Hazardous waste is also becoming more important as opportunities for industrial waste recycling are extended. Some hazardous industrial wastes that contain many inorganic materials and heavy metals can be reused as resources: Heavy metal recovery, heat energy, etc. To facilitate the waste-to-energy system, waste generation characteristics should be defined and managed by analyzing hazardous material content. This study examines the inorganic materials (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, F, and Ba) of industrial wastes and the generation process (case of the Korean Standard Industrial Classification) using Absolutely Hazardous (AH) Waste Lists (LoW and EU). In particular, manufacture classification was a main waste generation process (82% for “AH”). Moreover, these 10 components (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, and F, but not Ba) are compared with the regulatory limits on heavy metals in soil: Hg and As must be under the limit of the 3 Level (0.3 ~ 7.3 mg/kg).

In order to promote the resource circulation and upcycling of waste refrigerators, it is necessary to analyze the material flow of recovered valuable resources and low-value residues after they are discharged. This study divided the flow of waste refrigerators into the five steps of discharge, collection, pretreatment, resource recovery, and sale/export/disposal and conducted material flow analysis (MFA) in each step. Waste refrigerators are treated via official (formal sectors, 65.6% of total amount) and unofficial (informal sectors, 34.4% of total amount) channels. Officially, waste refrigerators are collected through free collection by national and local governments, recovery by product producers and distributors, and waste collection·transportation·recycling companies and are recycled at public and private recycling centers. Unofficially, waste refrigerators are collected through junk shops and individual collectors. Waste refrigerators recycled in the formal sectors undergo pretreatment processes such as the disassembly, shredding, and separation and recovery of resources such as scrap irons, plastics, PCB (printed circuit board), cables, glasses, waste refrigerants, urethane, etc. Waste refrigerators recycled in informal sector treated through disassembly of the exterior, the shredding process by the excavators in illegal facilities and recovered waste refrigerants, plastics, glasses, scrap irons, copper, nickel silver, PCB, urethane, etc. MFA results show that in 2015, the amount of waste refrigerators collected from formal sectors reached 121,642 ton/year, the amount of recycling was 107,684 ton/year, and the amount of residues was 13,955 ton/year respectively. Thus, actual recycling rate per a waste refrigerator was estimated 88.15% in 2015. To promote the resource circulation and upcycling of waste refrigerators, it is necessary to find a way to improve the recycling of urethane, which accounts for 10.8% of the total weight of a refrigerator.

With the increase in food consumption, the amount of animal and plant residues in food manufacturing has continued to increase. In particular, the residues generated from food manufacturing industries have a high recycling value because they are generated in large quantities, are homogeneous, and their recycling costs are less than that of households or small restaurants. In this study, we selected industries that produce large amounts of homogeneous animal and plant residues, including manufacturers of animal oils and fats, vegetable oils and fats, starches and glucose or maltose, and conducted material flow analysis using statistical data, field surveys, and questionnaires. In the results of material flow analysis, the amount of raw materials used in the surveyed industries was 3,029,830 tons per year, and 8,487 tons of animal and plant residues were generated through manufacturing and processing. In addition, the import substitution effect of recycling byproducts from industries into animal feed or similar was estimated to be ₩847,007 million KRW per year.

In South Korea, the “Waste Control Act” regulates the use and purpose of recycling waste and specifies recycling methods and specific standards. However, these processes requires a long time and large budget, because they need to be reviewed based on data specific to the type of waste involved. The use and purpose of recycling can be considered by its functional and environmental aspects. The functional aspect of recycling may vary widely, depending on product characteristics In contrast, environmental standards will have more points in common. Recycling standards that consider the environmental impact and characteristics of waste are not prepared specifically. Therefore, when a large amount of waste is recycled, or recycling standards are applied to a new type of waste, the methodology for review of its environmental characteristics can be controversial. This study is meant to recognize the necessity of recycling standards and to prepare environmental standards and new recycling purposes for waste related to recycling three types of gypsum waste (phospho, titan, desulfurization). Several companies were selected for this study. In the gypsum waste-generating company, gypsum waste samples were collected and analyzed for pH, heavy metal content, water content, hazardous substance content, etc. In addition, we attempted to obtain the company's opinions on waste recycling. We determined the hazardous materials found in these three types of gypsum waste, raised awareness of waste, and confirmed that industry waste can be efficiently recycled for new uses under the improved.

In this study, we investigated the distribution of domestic nanomaterials. Zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, as well as carbon (C) nanotubes, were selected, and their circulation and quantity in use was investigated. We also analyzed leaching and of heavy metals in nanowaste. Chemical composition was determined using Xray diffraction and fluorescence (XRD and XRF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using XRF and XRD analysis, sludge from a facility using zinc oxide was found to have silicon dioxide (SiO2) and TiO2 as its main components. Sludge from a facility using TiO2 was found to have TiO2 as its main component. Samples of Ag nanoparticle and C nanotubes manufacturer measured elemental components of Ag and C, respectively. TEM analysis showed Si O2 in the form of dust sample from a facility manufacturing ZnO. Carbon nanotube samples of manufacturers were in the form of fibers. Leaching test results showed low concentrations compared to the regulation criteria of the Wastes Control Act. Content result of Zn was detected at -111.7 ~ 24,843.4 mg/kg in ZnO samples. Content result of Ti was detected at 1.51 ~ 35.28 mg/kg in TiO2 samples. Oil mop samples of Ag nanoparticle were detected in Ag (29,643.07 mg/kg) and Cu (15,600.8 mg/kg).

Since power plants are primarily using seawater as cooling water, they have been severely damaged quite often by various marine organisms inflow in power plants. So, various screen system - bar screen, travelling screen, drum screen and debris filter - have been used as a facility preventing harmful substances into the water intake of power plants. However, it is not enough to prevent too small organisms such as krill shrimp and large mucilages such as jellyfish. Therefore, it is necessary to study the screen system that can prevent harmful substances more efficiently. In the present study, the principal and shape of a air bubble barrier system was proposed as a screen system for preventing harmful substances. Then, analytical studies were carried out to evaluate environmental loading acting on the barrier structure.

내분비계 교란물질은 환경으로 방출되어 다양한 경로를 통해 조직에 축적되며, 각종 형태의 교란을 일으킴으로써 생식 이상과 성장억제 등을 초래한다. 본 연구에서는 내분비계 교란물질로 분류되는 Phthalate 및 대체물질 안전성 평가를 위해 TG407 실험을 수행하였다. TG407에 따라 (8주령) 수컷 Mouse에 Sonde를 이용하여 Phthalate (DEHP, 양성대조군; 4, 400 mg/kg/day) 및 대체후보물질 2종 (ATEC; 4, 40, 400 mg/kg/day), (ATHC; 400 mg/kg/day)를 28일 동안 경구투여 하였으며, 경구투여 종료 후 Sampling, 혈당 측정, CBC 측정, 호르몬 측정을 수행하였다. CBC와 혈당, Insulin 측정 및 뇌, 뇌하수체, 심장, 부정소, 정낭의 무게 측정 결과, 대조군과의 차이를 보이지 않았으며, T4와 T3의 농도는 ATHC를 제외하고는 대조군과의 차이를 보이지 않았다. ATHC(400 mg/kg)를 처리한 경우, 대조군에 비해 T4가 높았으며, T3는 낮았다. 간의 경우 DEHP(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였다. 신장의 경우, DEHP(400 mg/kg), ATHC(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였으며, 부신의 경우, DEHP(400 mg/kg), ATEC(40, 400 mg/kg), ATHC(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였다. 흉선의 경우 DEHP(400 mg/kg), ATHC(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였으며, 비장의 경우, DEHP(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였다. 정소의 경우, DEHP(400 mg/kg), ATEC(40, 400 mg/kg), ATHC(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였으며, 전립선의 경우, DEHP(400 mg/kg), ATHC(400 mg/kg)을 처리했을 때 대조군에 비해 무게가 증가하였다. 간, 신장, 부신, 비장, 정소, 부정소, 전립선을 대상으로 조직학적 분석을 진행하였으며, 특이적인 소견을 보이지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 ATEC가 가장 독성이 낮은 것으로 사료되며, 따라서 ATEC와 같은 대체소재가 향후 플라스틱 시장에서 Phthalate를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Waste lead-acid batteries are recycled and turned into lead and plastics (polypropylene and ABS etc.) through collection, disassembly, crushing, sorting, and washing. In particular, lead is recovered from the scrap by recycling companies and used as raw material in a smelter. Refined lead from smelters is reused as a raw material in new products. It is highly valuable to recover effective metals from waste lead-acid batteries that contain a significant amount of lead under environmentally sound management. In this study, we investigated the composition change and its cause in the process of use and phased out products to understand the discharge characteristics of waste lead-acid batteries. We also suggest examining the correlation between the waste lead-acid battery and the recovered lead to estimate the potential amount of recoverable lead. Finally, we produced a strategic method for accelerating national resource circulation by comprehending the flow of resources and their residues from wastes and propose it as a policy in baseline data.

Domestic industrial waste small-scale industrial incinerators produce less than 200 kg/hr; this study chose 13 of the 249 potential facilities. The target average emissions for air pollutants resulting from the facilities were SOx 13.56 ppm, NOx 82.74 ppm, NH3 19.95 ppm, HCl 54.33 ppm, HF 0.84 ppm, Hg N.D, As 0.1 ppm, H2S N.D. Dust and heavy metal analysis results for the facilities revealed Dust 32.51 mg/Sm3, Cd 0.04 mg/Sm3, Pb 0.20 mg/Sm3, Cr 0.08 mg/Sm3, and Cu 0.03 mg/Sm3. Combustion indicators were O2 11.58% and CO 271.20 ppm. Average PCDDs/DFs were 17.87 ng ITEQ/ ton. The target facilities were equipped with anti-pollution facilities. However, some items were found to exceed the emission standards. These results are even equipped with control facilities due to manual limitation actions of the management personnel. Therefore, it is determined that the emission control of contaminants is difficult.

The recyclability of waste generated in Korea was determined by sampling ten kinds of sludge to analyze its chemical composition and organic content. We also analyzed the regulatory items for waste control laws and soil environmental laws. Investigation of the leaching property revealed that all sludge samples were classified as general waste and the sludge samples were not types of waste that are prohibited or restricted from being recycled. The S1 sample was evaluated as organic sludge upon measuring the organic content and finding it to be 40% or higher; the other samples were deemed inorganic. Organic sludge S2 exceeded the Zn in the second regional standard of soil environmental laws. Among the inorganic sludge samples, S2 and S8 were considered most likely to be recycled because there were no hazardous substances that exceeded the standard. However, they should be recycled safely after the evaluation of their recyclability according to the recycling purpose and method. Especially the S5 sample was deemed difficult to recycle because it exceeded the third regional standard, which is the highest soil standard.

KURT(KAERI Underground Research Tunnel) 지하수에 존재하는 천연 유기물질과 6가 우라늄(U(VI))화학종의 상호작용을 레이저 분광학 기술을 이용하여 조사하였다. 지하수 시료에 266 nm 파장의 레이저 빛을 입사시켜 자외선 및 파란색 파장 영 역에서 방출되는 천연 유기물질의 발광 스펙트럼을 관측하였다. 0.034-0.788 mg·L-1 농도 범위의 우라늄이 함유된 지하수에 서는 녹색 파장 영역에서 방출되는 U(VI) 화학종의 발광 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 지하수에 함유된 U(VI) 화학종의 발광 특 성(피크 파장 및 발광 수명)이 실험실에서 제조한 표준용액에 함유된 Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq)의 발광 특성과 매우 유사하다는 것 을 확인하였다. 지하수에 존재하는 U(VI) 화학종의 발광 세기는 표준용액에 함유된 같은 농도의 Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq)의 발광 세기에 비해 약하다. 표준용액의 Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq)를 천연 유기물질이 함유된 지하수에 섞었을 때에도 Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq)의 발광 세기가 감소한다. 이러한 현상의 원인을 지하수의 천연 유기물질과 Ca-U(VI)-탄산염 화학종의 상호작용으로 인해 비 발광성 U(VI) 착물이 형성되기 때문인 것으로 설명하였다.

Background : Native oak tree species dominated the deciduous forests of South Korea. The acorns of them represent the main food source for wildlife species as well as human being, and they have 28 species. We analyzed and compared to the antioxidants including total phenolics and functional nutrients components among the acorns of nine kinds of oak trees (Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Q, palustris, Q. rubra, Q. glauca, and Q. acuta). Methods and Results : Acorns were collected from each tree species, which were grown in a seed orchard. Contents of both total phenolic content (TPC) in acorns of Q. serrata were higher than others. Interestingly, Q. serrata contained the highest amount of water soluble tannins and the lowest levels of water insoluble tannins among 9 oak species, resulting that acorns of Q. serrata had the lowest proportion of insoluble tannins. Among 9 oak species tested, Q. aliena acorns contained the highest levels of total flavonoids content (TFC). Conclusion : Our result showed that nutritional composition of acorns was significantly different between oak species, indicating that tastes or nutritional values might be different as well among major oak species in Korea.

Background : Pachyrhizus erosus (Leguminosae), locally called as “Yam bean” is a traditional medical plant that grows in the tropical and subtropical region. The root of P. erosus is used by the local people to treat insomania, treatment of osteoporosis and extracts of this plant have shown antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity, tyrosinase inhibitionby, antitumour properties and cardiovascular benefit. Methods and Results : Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) as standard antioxidants. The radical scavenging activity was measured using the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS assay. Total phenolic content was determined by following Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method and Total flavonoids were determined using aluminium chloride calorimetric methods. Phenolic compound concentration and compositions were determined by HPLC-MS/MS system. Seedlings grown under the flourescent light (Fl) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared to the plants treated with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and light emitting plasma (LEP). LED-Blue showed the higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS concentration of PE compared to other LEDs. The accumulation of phenolic compounds increased under different white-LEDs conditions as compared to LEP and FL light conditions. Conclusion : In this study, antioxidant activity and phenolic compound composition of P. erosus was improved by the application of LED and LEP.

Background : Extraction is the first and the most important step in the recovery and purification of bio-active compounds from plant materials. Many important factors such as solvent, solvent composition, solvent to solid ratio, pH, and temperature significantly influence the extraction efficiency of bio-active compounds. Factorial design of a limited set of variables is advantageous when compared to the conventional method which varies a single parameter per trial. Methods and Results : The objective of this study was to screen independent factors, namely, ethanol concentration (60 – 100%), extraction temperature (40 – 80℃), time (6 – 18 hours), and liquid to solid ratio (10 – 50 ㎖/g) on the recovery of the extract yield, antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid contents from Dendropanax morbifera leaf using factorial design. Total flavonoid content of extract was determined by colorimetric method with aluminum chloride, while antioxidant activity was screened using the DPPH radical scavenging activity, TEAC and FRAP assays. Full factorial design was employed to determine the significant contribution of the above factors towards antioxidant capacity (TEAC, DPPH and FRAP), and flavonoid contents. Among, all the factors examined, ethanol concentration and extraction temperature are very significant (p < 0.0001), in obtaining higher antioxidant activity, total flavonoid contents. Conclusion : Two level full factorial design screening was successfully employed to determine the significant factors, which are ethanol concentration, temperature, time and liquid to solid ratio in contributing to high antioxidant capacity (TEAC, DPPH and FRAP), and flavonoid content determination from Dendropanax morbifera leaf. From the results obtained, ethanol concentration and temperature was very significant (p < 0.0001), in obtaining higher antioxidant activity and flavonoid contents. Further work on optimization using these significant factors are in progress.

Background : Although ginseng has various bioactive compounds in it, there is lack of study on the variations of bioactive compounds in ginseng according to the cultivation soil and the applied fertilizer types (or amount). Therefore, this study aims to examine the variations of 37 fatty acids (FA) and 8 vitamin E (Vit-E) vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng root cultivated in different soil types with different fertilizers regimes. Methods and Results : The profiling of 37 FAs and 8 Vit-E vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng roots was measured by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector, and then these results were statistically analyzed with chemometrics. The FA and Vit-E content in ginseng roots varied significantly with respect to soil cultivation conditions due to organic fertilizer types and amounts used. Unsaturated FA in ginseng is approximately 2.7 fold higher than the saturated FA. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs found in the ginseng roots. Also, the major Vit-E vitamer found in ginseng root is α-tocopherol. In particular, the application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer was increased to create nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. In addition, phytonutrient profiling coupled with chemometrics can be used to discriminate the cultivation conditions of ginseng. Conclusion : This study extends our understanding about the variations of FA and Vit-E in ginseng root depending on cultivation conditions. Hence, these results can be useful as basic information for reliable ginseng production containing high amounts of phytonutrients in a paddy-converted field.

Background : The study about cultured wild ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) have been reported mainly ginsenosides in saponins family. However metabolites of fermented wild ginseng roots by microorganisms was not reported yet. Methods and Results : Cultured wild ginseng roots were used for fermentation of ginseng roots using Pediococcus pentosaceus and other bacterial strains. We analyzed different types of ginsenoside contents, metabolite and enzyme contents, and gene expression by using microorganisms. Results showed considerable differences in ginseonoside contents specially Rk1 and Rg5. The highest enzyme activity level was by Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S transferase (GST) in fermented ginseng roots than control (non-fermented), whereas Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Peroxidase (POD) contents were reduced. Score plots and loading plots of principal components 1 of the PCA result obtained from the data on 43 metabolites in fermented wild ginseng root of five conditions. The concentration of metabolite such as β-alanin and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is used to improve memory were increased in fermented ginseng roots than control. We found functional gene in wild ginseng root related with metabolic process. The APX gene expression gradually increased in fermented ginseng root with respect to fermentation times. Conclusion : In this study, accumulation of functional metabolite in cultured ginseng r

최근 들어 화석연료 고갈 및 환경오염 등 다양한 이유로 인해 신재생 에너지 자원에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며 관련 연구의 분야도 다양해지고 있다. 국내 신재생 에너지 시장은 점차 증대될 전망이며, 이러한 신재생 에너지는 바이오매스, 폐기물, 태양광, 수력 등 다양한 에너지 자원을 지칭하며 본 연구에서는 폐기물을 이용하여 신재생 에너지 자원 활용을 하고자 한다. 폐기물은 다양한 기술을 통해 활용이 가능하며 국내 폐기물의 경우 종량제 실시 등 법적 제도 덕분에 타 국가에 비하여 재활용률이 높으며 이러한 특성은 폐기물이 신재생 에너지 자원으로 사용되는데 큰 장점으로 나타난다. 최근 들어 주목받고 있는 기술인 Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) 기술은 파쇄, 선별, 건조 공정을 거쳐 가연분 함량을 높여 열처리 시설에 연료로 사용할 수 있게끔 하는 기술로 이전에는 성형 SRF가 이송 및 투입의 이점에 의해 주목 받았으나 최근 들어 경제적 측면을 고려하여 비성형 SRF가 각광받고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 비성형 SRF를 시료로 하여 8 ton/day 규모의 pilot급 가스화 시스템에 적용하였으며, 가스화 공정 중 발생하는 다양한 가스상 오염 물질에 대한 배출 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이 뿐만 아니라 일반적인 가스화 특성 지표로 알려진 냉가스 효율, 탄소 전환율, 합성가스 조성 파악 등에 대하여 결과 값을 정리하였다. 가스상 오염물질은 질소 화합물(HCN, NH3), 염소 화합물(HCl), 황 화합물(H2S)을 선정하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 습식 정제 시스템인 스크러버 및 습식 전기 집진기를 통과한 후 배출 허용기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

급격한 산업화와 인구 증가 등은 국내 폐기물 발생량이 해마다 증가하는 요인으로 작용하고 있으며 이에 따른 다양한 폐기물 처리방법이 수행되고 있다. 대표적인 폐기물 처리 방법 중 하나는 소각에 의한 폐기물 처리이며 다량의 폐기물 처리가 가능하고 특히 폐기물의 부피와 무게를 10~20% 정도로 감량할 수 있으며 소각열에너지를 회수하여 폐기물의 자원순환에 일조하고 있다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 국내 폐기물의 소각처리 비율은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 폐기물 소각처리 중 발생하여 배출되는 다양한 오염물질은 환경에 큰 단점으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 소각시설에서 배출되는 오염물질의 모니터링은 환경보전 문제에 있어 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 소각로에서 배출되는 오염물질의 특성을 파악하기 위해 의료 폐기물 소각로 44개소와 소형 폐기물 소각로 28개소, 총 72개의 가스 샘플을 채취하고 분석하여 주 대기오염 물질인 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물, 다이옥신을 측정하였고 배출허용기준과 비교하였다. 또한 주성분분석을 통해 오염물질 배출을 6개 그룹과 6개 샘플로 나누어 각각의 배출특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 다이옥신의 경우 배출허용기준을 초과한 시설은 의료 폐기물 소각로 7개소, 소형 폐기물 소각로 9개소로 나타난 반면, 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물의 경우 소형 폐기물 소각로 10개소에서만 배출허용기준을 초과한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 통해 의료 폐기물 소각시설보다 소형 폐기물 소각시설의 오염물질 배출이 심각한 것으로 확인되었으며 방지시설과 운전 조건의 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.