실험 및 동공 관련 문헌조사 결과 동공 생성에 얼음이 적합한 것으로 판단되어 테스트베드 구축 시 가로×세로×높이가 50cm×50cm×30cm인 얼음을 주문 제작하여 포장가속시험기 바퀴축의 중앙에 깊이 0.3m와 0.7m 지점에 매설하였다. 동공 매설 깊이 와 크기를 결정한 기준은 일본의 도로함몰 위험도 등급 기준과 서울시에서 발생된 동공의 심도 중 그 빈 도가 높은 위치를 선정하였다. 동공 매설 시 내시경 촬영을 위한 관을 매립하여 동공 생성 여부 및 함몰 진행상황을 모니터링 하였다. 테스트베드 구축한 후 FWD 장비를 이용하여 동공을 매설한 동공구간과 매설하지 않은 건전구간의 구 조적 지지력을 측정하였으며, 동공구간이 건전구간보다 처짐값이 약 10% 정도 낮은 것으로 파악되었다. 1차 포장가속시험 후(운행횟수 90,000회) 소성변형량 측정 결과 건전구간은 약 10mm 정도의 소성변형이 발생했으나 동공구간은 약 30mm정도 발생하여 약 3배의 차이가 나는 것으로 파악되었다.

사이드 스트림 방식의 막 모듈을 대상으로 유입 유량을 수직으로 균등하게 분포시킬 수 있는 방안을 CFD로 설계한 결과, 내부 유입 수리구조에 유공 격벽 을 설치함으로써 모듈내로의 유입유량은 표준편차 기준으로 약 40% 정도 감소 됨을 확인하였다. 또한 CFD 결과를 검증하고 사이드 스트림 막 모듈의 편중된 오염의 원인을 조사하기 위해 수행된 입자영상유속 측정 결과로부터 유입구 반대편 유공에서 막 모듈 내부로 들어오는 수체의 유속이 상대적으로 커 수체의 모멘텀이 유입구 측벽에 강한 전단력을 발생하지만 유입구 반대 측벽에서는 사류가 형성됨을 확인하였다.

Increasing sugar intake of population has become a nutritional issue in Korea. Sweet taste perception may be related to behaviors such as eating sweet food including high sugars and total sugar intake. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective sweet taste perception and the association among objective sweet taste perception, dietary behaviors related to eating sweet snack food including high sugar, and total sugar intake from the snacks. Participants were 261 healthy female college students (mean age: 21.0±1.6 years), who were divided into three subgroups based on oral sweet taste evaluation using a sweet taste assessment tool provided by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: sweet-seeker group (n=139), medium sweet-seeker group (n=54), and unsweet-seeker group (n=68). There was no significant difference in weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups; however, the sweet-seeker group had significantly higher sweet taste preference than that of the other groups. Though more people in the sweet-seeker group thought they tended to eat sweet foods than the medium sweet-seeker and unsweet-seeker groups, over half of the sweet-seekers did not think they tended to eat sweet foods. The sweet-seeker group was more likely to eat sweet snacks such as breads, chocolate products, sugar-sweetened milk, and so on than the unsweet-seeker group. Total sugar intake from the selected sweet snacks was 44.4 g for the sweet-seeker group, 34.4 g for the medium sweet-seeker group, and 28.0 g for the unsweet-seeker group with a significant difference. These results indicated the absence of relationship between objective sweet taste perception and the obesity index; however, significant associations were detected among objective sweet taste perception, eating sweet snacks and total sugar intake from the snacks. We also found high disagreement between objective and subjective sweet taste perception of the subjects. The present study provided the novel insight that measuring objective sweet taste perception may be useful for assessing the risk of high sugar consumption and undesirable dietary behaviors.