Many accidents by side-wind have been reported worldwide when vehicle passes through the bridges. In order to solve this problem, it needs to investigate the accident cases and to classify the accident types. Therefore, it can lead to adequate plans for prevention.

This study examined the collapse of bridge under extreme events. As a result, numerous bridges collapsed by scour, collision, fire and earthquake. The research team studied four cases of previous bridge collapse and restoration following extreme events. Finally, the disaster type factor were selected.

This study analyzed the types of Rural Villages, divided the areas with six criteria such as geographical environment and selected three target areas to observe them. Through these target areas, it attempted to analyze the difference and correlation of satisfaction with the residential environment depending on the characteristics of the Rural Village. In investigating and analyzing the satisfaction of the residents in the Rural Villages, it divided it into 'satisfaction with rural village life', 'satisfaction with housing' and 'satisfaction with village environment,' and compared and analyzed them with the physical environment of the Rural Village. Based on this, according to the type of local Rural Village, it analyzed with what part there were high relations with resident's satisfaction with the Rural Village. As a result, there was no significant difference between groups by the Rural villages, but residents were more satisfied with the natural environment of the village rather than individual housing. The analysis of the correlation between satisfaction with Rural villages and various factors, the more distance there is between the individual housing and the meeting facility, the lower their satisfaction with the Rural village became. In the future, when a community center or meeting facility is planned, it would heighten the resident's happiness when it is located at the physical center of the village rather than at the entrance of it.

For the purpose of drawing a representative type of utilizing idle farmlands, this study collected and analyzed newspaper articles about cases of utilizing idle farmlands in the past decade using Internet search engines. Prior to this, it clarified a concept of idle farmlands to raise accuracy of searching articles, and selected NAVER as a search engine. It set "idle farmland", "abandoned land", and "utilizing" as basic search words in search option, and also set search period from 1st of January in 2004 to 31st of December in 2013. This study primarily searched 1,593 articles, and extracted 165 articles excluding overlapped and unrelated articles. Furthermore, it investigated extracted articles by date, media, headline, content of use, region(province), particular area(city and country), main agent, item and keyword 1, 2, 3 for proper use. This study also examined frequencies by year according to indoor and outdoor environment as well as regional differences through frequencies by regional groups and chronology. Furthermore, it drew a diagram of frequency flow of keyword 2, 3 with each keyword 1 as the central figure in order to draw various types of using idle farmlands. Through the diagrams, this study drew 9 using types such as (1) community service. agriculture type, (2) high income. agriculture type, (3) sightseeing. landscape. agriculture type, (4) livestock. agriculture type, (5) weekend farm type, (6) high income. woodland type, (7) ecology. landscape. woodland type, (8) agricultural work-study type, (9) ecological environment type.

교육복지 개념의 체계적 정교화를 위해서는 교육과 복지의 사회정치적 결합구조에 대한 심층적인 이해가 요구된다. 본 연구는 이러한 시도의 하나로서, 먼저 교육복지 개념을 교육의 사회정치적 목적과 관련하여 재조명하고, 이를 바탕으로 복지(국가)체제 유형에 따른 교육복지의 제도적 구현 양상을 예비적으로 분석·논의한다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 한국의 교육복지 관련 정책담론을 보다 풍부하게 하고 더욱 체계적인 후속연구를 촉발하기 위한 분석틀 구성의 한 방향을 제시한다.

This study aimed at setting up the evaluation indicators system by rural village types to identify systematically the multi-valuedness embedded in rural villages. AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) was used for evaluating the relative importance weight evaluation of each indicator and quantitative analysis of rural village through computer works. The importance weight of evaluation indicators was converted into the score on the basis of maximum 1,000 point to increase the practicality. As a result, characteristics of 5 rural village types(Basic life-supporting, Agricultural promotion, Marketing/processing oriented, Urban-rural communication, Life-style choice types) differed in score of classified indicators. Also, These results are expected to be possible to quantitatively evaluate characteristics by rural village types.

This study classifies the types of visitors to experiential fishing villages and analyses the features and target marketing strategies by categorical groups. Seven factors are extracted by Factor Analysis and the results of Cluster Analysis indicate the classification of five groups. The first group puts emphasis on the family connection, so family centered facilities and programs are necessary. The second group is composed of surrounding area residents whose purpose of visit is unclear. So environmentally friendly village development programs to encourage local patriotism are necessary. The third group puts emphasis on the necessary facilities and programs for experiencing the fishing village and traditional play, etc. The fourth group emphasizes programs related with the region and the means to satisfy visitor's aesthetic desires. Finally, the fifth group aims at various desires that are generally felt in experiential fishing villages. So this group requires marketing strategies from the public point of view. The existing research mostly surveys rural tourism villages, but this study highlights the difference in dealing with fishing villages as opposed to rural villages, from the perspective of industry and settlement.

This study, the urban energy used office building green roof type composition of the target by analyze building energy reductions. Green roof is total 6 types(type A~F) were selected, EnergyPlus the energy simulation programs were used. Top floor of green roof types evaluation, the reduction of the cooling peak load type E(1.26%), type D(1.30%), type C(1.37%), type B(1.45%), type F(1.49%), and heating peak load is type D(1.32%), type E(1.40%), type C(1.47%), type F(1.69%), type B(2.13%) order. Annual cooling load of heating load is reduced more than about 1% effect. The heating load reduction ratio for a maximum of 9% respectively. Cooling peak load of the building energy performance evaluation of type F ＞type B ＞type C ＞type D ＞type E in the order and in the case of peak loads heating type B ＞type F ＞type D ＞type E ＞type C order. Annual total energy use reduction of 1.07 to 1.22% and earn, type B in the best good. In primary energy use reductions in the presence of a green roof were in the 4249~4876 kWh/yr. Annual CO2 emissions reductions of unapplied type A were analyzed on average 469.78 kg.

This paper aims to discuss the semantic types of subordinate compound words between Korean and Chinese. First, we discussed the concept of subordinate compound words, then analyzes the concept and the location of the head words in the subordinate compound words. We know that Korean is the head-final language, for the head of is at right. On the contrary, the location of the head of Chinese compound words is not fixed. There are many left-head word structure of compound words in Chinese nouns, verbs and adjectives. By analyzing the semantical structure of the compound words, most of the words are the right-head structure in both korean and Chinese. There are many left-head semantic structure of subordinate compound nouns, verbs and adjectives. By contrast, there are a little left-head semantic structure of subordinate compound verbs and adjectives. There are many same points in right-head semantic structure of subordinate compound. In chapter 4, By analyzing the specific words, we studied the semantic types of subordinate compound nouns, verbs and adjectives between Korean and Chinese. Finally, we came to the conclusion of this paper. We wish this paper will contribute to comparative Study between Korean and Chinese.

사용자중심의 게임분석에 대한 과학적인 접근이 주목 받고 있는 게임개발 환경에서 플레이어에 대한 정확한 정보는 중요한 요소로 작용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 플레이어의 행동과 게임레벨간의 상호작용이 타 장르에 비해 높은 FPS게임에서 주된 레벨디자인 요소인 Choke Point 유형과 Cover Pattern속성의 관계가 레벨난이도에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. Choke Point는 목표달성을 위해 반드시 통과해야하는 주요 길목이며, Cover Pattern은 건물을 제외한 레벨상의 물체를 말한다. 두 요소는 레벨 난이도에 직 간접적으로 영향을 준다. 대표적인 10종의 FPS게임플레이를 분석하여 Choke Point유형을 분류하고 4종의 Cover Pattern속성을 배치하여 16개의 실험대상 레벨을 구성하였다. 10명 플레이어의 5회 반복플레이를 통해 800개의 플레이어 행동데이터를 수집, 분석하였다. 이러한 실증적 실험을 통한 분석결과는 게임레벨 디자인 단계에 구체적인 정보를 제공함으로써 체계적인 게임레벨 제작에 기여할 것이며 기존 학술적연구결과가 산업적으로 활용될 수 있는 방법을 제안하고 있어 의의를 갖는다.

This study were performed on roadside buffer green in Songpa-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul in order to analyze the anion concentration according to the type of composition of roadside buffer green. Buffer green separating the physical structure of the measurement points and measurement locations were separated by roadside, green interior, the other side of the road. planting density and deposit of trees per each buffer green was measured in the order of mounding type> slope type> the plain type. If the measured temperature of the location-specific weather elements roadside> inside> the other side of the road in order of measurement and the temperature is lowered farther away from the road. If the relative humidity of the road on the other side> inside> the roadside in order to measure and this is the opposite of the temperature tendency. According to physical structure reduction of the temperature on the other side of the road and roadside in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type was measured. As a result of measuring a anion therefore concentration of the anion inside of melt is in order of mounding type> the plain type> slope type, tended to match the melt characteristics. According to measured positions anion concentration is in the order of the other side of the road> inside> the roadside was measured. As a result of correlation analysis, in the case of measurement location-specific weather and anions the temperature is positive correlation, relative humidity is negative correlation and that's results of previous studies were supported.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cutting types on microclimate and growth characteristics of afforested tree in Quercus acutissima stand after different types of cutting. The difference in temperature reaching 5.2℃ was shown in between clear cutting and selective cutting treatments. On July and August days with temperatures more than 35℃ often appeared in clear cutting stand. The values of VPD in July and August were higher than those in other months. Maximum VPD of 3.99 kPa was shown in clear cutting stand on May 23 as a prolonged rainless days appeared. However, VPD in selective cutting stand always stayed under 3.0 kPa throughout growing season. A higher intensity was shown in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands, reaching to more than 1,600 μmol m-2 s-1 at midday on early August, while that in selective cutting stand stayed about 1,500. In relative growth rate selective cutting stand showed a significantly higher relative growth rate in plant height than those in other cutting stands (p<0.05). The number of leaf in current-year branches significantly increased in selective cutting stand, whereas no increase was shown in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands (p<0.05). In addition, relative elongation rate of current year branch also showed higher values in selective cutting stand compared with that in strip clear cutting stand (p<0.05). However, leaf mass per unit area (LMA) was higher in order of strip clear cutting, clear cutting, and selective cutting stands. From these results it is concluded that environmental conditions in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands during growing season are more stressful to afforested tree species, resulting in lower relative growth in plant height, elongation of current-year branches, and leaf number per branch compared with those in selective cutting stand. Consequently, more data must be accumulated in the field to find out best cutting type in plantation considering the adaptational characteristic of each tree species varies with species and life span of tree is long.

캘리그래피는 아름다움과 신선한 감동을 주는 표현력이 강한 글자체로서 전달하려는 문화적 메시지와 특성에 따라 매우 다양하게 나타남을 알 수 있다. 이것은 한글이 우리의 정서에 맞는 감각이기 때문이며 캘리그래피의 영역은 무한하다고 볼 수 있다. 타이포그래피의 영역 속에 있으나 그 독자적으로 새로운 표현 가능성을 찾아내고, 디자인의 한 요소인 캘리그래피는 한 시대의 유행이 아닌 발전적 가능성을 충분히 내포하고 있는 것으로서 보다 근원적이고 새로운 사고와 연구를 통하여 그 개념을 정립하는 것이 중요한 과제가 될 것이며 디자인에의 적용 및 시도는 표현의 다양성을 추구하는 현대 디자인에서 강력한 표현 도구가 될 것이다. 캘리그래피에서 표현기법은 신중하게 선택해야 한다. 왜냐하면 표현기법에 따라 전달하고자 하는 정보의 이미지가 달라지기 때문이다. 최근 정보전달 효과를 극대화하기 위한 새로운 기법으로 캘리그래피가 여러 광고 매체에서 활용되어지고 있다. 그러나 잘못 전달되는 매체표현도 많아 정보의 사각지대가 되고 있다. 이러한 캘리그래피의 매체들은 직접적으로 전달하려고 하는 메시지를 보다 새로운 기법으로 표현함으로써 소비자들의 기억에 오래도록 각인되고 있다. 본 연구는 창조적 캘리그래피의 중요성을 인지하고 한글 캘리그래피의 효과를 더욱 높이기 위하여 다양한 도구를 활용한 표현기법을 통해 신선하고 독특하며, 새로운 표현기법을 구사하고 또한 각 브랜드별 캘리그래피의 표현 사례 및 분석을 통해 이에 따른 문제점 및 캘리그래피의 향후 발전 방향을 제시함으로써 캘리그래피의 미래에 대한 효과적인 메시지 전달 기능을 극대화 시킬 수 있도록 하는 것에 그 의의를 두었다

‘Dauerdelikt’ is a continuing crime. Although The ‘Dauerdelikt’ is defined as a crime subsequent misconduct and illegal state match, ‘Dauerdelikt’ or ‘Zustandsdelikt’ is very hard or impossible to distinguish and is still ambiguous case-by-case crimes. Since the existence criteria is necessary that at the time after completion of commission of crime, it must be observed whether omission of the act or acts exist. Starting from willful actors to choose from acts contrary to the norms of illegality, as long as the intentional act continues, crime will continue. And it is evaluated while the action continues willfully, illegal state not only continue, but also internal strengthening of illegality has been performed. ‘Dauerdelikt’, that is infringement after completion of commission of crime adds to the interests protected by law through inaction or omission of additional actors, gradually increasing from a base point, is a sin or a large extent has been enhanced illegality. In this study will be made a classification that authentic crime of omission, declaration of intention as juristic act, and willfully act that during continuing act unlawfulness is enhanced increasingly are ‘Dauerdelikt’

이 연구에서는 교직과정을 이수 중인 남녀 대학생 258명을 대상으로 교직희망동기와 귀인유형, 교사효능감에 대한 자기보고식의 질문지를 배부․수거하였으며, 수집된 자료를 통해 교사 효능감과 교직희망동기, 귀인유형의 관계를 분석하고 있다. 연구 결과, 능동적 동기와 내적 귀인유형은 교사효능감의 하위요인들과 정적 상관관계를 나타냈고, 외적귀인유형은 물질적 동기 및 수동적 동기와 정적상관관계를 나타냈다. 그리고 교사효능감에 대한 귀인유형의 조절효과를 분석한 결과, 능동적 동기와 교사효능감의 관계에서 외적귀인이 조절효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 외적 귀인 수준이 낮은 경우에 능동적 동기 수준이 높으면 교사효능감 수준이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 외적 귀인 수준이 높은 경우 능동적 동기 수준은 교사효능감에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 결국 교직이수 대학생의 교사효능감을 위해서는 능동적 교직희망동기를 가장 중요하게 고려하여야 하며, 한 걸음 더 나아가 능동적 교직희망동기를 약화시키지 않기 위해서는 평소 내적귀인을 유도해야 함을 나타낸다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 선행연구들과 논의하였고, 교사효능감의 향상을 위하여 귀인훈련의 필요성과 그에 따른 결론을 내리고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the weighting factor on inspection categories for risk assessment of buildings. For the purpose, survey of practitioners and experts conducted. By A.H.P.(Analytic hierarchy process), relative weighting factor in inspection categories were estimated.

This paper analyzed the damage type from completed shield TBM tunnels in case study. To identify damage type, the reports on field investigation and maintenance with 6 sites were performed an analysis. As results of the analysis, the various damage types were presented in completed shield TBM tunnels. However, completed shield TBM tunnels were expected to be available as permanent structure through regular maintenance.