We have presented detected molecules, atoms, radicals, ions, and dimers in the atmospheres of planets and comets from Earth-based and spaceborne observatories during the last 3 decades. We have reviewed spectroscopic studies on the auroral emissions and air glows of the giant planets, and briefly summarized spectroscopic observations of dimers in the atmospheres of the giant planets and Titan. In particular, we highlighted the recent detections of new molecular emissions and absorptions in the spectra of the giant planets, Titan, and recent bright comets from spaceborne or ground-based observatories. We also reviewed current models and theories of the origin and evolution of the solar system, and implications of isotopic ratios in these atmospheres.

The Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles was an experimental project that Le Corbusier had been waiting for since 1920s in order to explore his ideals and visions in mass housing and city planning. As a leader of the first generation members in CIAM, Le Corbusier tried to give a new form and an order to the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles in both building design and city planning level. The purpose of this research is to investigate the design characteristics of the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles in three different levels of built environment with a particular emphasis on the process through which an original form is derived from its contextual settings. In the level of city planning, Le Corbusier aimed to reshape traditional low-rise urban housing by deploying several Unites spaciously. Le Corbusier believed that the spacious deployment of Unites would bring us both the functional economy in the city and the natural amenity in the suburbs. As Unite d'Habitation would be called frequently as vertical garden city, the influence of suburban garden city on Unite d'Habitation is apparent. In the building level, the binomial harmony of individual-collectivity was pursued by providing three different public floors and by combining 23 different family unit types in the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles. In order to visualize the concept of object-type, family units were prefabricated and inserted into the structural frame of the Unite d'Habitation at Marseilles. Two family units are combined to make a three-story section with street corridor in the middle. This three-story section unit is very original as it has access corridor every third floor and each unit could have considerable depth with the help of the living space of two story height. In consideration of formal and plan similarity as well as contextual edivdence, it is concluded that the three-story section of the Unite d'Habitation is derived more from Narkomfin Apartments than from the monastery at Ema or Immuble Villas.

구조물의 동적해석의 주된 관점은 적은 갯수의 모우드형상과 계산과정으로 적정정도의 해를 구하는 것이다. Component mode method는 부분구조물 기법을 이용하여 자유도를 줄이는 방법을 이용하였으나 동하중의 특성이 고려되지 않는 단점이 있으며 이를 보완하기 위한 Ritz Vector법은 많은 반복연산이 필요하며 오차가 가중되는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 Component mode method의 효율성을 개선시키고자 기존의 장점을 유지하면서 직접적분과정에서의 계산량을 현저히 줄일 수 있는 Lanczos 알고리즘을 도입하였다. 이 방법의 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 예제구조물을 해석하여 SAP90의 결과와 비교하였다.

The unique compact radio source, Sgr $A^*$, at the Galactic center show many observational signs that it is powered by supermassive black hole. Recent observations also imply that it is surrounded by winds from nearby IR sources. So we explore the model in which multiwavelength spectrum from Sgr $A^*$ is due to the spherical accretion of these winds onto the central supermassive black hole. Improving upon the previous work, we allowed the possibility that ions and electrons have different temperatures, included the Compton effects and pair processes. Electrons radiate via cyclosynchrotron and bresstrahlung with comptoniztion. We find that ion approaches the virial temperature ${\sim}10^{13}K$ while electron temperature saturates at ${\sim}10^{10}K$. However, decoupling between ion and electron does not greatly affect the shape of the emission spectrum. When the mass of the black hole is ${\sim}10^6M_{\odot}$, radio, IR, X-ray, $\gamma$-ray band spectrum is reasonably explained by the model. Yet Compton effect which is neglected in previous works produces significant emission in IR band, which is marginally compatible with observations. Pair production is negligible and annihilation lines cannot be observed.

거대한 평판형 격자구조물올 연속체 평판으로 모델링하기 위한 보다 용이한 기법올 에너지동둥 개 념에 근기 하여 제시하였다. 단위 격 자가 갖 는 탄성변형에너지와 운동에너지를 구 할때 기폰의 유한요소 행렬을 이용하였다. 연속체 평 판의 퉁 가불성치 는 연속체평판과 격자평판에 해당하는 축소된 강성 및 질 량행 렬들 올 직 접 비 교 하여 구하였다- 본 연구에서 제안된 모 델링기법이 기존의 잘 알려진 기볍들에 옷지 않는 좋 은 결 과를 보여주고 있음을 예제해석을 통해 확인하였다.

To restore reclaimed land, it needs to be supplemented with organic matter; this is especially true for Korea, where organic matter constitutes only one-tenth of conventional agricultural soils. The giant Miscanthus, a perennial grass known for its extensive biomass, shows signs of being an excellent source of organic matter for restoring reclaimed land. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the feasibility of using the giant miscanthus as an organic resource within the context of re-using reclaimed land for agricultural purposes (i.e., potato cultivation), and (ii) determine the optimum fertilization rate for the potatoes while the giant miscanthus is being used as an organic resource. Our results show that after 180 days, giant miscanthus lost 23–47% of its original dry weight, with the extent of the loss dependent on soil salinity. Nutrient concentrations (Mg2+, Na+) continued to increase until the end of the study period. In contrast, potassium (K+) and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decreased until the end of the study period. Specifically, after 180 days, low salinity topsoil treatments had the lowest C/N ratio. In the first year, 150 % of standard N rates were required for the potatoes to achieve maximum productivity; however in the 2nd year, standard rates were sufficient to achieve maximum productivity. Overall, this implies that even though the application of giant miscanthus did eventually improve soil quality, increasing crop yields, N fertilization is still necessary for the best outcomes.

Early maturing glutinous rice lines with giant embryo were developed using anther culture. Deuraechan, mid-late maturing high-yielding japonica rice variety with resistance against rice stipe virus (RSV), bacterial blight (BB), and lodging, and Chenghyangna ge, early maturing glutinous rice germplasm with giant embryo were used the parents. F2 seeds from the cross between Deuraechan and Chenghyangna ge with glutinous endosperm and giant embryo were selected and propagated to F2 population. In F2 population, anther culture was conducted using the panicles from the early maturing plants. All doubled haploid (DH) lines showed early maturing, glutinous endosperm, and giant embryo phenotype. Through marker-assisted selections to Stvb-i and Xa3, 17 DH lines carrying both resistance genes were selected. Among 17 DH lines, six lines with more embryo size and better agronomic traits were selected and analyzed their characteristics. These lines were early maturing glutinous rice with giant embryo and showed enhanced yield, resistance against RSV and BB, and lodging, compared to previously developed giant embryo rice varieties. But they were vulnerable to preharvest sprouting which is important trait in early maturing rice. According to the texture and rapid viscosity analysis, DH lines were considered to have appropriate properties of cooked brown rice. They showed less hardness, gummniess, chewiness, and setback. Developed DH lines could be useful materials for diversification of cropping system and enhancing the brown rice consumption but the breeding efforts to improve the vulnerability against preharvest sprouting is required to apply for practical variety.

전 세계적으로 지속가능한 에너지자원의 확보에 대한 필요성과 관심이 높아지고 있다. 현재 화석연료의 의존도가 높으나, 화석연료의 가격의 변동이 심하고, 한정된 매장량을 지니며, 지나친 화석연료의 사용은 환경적으로 심각한 악영향을 미친다. 바이오매스 및 폐기물을 에너지원으로 하여 에너지를 생산하는 분야는 최근 각광받는 신･재생 에너지 분야 중 하나이다. 바이오 에너지는 바이오매스로부터 전환된 바이오 에너지를 사용할 때 발생되는 이산화탄소가 바이오매스의 성장에 다시 쓰이게 되므로 탄소중립적이며 바이오매스의 경작, 재배를 통하여 지속적으로 생산 할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 최근까지 옥수수, 사탕수수 등의 식량자원을 에너지원으로 사용하였지만 이러한 식량자원의 사용은 국제 곡물가 폭등 및 후진국의 식량파동을 야기하므로 비 식량에너지 작물개발에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이러한 비 식량 바이오매스에 대한 연구의 일환으로 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 거대억새를 개발하였다. 거대억새는 국내에 자생하는 물억새의 일종으로 염색체수가 76개로 4배체이며 기존 물억새 대비 크기와 굵기가 2배 이상이기 때문에 수확량은 약 30 ton/ha 로 1.5배 가량 높다. 또한 셀룰로오스 함량이 44%로 많고 회분이 1.6%로 적기 때문에 에너지자원으로써의 잠재성을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 거대억새를 원료로 하여 bio-oil을 생산하는 연구를 진행하였다. 바이오매스는 열분해, 가스화, 연소 등의 열화학적 공정을 통하여 더욱 가치 있는 에너지의 형태로 변환될 수 있으며 그 중 급속열분해 공정은 무산소 분위기, 약 500℃의 반응온도, 2초 이하의 짧은 기체체류시간을 유지하여 액상생성물인 bio-oil의 수율을 극대화 하는 공정이다. Bio-oil의 수율과 품질은 급속열분해 운전조건에 영향을 받으며 그 중 반응온도는 가장 영향을 많이 미치는 인자이다. 본 연구에서는 1kg/h 급 사각형 유동층반응기를 이용, 기포유동층 영역에서 400-550℃의 온도범위로 거대억새를 급속열분해 하였고, 생성된 bio-oil의 발열량, 수분함량, 점도, GC/MS 등의 분석을 통하여 특성 및 품질분석을 실시하였다. 또한 타 목본계, 초본계 바이오매스들과의 비교를 통하여 거대억새 bio-oil의 연료로써 가치평가도 함께 실시하였다.

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

최근 교토의정서 발효로 인한 이산화탄소 배출량 감축의무 등에 따라 세계 여러 나라에서는 바이오매스 및 폐기물에너지에 대한 투자와 연구 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 바이오매스를 에너지로 전환하는 열화학적 전환공정으로는 연소, 가스화, 급속열분해 공정이 있으며, 이중 급속열분해 공정은 바이오매스를 액상 연료로 전환하는 공정으로, 공정을 통해 생산되는 bio-oil은 발전용, 수송용 연료, 화학소재 등 다양한 분야에 활용이 가능하기 때문에 연구개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 농촌진흥청에서 국립식량과학원에서 개발한 에너지작물인 거대억새 1호는 국내에 자생하는 물억새 일종으로서 염색체 수가 76개인 4배체이다. 간장이 4m, 경태가 9.6mm로서 일반 물억새에 비해 2배 이상 크고 굵기 때문에 수확량이 30ton/hr 정도로 일반 물억새에 비해 50% 이상 많다. 줄기가 고사하면 줄기에 붙어 있는 잎집과 잎이 대부분 탈락되어 셀롤로오스 함량이 44%로 많고 회분 함량이 1.6%로 적기 때문에 bio-oil 제조용으로 좋은 연료이다. Bio-oil을 안정적으로 발전용, 수송용 연료로 사용하기 위해서는 고품질의 bio-oil을 생산할 수 있는 공정 기술이 기반이 되어야 한다. Bio-oil의 수율 및 품질은 급속열분해 운전조건에 영향을 받기 때문에 높은 수율의 고품질 bio-oil을 생산하기 위해서는 급속열 분해 공정의 최적운전 조건 도출 및 bio-oil의 물리-화학적 특성 변화에 대한 연구가 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 급속열분해 반응 온도가 거대억새 bio-oil의 물리-화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해서 사각형 유동층 급속열분해 반응기를 이용하여 급속열분해 실험을 수행하였다. 급속열분해 실험은 400~550℃ 범위에서 수행되었으며, 급속열분해 반응온도에 따른 생성물의 수율을 측정하였다. 그리고 급속열분해 반응온도 변화에 따른 bio-oil의 수분 함량, 발열량, 점도 변화와 GC/MS 분석을 통하여 bio-oil 내 성분 변화를 살펴보았다.

눈큰흑찰은 최근 국민의 건강에 대한 관심에 대한 요구에 부응하기 위해 2012년 국립식량과학원 기능성작물부에서 육 성한 품종이다. 눈큰흑찰은 씨눈에 함유된 기능성 물질 함량 이 높은 벼 개발을 목적으로 get를 모본으로 하고 흑찰벼인 조생흑찰 부본으로 교배하여 계통육종법으로 육성되었다. 선 발된 YR25277-B-B-314-2 계통을 밀양263호로 계통명을 부 여하고 2010～2012년 3년간 지역적응시험 실시하여 2012년 12월 농촌진흥청 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에서 품 종으로 선정되었으며 눈큰흑찰로 명명하였다. 눈큰흑찰의 출 수기는 전국 평균 7월 30일로 조생흑찰과 비슷한 조생종이다. 벼 키는 65 cm로 조생흑찰과 비슷하며 포기당 이삭수와 이삭 당 벼알수도 각각 13개와 73개로 조생흑찰과 비슷하다. 천랍 중이 17.8 g으로 조생흑찰보다 1.7 g 정도 가벼운 편이다. 도 복 및 도열병에는 강하나 흰잎마름병, 바이러스병 및 해충에 약한 편이다. 쌀수량은 3.54 Mt/ha로 조생흑찰의 4.12 MT/ha 보다 낮은 편이다. 현미모양은 장폭비 1.93으로 조생흑찰과 비슷한 중장립형이며 종피에 안토시아닌이 함유된 흑색찰벼 이다. 눈큰흑찰은 거대배 품종으로 씨눈무게가 1.46 mg으로 조생흑찰 보다 3배 정도 무거우며, 이에 따라 씨눈에 많이 포 함된 GABA 함량이 높다. 눈큰흑찰의 적응지역은 중부 및 남 부 평야지이다.

Hydroureter could occur in a state where the whole ureter was remarkably expanded. The causes of occurrence are anatomi-cal urinary tract obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux, and it could occur unilaterally or bilaterally according to its reason. A 38-year-old man presented with left flank pain. Abdominal CT showed a severely atrophied left kidney and a large retroperi-toneal cyst near the left kidney. The pathologic finding showed that the cyst wall is composed of transitional epithelium, lamina propria, muscle, and adventitia, and final diagnosis was hydroureter. The unilateral marked hydroureter misdiagnosed as a retroperitoneal cyst was quite rare. We report on this rare case with literature.

The rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) was one of the most destructive pest of rice for the 1960s and 1970s in Korea. Recently, it is newly recognized as a potential risk factor to the biomass yield of bioenergy crops. The current research was firstly conducted to investigate overwintering larvae population density and pattern of rice stem borer attacking Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 which is referred to as an ideal lignocellulosic bioenergy crop in Korea. Population density of larvae per 1 m2 in stems and rhizomes at the Miscanthus experimental plots and rates of damage (wormhole, abscission) of M. sacchariflorus cv. Goedae 1 were investigated from October 2012 to March 2013. The population of larvae per 1 m2 in stems of Miscanthus were 23, 4, 1, and 1 in October, November, December 2012, and January 2013, respectively. Over the same period, the population of larvae in basal stem rots and rhizomes were increased, whereas decreased in stems. Interestingly, the positions of larvae for overwintering in Miscanthus were confirmed to 5~10 cm below the soil surface such as basal stem rot and rhizome, whereas the most common overwintering position known in rice is a part of stem on the ground such as rice straw and rice stubble. It would suggest that the larvae gradually moved to bottom of stems and rhizomes in soil in line with decline in temperature. Moreover, the damage rates of stems per 1 m2 were up to more than 50% in some places. In conclusion, this might be the first report that rice stem borer could affect the productivity of biomass of Miscanthus in case of mass cultivation. Moreover, it should be necessary to make a decision in insect control management for this bioenergy feedstock and other related crops.