Among migratory insect pests, Mythimna seperata and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis are invasive pests introduced into South Korea through westerlies from southern China. M. seperata and C. medinalis are insect pests that use rice as a host. They injure rice leaves and inhibit rice growth. To understand the distribution of M. seperata and C. medinalis, it is important to understand environmental factors such as temperature and humidity of their habitat. This study predicted current and future habitat suitability models for understanding the distribution of M. seperata and C. medinalis. Occurrence data, SSPs (Shared Socio-economic Pathways) scenario, and RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) were applied to MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy), a machine learning model among SDM (Species Distribution Model). As a result, M. seperata and C. medinalis are aggregated on the west and south coasts where they have a host after migration from China. As a result of MaxEnt analysis, the contribution was high in the order of Land-cover data and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). In bioclimatic variables, BIO_4 (Temperature seasonality) was high in M. seperata and BIO_2 (Mean Diurnal Range) was found in C. medinalis. The habitat suitability model predicted that M. seperata and C. medinalis could inhabit most rice paddies.

고품질의 작물을 재배하기 위해 광은 필수적인 환경조건이 다. 겨울철에는 다른 계절에 비해 일사량이 저조하므로 보광 처리를 이용해 작물의 생육과 수확량을 증대시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 약광기 동안 고추 온실재배를 위한 경제적인 보광 광 원을 선발하기 위해 수행되었다. 풋고추(Capsicum annuum ‘Super Cheongyang’)는 2019년 9월 5일에 정식하였다. 보광 처리는 2020년 1월 1일부터 2020년 3월 31일까지 수행되었 다. White LED(R:G:B = 5:3:2, W LED), RB LED(red:blue = 7:3, RB LED), 고압나트륨등(high pressure sodium lamp, HPS)을 광원으로 사용하였다. 무처리를 대조구로 사용하였 다. 고추의 초장, SPAD, 마디 수는 보광 광원에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 분지 수는 RB LED 광원에서 가장 많 았다. 또한 보광은 고추의 광합성을 증가시켰으며, 특히 RB LED에서 보광기간 동안 가장 높은 광합성률을 보였다. 또한 고추의 수확량은 보광처리에서 증가하였고, RB LED는 다른 광원에 비해 가장 높은 수확량을 보였다. 소비전력은 W LED 가 가장 높았고 HPS 조명이 가장 낮았다. 경제적인 측면에서 RB LED를 이용한 보광처리는 다른 광원에 비해 높은 경제성 을 가졌다. 결론적으로 이러한 결과는 고추 온실에서 약광기 동안 보광 광원으로 RB LED를 사용하는 것이 수확량과 경제 성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study examines the trend of research on food and culture in papers published in the Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture from 1986 to 2020. The journals published a total of 329 papers, which we classified into 5 main categories and 13 middle categories. Of these, 204 articles were on “Korean traditional food culture.” The most studied topic in the entire period was “Perception of Koreans towards traditional food, preference, satisfaction, and usage.” A total of 76 studies related to “Korean contemporary food culture.” The most advanced topic researched concerned “Recognition and attitude”; these studies were consistently carried out throughout the research period. The main classification of “World food culture” encompassed 32 studies, with major research focused on “World's Modern Food Culture” and the most advanced being “Comparison of Food Cultures of Foreign and Korean Food Cultures.” All studies were consistently spaced out during the study period. These studies provide an integrated knowledge in the field of food and culture and can be used as a basic material for related research in the future.

국내 토마토 토경재배 면적은 전체 재배면적의 89%로 높은 비율을 차지하고 있다. 토경재배 토마토는 염류장해와 토양 전염성 병원균 피해에 취약할 뿐만 아니라 겨울철 저온 피해 를 입기 쉽기 때문에 토마토 접목묘를 사용하는 것이 좋다. 본 연구는 저온기 토경재배에서의 토마토 대목의 종류에 따라 나 타나는 생육, 수량 및 광합성 효율의 차이를 비교 분석하고자 수행하였다. 대목의 종류는 4가지로 국내 개발 계통 및 품종 ‘Powergaurd’, ‘IT173773’, ‘20LM’과 대조 품종 ‘B-blocking’을 사용하였다. 접수와 비접목 처리구로 완숙토마토 품종 ‘Red250’을 사용하였다. 작물이 14일간 9－14℃의 저온에 노출된 시기인 정식 후 80일에 비접목 처리구의 경경은 10.1mm로 접목 처리구에 비해 15% 낮았고 엽장과 엽폭은 42.4cm와 41.8cm로 감소하였다. 주당 총 수량은 ‘Powerguard’ 가 1,615g으로 높았고 비접목 처리구가 1,299g으로 낮았다. 엽록소형광 지수 중 작물의 전반적인 활력도를 나타내는 PIABS와 광합성에 사용되지 못한 빛에너지가 열로 소실됨을 뜻하는 지수인 DI0/RC를 측정한 결과, 정식 후 80일에 접목 처리구 ‘Powerguard’의 PIABS는 3.73으로 높았고 DI0/RC는 0.34로 낮은 반면, 비접목 처리구의 PIABS는 2.62로 낮았고 DI0/RC는 0.41로 높았다. 경경은 PIABS와 정의 상관관계를 나 타낸 반면, DI0/RC와는 부의 상관관계를 나타내어 다양한 엽 록소형광 지수를 통해 저온기 대목 종류에 따른 접수의 생육 차이를 분석할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to provide directions and implications for a future program by analyzing studies on diabetes programs from 2000 to 2020. Among the studies with control and experimental groups, the selected studies included ones that provided intervention to patients with diabetes and ones that contained descriptive statistics. Sixteen studies were selected to verify the effectiveness and homogeneity of the data coding meta-analysis. The overall effect size in the diabetes program combined estimate was 0.398 (95% CI: 0.268, 0.425, p=0.000). Among the dependent variables, fasting blood glucose (－0.616) and glycated hemoglobin (－0.442) showed median effect sizes, but the effect of fasting blood glucose was not statistically significant. In terms of the study design, non-randomized control trials (NRCTs) (－0.543) was more effective than randomized control trials (RCTs) (0.719). Among, the counseling and self-management program (－3.241) showed a very large effect size. Furthermore, the cognitive-behavioral (－0.828) and self-management (－0.482) programs were also found to have a positive effect on lowering fasting blood glucose. As the importance of diabetes management increases, further studies based on RCT should be actively performed, and differentiated and specialized diabetes intervention plans need to be established.

This study investigated the volatile flavor components of the essential oil from Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by the hydrodistillation extraction method was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred and one (99.11%) volatile flavor components were identified in the essential oil from the Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The major compounds were hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (12.45%), 6.10.14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (7.94%), 1-(phenylethynyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%), α-farnesene (5.55%), phytol (4.99%), and α-caryophyllene (4.39%). When the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey were classified by functional group, the content was high in the order of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phthalides. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most common hydrocarbons, mainly due to α-farnesene and α-caryophyllene. Among the alcohols, the content of aliphatic alcohols was significantly higher, mainly due to 1-(phenylethnyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%) and phytol (4.99%). The analysis of the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey in this study will provide useful information to consumers when purchasing food and to industries using fragrance ingredients.

Despite the recent increase in the consumption level of the processed meat-byproducts, the health and safety issue has consistently been raised in the processes of production, distribution and consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the microbiological hazard elements in the Korean sausage, “Sundae,” to present not only the safety standard of meat by-product vendors based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), but also the quality control criteria and sanitary arrangements of small manufacturers. For the study, the microbiological hazards in 24 raw materials, 7 manufacturing processes, 40 facilities and tools, 17 workplace environment, and 12 workers were analyzed. The analysis revealed the hazardous elements in the initial stages with 6.28 and 4.07 log CFU/g of total aerobic count and coliforms, respectively, detected from the porcine blood and 3.23 log CFU/g of coliforms from the porcine small intestines. The result also showed that the total aerobic counts and coliforms in the process of mixing and filling process exceeds the standards in the hygiene guidelines by Natick with the total aerobic counts of 5.23, 5.45 log CFU/g, and the coliforms of 3.25, and 3.31 log CFU/g, respectively. Although the detected total aerobic count and the coliforms in the filling and washing rooms exceeded the standards, it was found that the total aerobic count was significantly reduced by 98% after cleaning and disinfecting and no coliforms was detected in any process thereafter. In order to achieve high level of safety in the manufacturing processes of Sundae, the separation of washing and disinfection room from the other sections and the sanitation control of the workers must be preceded, along with strict monitoring in the storage and distribution processes. The study raises necessity for additional studies for the safety evaluation of the processed meat-byproducts and further researches on the validity of the critical limits.

In this study, newly improved Ferron assay test haved on timed spectrometry was used for the determination of hyolrolytic Al species presented in PACl coagulant. The color development reagent ferron was prepared by using conventional method and two newly developed methods. Then the ferron assay test was used to compare and analyze the distribution of Al(III) hydrolyzed species presented in the prepared PACl and alum. The preparing method of reagent A required an aging period of 7 days by adding a hydroxylamine hydroxide and a 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate reagent, whereas the preparing method of reagent B was used as a coloring agent immediately without aging time. The regression analysis between UV absorbance and Al concentrations of conventional method and newly developed method of ferron reagents in low-concentration aluminum solutions and high-concentration aluminum solutions, showed the correlation coefficients of 0.999 or higher, as showing high correlations of conventional method and newly developed method. Applying Ferron assay test, Al species in the PACls and alum were classified as Ala(monomeric Al), Alb (polymeric Al), and Alc (colloidal and precipitated Al). Distribution of Al(III) hydrolyzed species according to the preparation of ferron colorimetric reagents was similar.

In this study, 46 reservoirs in South Korea were characterized based on heavy metal concentration in sediments. We analyzed the relationship between heavy metal concentrations, physicochemical water quality and hydromorphological factors in each reservoir. Study reservoirs were classified into five groups of reservoirs, by hierarchical cluster analysis based on the similarities of heavy metal concentration. Group 1 had the most severe sediment heavy metal contamination among the groups, whereas Groups 2 and 3 showed low levels of heavy metal contamination. Group 4 displayed high value of Ni, and Group 5 showed high contamination of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Hg. Groups 1 and 5, which had high concentration of heavy metals in sediments, showed a high density of mines in the catchment of reservoirs. Heavy metal concentration was high in reservoirs with large capacity or the ones located at higher elevation, and also highly related with number of mines in the catchment of reservoir. This study can contribute to the systematic management of sediment heavy metals in reservoirs.

In this study, heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and mercury) and shellfish poisoning toxins (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins) were investigated in a total of 104 shellfishes. According to the analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb) was detected in the range of 0.0177-0.5709 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) was detected in the range of 0.0226-1.4602 mg/kg, and mercury (Hg) was detected in the range of 0.0015-0.0327 mg/kg. Levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg were acceptable by Korean standards. Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) were investigated for monitoring of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and OA and DTX-1 were not detected. As a result of monitoring of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins, domoic acid was detected in 5 of 104 samples and detection ratio was 4.8%. The detection period was found as follows; 1 case in January, 1 case in February, 1 case in May, 2 cases in September. These showed that continuous monitoring for the management of shellfish poisoning toxins and heavy metals is required. In addition, this study can be used as reference data to strengthen managing heavy metals in fishery products.

Understanding the characteristics of reservoir water quality is fundamental in reservoir ecosystem management. The water quality of reservoirs is affected by various factors including hydro-morphology of reservoirs, land use/cover, and human activities in their catchments. In this study, we classified 83 major reservoirs in South Korea based on nine physicochemical factors (pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, electric conductivity, and chlorophyll-a) measured for five years (2015~2019). Study reservoirs were classified into five main clusters through hierarchical cluster analysis. Each cluster reflected differences in the water quality of reservoirs as well as hydromorphological variables such as elevation, catchment area, full water level, and full storage. In particular, water quality condition was low at a low elevation with large reservoirs representing cluster I. In the comparison of eutrophication status in major reservoirs in South Korea using the Korean trophic state index, in some reservoirs including cluster IV composed of lagoons, the eutrophication was improved compared to 2004~2008. However, eutrophication status has been more impaired in most agricultural reservoirs in clusters I, III, and V than past. Therefore, more attention is needed to improve the water quality of these reservoirs.

This study aimed to investigate pesticide residues in 160 stalk and stem vegetables marketed in Northern Gyeonggi-do. The QuEChERS method using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the residues of 341 pesticides in the samples. The maximum or lower than the residue limit was recorded in 75 samples (46.9%), while 4 samples (2.5%) exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Thirty-nine kinds of residual pesticides were detected including fungicides (14), insecticides (22), herbicides (2), and plant growth regulator (1). Carbendazim and pendimethalin were the most frequelntly detected pesticides. Fenitrothion, procymidone, and diazinon exceeded MRL in garlic chives, and Welsh onion. This indicated that these vegetables along with water celery should be constantly monitored.

This study was conducted to analyze geminate consonant errors(안에 [an.ɛ] → *안네[an.nɛ]) produced by Chinese learners during their acquisition of Korean linking sounds within the framework of Optimality Theory. The study was further intended to find possible constraints and causes applicable to the error. This paper argues that this error results from the interplay of the Align-R constraint, where the boundaries of a morpheme and syllable are aligned in the learner’s mother tongue, and the onset constraint, which is required for CV, a universal linguistic syllable. This study identifies the cause of the geminate consonant errors among Chinese leaners as the consequence of the simultaneous influences of interference from the learners’ native language and of linking sounds, which occur universally in linguistics.

본 연구는 호주-중국 무역분쟁을 국제정치의 상호역학관계 관점에서 분 석하였다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 시스템사고 이론에 기반하여 인과지 도분석을 실시하였다. 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경제 적 영역에서 시작된 무역분쟁은 다양한 영역으로 확산되면서 복잡한 국제 정치시스템으로 진화하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 다양한 변수들이 작동하 는 국제관계 현실에서 절대적 가치만을 선호하는 중국의 보호된 가치(중화 사상, 하나의 중국, 중국식 인권주의)는 정책결과의 확증편향을 유발하면서 국제관계에서 다양한 변수들의 동태적 변화를 인식하지 못하게 하는 원인 으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국과 호주는 중국과의 외교관계에 서 상당히 유사한 조건을 가지고 있다는 점에서 호주-중국의 무역분쟁에서 호주가 사용한 전략은 한국의 정책결정에 교훈을 주고 있다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다.

This study was to investigate an analytical method for determining dieckol content in Ecklonia stolonifera extract. According to the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization. Method validation was performed by measuring the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of dieckol using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of calibration curve (R2) for dieckol was 0.9997. The LOD and LOQ for dieckol were 0.18 and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision values of dieckol were approximately 1.58-4.39% and 1.37-4.64%, respectively. Moreover, intra- and inter-day accuracies of dieckol were approximately 96.91- 102.33% and 98.41-105.71%, respectively. Thus, we successfully validated the analytical method for estimating dieckol content in E. stolonifera extract.

본 논문에서는 축하중과 폭발하중을 동시에 받는 철근콘크리트 부재의 구조 거동을 분석하였다. 기본적인 폭발하중을 받는 패널 실험 데이터, 축하중과 폭발하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 기둥 실험데이터를 이용하여 비선형 동적해석 모델링을 검증하였다. 축하중의 적용에 있어서 Autodyn은 동적해석만을 위한 프로그램이기 때문에 축하중과 같은 정적 하중에 대한 초기 응력 상태를 모사하는 해석 절차를 제시하였다. 축하중비 0%~70% 구간과 TNT 등가량에 의존한 환산거리 1.1~2.0에 해당하는 매개변수를 선정하여 총 80개의 비선형 동적 유한요소해석을 진행하였다. 축하중비와 환산거리의 변화를 통해 손상정도와 최대 변위 및 회전각으로 구조 거동을 비 교 분석한 결과로 원거리 폭발하중에서 축하중을 받는 기둥의 강성 증가로 최대 변위가 감소한다. 결과적으로 축하중비 10%~30%, 30%~50%, 50% 이상의 영역 3가지로 구조적 거동 분류가 가능함에 따라 내폭 설계 모델 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

The research aims to develop a rapid and easy analytical method for methoprene using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A simple, highly sensitive, and specific analytical method for the determination of methoprene in livestock products (beef, pork, chicken, milk, eggs, and fat) was developed. Methoprene was effectively extracted with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile and acetone (1:1), followed by the addition of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and anhydrous sodium acetate. Subsequently, the lipids in the livestock sample were extracted by freezing them at -20oC. The extracts were cleaned using MgSO4, primary secondary amine (PSA), and octadecyl (C18), which were then centrifuged to separate the supernatant. Nitrogen gas was used to evaporate the supernatant, which was then dissolved in methanol. The matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using 8 levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 ng/mL) and the coefficient of determination (R2) was above 0.9964. Average recoveries spiked at three levels (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg), and ranged from 79.5-105.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) smaller than 14.2%, as required by the Codex guideline (CODEX CAC/GL 40). This study could be useful for residue safety management in livestock products.

The smart factory is an important system that can reduce defects, maximize productivity, and respond to customer needs, from the labor-intensive era of traditional small and medium-sized manufacturing companies through the automation era to CPS using ICT. However, small and medium-sized manufacturers often fall short of the basic stage due to economic and environmental constraints, and there are many companies that do not even recognize the concept of a smart factory. In this situation, to expand the smart factory of small and medium-sized enterprises, the project to support the establishment of a smart factory for the win-win between large and small enterprises. The win-win smart factory construction support project provides a customized differentiation program support project according to the size and level of the company for all domestic manufacturing SMEs regardless of whether or not they are dealing with Samsung. In this study, we analyze the construction status and introduction performance of companies participating in the win-win smart factory support project to find out whether they have been helpful in management and to find efficient ways to improve support policies, and to suggest the direction of continuous support projects to improve the manufacturing competitiveness of SMEs in the future.

농경지에서 작물이 필요로 하는 이상으로 양분이 과다하게 투입되는 경우 작물의 생육을 저해하거나 환경오염원으로 작용하게 된다. 우리나라 농경지 양분수지는 다른 OECD 국가에 비해 월등히 높은 수준이며, 과다양분 투입 때문에 수질과 대기 등 농업환경의 오염과 생물다양성 저하가 유발되고 있다. 환경부의 ‘양분관리제’ 도입, 농특위의 ‘토양 양분관리제 도입’ 의결과 같은 정부 정책은 이러한 과다양분 투입을 개선하기 위한 노력으로서, 이러한 정책을 뒷받침하고 환경적⋅사회경제적 성과를 도출하기 위해서 농업분야 양분수지 개선에 따른 공익적 기능의 발굴과 공익가치 의 평가가 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 메타분석 기법을 적용하여 선행연구에서 추출한 다양한 공익적 기능에 대한 가치평가 추정치를 이용하여 양분수지 개선의 공익가치를 간접적으로 추정하는 데 있다. 공익기능에 대한 연간 가구별 한계지불의사액을 추정한 결과, 수질개선은 약 60,315원/년, 기후조절은 139,740원/년, 토양보전 및 정화는 109,179원/년, 생물다양성은 150,213원/년으로 나타났다. 추정한 한계지불의사액과 산정된 기여율을 이용하여 공익가치를 추정하면 수질개선은 7,596억 원, 기후조절은 5,715억 원, 토양보전 및 정화는 3,380억 원, 생물다양성은 8,124억 원으로 추정된다. 이러한 결과는 향후 농업 환경보전 프로그램이나 정책을 추진하는 데 있어 객관적인 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

The official analytical method for the analysis of harmful heavy metals in Meju, distributed in Korea, employs a strong acid to decompose the organic components. This analysis is time consuming and harmful to the users and/or the environment. This study aimed to develop a new pre-treatment technology using laser ablation, to rapidly analyze harmful heavy metals without using strong acids. The results obtained from this method were validated by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation guideline (NIFDS, 2016). Moreover, a comparison of the two methods showed that the analytical time for 55 Meju samples was shortened by 96% or more in the new method. The results showed no significant difference in the recovery ranging from 90–120%. The proposed method proved suitable for detecting harmful heavy metals in Meju.