우리나라의 대표적 향토수종인 소나무 침엽의 지리적 변이를 알아보기 위하여 남한 전 지역을 대상으로 위도와 경도를 30' 간격으로 교차되는 35집단을 선정하고 침엽을 채취하여 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 침엽길이, 침엽폭, 기공열수, 기공밀도, 거치수, 수지구수가 집단간, 개체간에 많은 차이가 있었으며, 개체간의 차이가 집단간의 차이보다 더 컸다. 기공밀도는 남부지역의 집단들 보다는 북부지역의 집단들이 더 높았으며, 표고가 낮은 지역의 집단들 보다는 표고가 높은 지역의 집단들이 기공밀도가 더 높았다. 거치수는 북부지역의 집단들보다는 남부지역의 집단들이 더 많았으며, 표고가 높은지역의 집단들보다는 표고가 낮은 지역의 집단들이 더 많았다. 수지구 수는 해안에서 거리가 먼 내륙의 집단들 보다는 해안에서 거리가 가까운 집단들이 더 많았다. 그리고 수지구 지수는 동부지역의 집단들 보다는 서부지역의 집단들이 더 높았다. 침엽의 형태적 특성으로 유집분석 결과 3개 군으로 구분되었으며 제III군은 I, II군에 비하여 거치수는 적고, 기공 밀도가 높은 태백산맥 주위의 집단들이었다.

삼백초과식물 2속 2종에 대한 30개 지역별 개체군의 유전적 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 RAPD 분석을 실시하였다. PCR 과정을 통해 증폭된 RAPD 절편들은 300bp에서 2,000bp 사이의 구간에서 관찰되었다. 총 16개의 oligoprimer를 이용한 효소중합반응에서 156개의 유효한 polymorphic band makers를 확인하였고 이러한 자료에 근거하여 2종의 종내 개체군 군집에 대한 UPGMA phenogram을 도출하였다. 이 결과 유집형태에 근거하여 재배지 개체군과 자연집단 개체군과의 구분이 가능하였고 또한 지역별 개체군들끼리 유집되는 결과를 보였다. 2종 모두에서 지역별 개체군중 경남의 개체군과 제주도의 개체군이 전남의 개체군에 비해 유연관계가 밀접한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 RAPD 분석은 삼백초과 식물의 개체군별 유연관계를 분석하거나 재배집단과 자연집단을 분석하는데 유용한 실험적 방법으로 생각된다.

The contents of five heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, copper and manganese in soil and vegetables collected from four sites in Busan district with composite sampling method were determined with ICP emission spectrometer. The ranges of their contents in soil were lead, 1.65～4.36 ppm; cadmium, 0.05～0.09 ppm; zinc, 6.33～11.09 ppm; copper, 0.44～1.35 ppm; manganese, 8.40～19.39 ppm, respectively. These contents were lower than the Clarke number. The range of heavy metal contents in four vegetables such as lettuce, radish and its roots, spinach and cabbage were lead, 0.09～0.48 ppm; cadmium, 0.01～0.08 ppm; zinc, 1.81～14.62 ppm; copper, 0.14～1.87 ppm; manganese, 0.71～14.5 5ppm with the order of Zn(7.30 ppm)>Mn(4.35 ppm)>Cu(0.53 ppm)>Pb(0.19 ppm)>Cd(0.04 ppm) in average contents. The average transfer ratio of metals from soil to vegetables was order of Zn(77.8 %)> Cd(37.5 %)>Cu(34.5 %)>Mn(18.6 %)>Pb(6.7 %). In case of the same cultivating soil, the transfer ratio could be expected to the order of spinach<radish<cabbage<lettuce for copper, lettuce≈cabbage<radish<spinach for manganese, respectively.

The air pollutant emission is mainly caused by line sources in urban area. For example, the annually totaled air pollutant emission is known to consist of about 80% of line sources in Daegu. Hence, the appropriate assessment on the air pollutants of line sources is very important for the atmospheric environmental management in urban area. In this study, we made a comparative study to evaluate suitable dispersion model for estimating the air pollution from line sources. Two air pollution dispersion models, ISCST3 and CALINE4 were the subject of this study. The results were as follows; In the assessment of air pollution model, ISCST3 was found to have 4 times higher concentration than CALINE4. In addition, actual data obtained by measurement and estimated values by CALINE4 were generally identical. The air pollution assessment based on ISC3 model produced significantly lower values than actual data. The air pollution levels estimated by ISCST3 were very low in comparison with the observational values.

This study explores the development process of an farmers’ group in Asan City that now plays an important role in the development of organic farming of the region. While increase in income in general may be one of main purposes making farmers join or form a group, the farmers group in Asan, instead, has tried to form a cooperative of local organic farmers. In doing so, they experienced a lot of difficulties and learnt by trial and error. As a result, the farmers’ group has recently developed in terms of business and organisational growth. The growth is not merely due to the growth of organic food markets but also due to the strong internal ties and trust that made possible to expand into food processing as well as to do social and cultural activities for the rural residents. It implies that trust and cooperative identity between farmers should be the most important thing to be locally embedded farmers groups in a specific region.

충북 영동지역 영보가리 광산의 에렉트럼(은함량=60.3~87.6atom.%)-황화광물 광화작용은 선캠브리아기 편마암 내의 단층열극을 충진한 석영맥으로 산출된다. 석영맥은 광물조성이 단순한 괴상이며, 구조적으로 2회에 걸쳐 형성되었다. 산출 광석광물은 비교적 단순하며, 유비철석(비소함량= 31.4~33.4atom.%), 황철석, 섬아연석(철함량 = 4.1~17.6mole% FeS), 방연석, 황동석, 휘은석 및 에렉트럼 등으로 구성된다. 유체포유물연구에 의하면, 광화작용은 CO2+CH4 함량(XCO2+EH4=0.0~0.2)과 저염도 (0~10wt.% NaCl 상당염농도)를 갖는 H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl계 유체로부터 200˚~370℃의 온도범위에서 진행되었다. 금-은침전은 천금속계 황화광물 보다는 후기, 약 250℃ 근처에서 진행되었고, 유체불혼화에 따라 황화광물 침전 및 H2S 일탈이 야기되면서 주로 냉각 및 유황분압의 감소에 기인하였다.

Allotment gardens with log house in rural area as a rural growth tool are able to adapt to current market mechanisms by communication and promotion techniques. It is important to know what and how allotment garden's users seek their benefits to market segmentations. The primary purpose of this study was to segment and profile the benefits of allotment garden's potential users so as to provide a better understanding of allotment garden in Korea. A self-administered survey was obtained from 298 allotment gardens users in the study area. Four distinct segments were identified based on the benefits; relaxer(23.7%), educator(21.9%), want-it-all gardener(42.3%), and grower(12.2%), and these were profiled with respect to socio-demographics and civic garden-related features. We suggest that the relaxers are target market of allotment gardens with log house because they have willingly intented to pay a higher rent.

This study aims to develop a rational evaluation system which consists of the selection of evaluation items and the estimation of its weight for the Enhancement Program of the Quality of Life for Farmers and Fishermen and Rural Development. This system has two hierarchical steps. The first step shows the evaluation goals which are relevance, efficiency and effectiveness of the program. The second step stands for the evaluation items which have 11 sub-items such as necessity and externalization for the program, rationality of procedures, feedback and monitoring system, budgetary allocations, information activities, impacts on the program, achievements of the goals and so on. A tentative evaluation system was proposed by brainstorming and Delphi method of expert-group. Weighting values of evaluation items were calculated through pair-comparison works of expert group using stepwise matrix sheets by AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process).

The frequency of tropical nights and tropical days in Busan during summer season (June-August) from 1995 to 2004 were investigated. When air temperature higher than 25 ℃ continuously maintains at night in summer, it is called the occurrence of tropical night. Tropical day is defined that maximum air temperature is higher than 30 ℃. In Jin-Gu and Daeyeon-dong shows a lot of frequency of tropical day and tropical night because there were located in downtown. Relatively, the areas where are located in seaside and riverside show very low frequency. This can be explained the cooling effects of sea and river. The main meteorological characteristics during tropical nights and tropical days is proved pattern of reverse tendency through wind rose. We analyzed heat index and discomfort index during tropical night and tropical day. This study is useful to understand the aspect of urban thermal environment but need some more observation to quantify.

This study assessed the characteristic of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) concentration ratios of industrial emission sources and the neighborhoods of industrial area, fuel such as gasoline, light oil, LPG, and similar gasoline, and ambient air in Daegu. The BTEX in aromatic compounds was the most abundant VOC in Daegu. The BTEX ratios were (0.2:2.6:1.0:1.8) for the neighborhoods of industrial area, (2.6:11.3:1.0:1.2) for residential area, (2.2:11.0:1.0:1.6) for commercial area, (1.0:14.9:1.0:1.3) for industrial area, and (0.2:2.6:1.0:1.8) for the neighborhoods of industrial area. Average BTEX ratios in Daegu were B/T ratio (0.1), B/EB ratio (1.5), B/X ratio (1.1), T/EB ratio (12.6), T/X ratio(10), EB/X ratio (0.7). Expecially, B/T ratio in Daegu was similar as the other cities, Bangkok, Manila, and Hongkong. Comparing other cities with B/T ratio, the main sources of VOC were vehicular exhaust and emission of industrial facilities. Furthermore, BTEX correlation were evaluated at the emission sources and regional areas. Results showed that correlation coefficient values of emission sources, fuels and neighborhood of industry were significant magnitude above 0.65(p<0.01). Also, there showed highly significant correlations among BTEX. Calculated correlation coefficients of ambient air sampling sites were 0.61～0.954 for commercial /residential area and 0.613～0.998 for industrial area. However, they showed different correlation between commercial/residental area and industrial area. It implied that the emission sources were different from each area.

가뭄에 대한 대책을 수립하기 위해서는 가뭄의 심도 및 지속기간 등 가뭄특성을 산정하여 가뭄을 정량화하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 표준강수지수(SPI)를 도입하여 가뭄특성을 정량적으로 산정하였다. 가뭄은 일정기간 지속되는 특성을 지니고 있기 때문에 일정 관측기간동안 제한된 가뭄사상을 가지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 조선시대에 기록된 측우기 자료(1770년 1907년)를 이용하여 관측자료를 확장하였고, 이를 이용하여 보다 많은 가뭄특성자료를 획득하여 가

본 연구는 금강하류 철새조망대 일대의 해안식물과 내륙에 분포하는 식물 및 경작지 주변의 관속식물을 조사한 후 식물구계학적 특정식물종과 귀화식물 등을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 본 대상지인 금강하류 일대의 관속식물상을 조사한 결과, 74과 179속 211종 24변종 3품종으로 총 238종류가 확인되었다. 이중 목본식물은 총 238종류 중 60종류(25.2%), 초본식물은 178종류(74.8%)로 분석되었다. 또한, 양치식물은 4과 4속 4종류, 나자식물은 2과 2속 3종류, 피자식물은 68과 173속 231종류가 확인되었다. 한국특산식물에는 은사시나무와 개나리가 확인되었으며, 식물구계학적 특정식물종에는 III등급에 참오굴잎버들, I등급에는 물오리나무, 굴참나무, 예덕나무, 개질경이, 뚜껑덩굴, 보풀 등의 6종류가 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 14과 35속 40종 2변종으로 총 42종류와 귀화율은 17.6%로 분석되었다. 귀화식물 중 생태계교란야생식물인 돼지풀(Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior)은 꽃가루 알레르기로 인한 인체에 피해를 주기 때문에 지속적인 관리와 대책이 요망된다.

Recently, eutrophication or lake and reservoir has become serious problem to man who want use that water for several purpose. In order to solve the eutrophication problem, the trophic state of that eutrophic lake and reservoir should be measured properly. For the purpose of this, various method to indicate the trophic state of lake and reservoir was developed by many researchers. This research was conducted to evaluate characteristics and eutrophication of water qualitymfor small scale reservoir in Kunsan. On-site investigation to 5 reservoirs and laboratory experiment were carried out during four seasons from November, 2003 to July, 2004. Twelve items measured field ana a laboratory. Measured data was analyzed to quantitative method by multivariate approach and eutrophication index. The result is summarized as following. 1) Showing the characteristics of water quality for reservoir in Kunsan, Okgu reservoir and Oknua reservoir was exceeded 4 grades of agricultural water standard in TP, TN and COD. This means that eutrophication was gone much, therefore, water-purity control of reservoir need. While, Mije reservoir that is used to Kunsan citizens' recreation was good in water quality. But, water quality exceeded 4 grades of agricultural Dater standard sometimes. 2) As a results of correlation analysis between variables of water qualify, Interrelation between variables which is connected with eutrophication was expressed good relationship as above 6.000 in correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficient(r) between COD and chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen and chlorophyll-a were 0.750, 0.720 and 0.600 respectively. Therefore, Change of water quality can grasp according to eutrophication progress degree. 3) If do evaluate to eutrophication by quantitative method which is proposed by OECD, US-EPA and Forsberg & Ryding, in the case of chlorophyll a, Okgu, Oknua and Daewi reservoir was eutrophic state and Mije and Geumgul reservoir was mesotrophic state. But, estimation by TN and TP showed highly eutrophic state (hypereutrophic) in all reservoirs. 4) If do evaluate by eutrophication index which is Carlson's TSI, revised carlson TSI and Walker's index, in the case of chlorophyll a, TSI values of Okgu, Oknua and Daewi reservoir is eutrophic state more than 50 and Mije and Geumgul reservoir was mesotrophic state as range of 40∼50 in TSI value. But, in the case of TP as nutrients, all reservoirs showed highly eutrophic state which was exceed to 70 in TSI value. According to above results, the water quality for small scale reservoirs in Kunsan is progressing by trophic state. therefore, for continuous use as agriculture water, we had better do establishment of management plan about water quality.

We have investigated coarse wind sectors in Busan metropolitan area and simulated detailed wind field using local atmospheric circulation model, RAMS in preceding studies (Part I, Part II). In this study, we divided and analyzed local wind sector in Busan according to the preceding results. We found that Busan metropolitan area is divided into 2 or 3 local wind sector in each coarse wind sector. The 9 coarse wind sectors were classified into 20 local wind sectors in total. But three local wind sectors were finally excluded because of these sectors were located on the complex hill area and the sea. Local wind sectors, therefore, in Busan metropolitan area were defined as 17 regimes. We assessed the location of air quality monitoring sites at Busan metropolitan area using the information of these wind sectors. Most of these were located at proper points, but 6 sites were placed at 3 local wind sectors as a couple and no site was set up at 3 other sectors. Hence the location of these sites was in need of rearrange.

It will be necessary to make proper management plans to preserve the air quality in good level for the public. In order to make these plans, source information and detail emission inventories of the city and near industrial areas should be given. However, lack of the source measurements data makes us more difficult to complete the source inventory. VOC source inventory could be utilized for the feasibility study to estimate the contribution of VOC sources presenting to the receptor such as residential area. It may give policy maker an idea how to control the air quality, and improve their social environment in the area. This study shows data that measured VOCs concentrations from the local industrial areas in Jeonju during from May 2005 to January 2006. The samples were collected from the near sources in 7 major factories in the industrial park as well as 5 general sources in near city Jeonju area to elucidate the abundances of speciated VOCs and their spacial and temporal distributions depending on source bases. Industrial sources are as follows; chemical, food, paper, wood, metal, non-metal (glass), and painting (coating) industries. The 5 general sources are sampled from tunnel, gasoline gas station, dry cleaning shop, printing (copy) shop, and road pavement working place in urban area. To understand the near source effect at receptor, samples from the 2 receptor sites (one is at center of the industrial complex and the other site is at distance residential area downwind from the center) were collected and analyzed for the comparison to source concentration. The mass contributions of the speciated VOC to total mass of VOCs measured from the different sources and ambient (2 receptors) were presented and discussed.

For developing standard method for diease, pest and weed control in environmental friendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable cultivation, this study was carried out to investigating agriculture material use in organic agriculture and no pesticide cultivation for lettuce, kale, leafy perilla and korean cabbage. The 28.6% of investigated farmer carried out seed sterilization by seed selection with salt solution and soaking in chitosan that not validated. For raising seedling periods, the 55.6% of farmer did not use environmental-friendly agriculture material for, diease control and the 50% of farmer used one time for. pest control. Therefore, the control of disease and pest could be achieved with one or two times use of environmental-friendly agriculture material. Seed sterilization was carried out by soil solar sterilization, one time per year in 71.4% of farmer. Weed was controled by black PE film for weed germination of furrow in many farmer, by man-power weeding for weed of ridge in 85% of farmer and by machine weeding and mulching in some farmer. During cultivation period, the major pest were Aphis gossypii in lettuce, Plutella xylostella in kale, Plutella xylostella and Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) in korean cabbage and Pyrausta panopealis (Walke) in leafy perilla. The many farmers used environmental-friendly agriculture material for control of pest over 10 times for spring season, and more used sold materials in market than home-made materials. In result, it needs to develop standardized method and validate cultivation methods for control of disease and pest, and seed sterilization treatment environmentalfriendly ‘Ssam’ vegetable.