The instrumental earthquakes data during 1905∼1982 of the Korean Peninsula were investigated and analyzed. The annual average frequency is 5.7 events and the return period for all events is 0.18 year. In the pattern of annual frequency, the recent seismicity of the Korean Peninsula has tended to increase since 1975. Most earthquaked occurred in the southern and western part of the peninsula, and along the major geologic structure lines such as faults, fault lineaments and fold belts, especially in the NE-SW strike structure lines. Many earthquakes occurred at places where the Bouguer gravity anomaly is positive, especially in the high anomaly gradient considered as rock boundary. Over half (51.4%) of all events in land occurred in the Precambrian metamorphic rocks, which are granti-gneiss and crystalline schist system. And a tentative seismic zoning map is presented.

In this study, we improved the water-based condensation particle counter in Atmospheric Research Aircraft NARA and investigated the condensation particle number concentration over the Korean peninsula. Pump and set point information were changed to improve the instrument used by aircraft for observation. Ground-based observational result showed that the error between two instruments, which are water-based condensation particle counter and butanol-based condensation particle counter, was 4.7%. Aerial observational result revealed that the number concentration before improvement indicate large variation with unstable condition, whereas the number concentration after improvement indicate a reasonable variation. After improvement, the number concentration was 706±499 particle/㎤ in the West Sea and 257±80 particle/㎤ in Gangwon-do, and these are similar to the concentration range reported in previous studies. Notably, this is the first attempt to use aerial observation with water-based condensation particle counter to investigate condensation particle number concentration.

한반도 동남부에서 가장 규모가 큰 마이오세 포항분지의 남서부를 대상으로 상세한 지질도 작성과 지질구조를 분석하여 분지 발달사를 해석하였다. 포항분지 남서부는 북북동 방향의 분지 내 지구내지루에 의해 기하와 변형사가 서로 다른 서쪽의 보문구역과 동쪽의 오천구역으로 나누어진다. 보문구역은 포항분지 초기 확장 이후 거의 변형되지 않은 반면, 오천구역은 충전물의 퇴적 이후에도 후기 변형이 지속·중첩된 지역이다. 따 라서 보문구역은 포항분지 최초 확장 형식에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 보문구역은 북북동 방향의 정단 층들과 북북서(북서) 방향의 우수향 주향이동단층 분절들이 지그재그로 이어진 서편 경계단층에 의해 침강이 주도되었으며, 이 경계단층은 남쪽으로 한반도 동남부 마이오세 지각변형의 서쪽 한계선이며 우수향 주향이 동성 주변위대로 알려진 연일구조선과 연결된다. 따라서 포항분지는 17-16.5Ma 경 활동을 시작한 연일구조 선 북쪽 말단에 우향스텝 형태로 생성된 북북동 방향의 정단층 또는 사교이동단층에 의해 서북서-동남동 방 향으로 확장된 횡인장단층말단분지로 최초 침강된 것으로 해석된다. 이로 인해 보문구역에는 서쪽으로 갈수록 분 지의 깊이가 더 깊어지는 북북동 방향의 비대칭 지구 또는 반지구가 생성되었다. 이후 포항분지의 확장과 변 형은 오천구역을 포함하는 보다 동편 지역으로 이동하였다.

한반도의 판 내부 기원 신생대 후기 현무암류(백두산, 전곡, 백령도, 평택, 아산, 간성, 울릉도, 독도, 제주도 등)에 대해 그 동안에 보고된 Sr-Nd-Pb-Mg-Zn 동위원소를 포함한 지구화학 자료를 종합정리하고, 그 근원 맨틀 속에 포함된 암상을 파악한 후 필요한 맨틀 단성분의 종류와 그 성인에 대해서 고찰하였다. Sr-Nd 동위원소 상관도에서 제주도는 EM2형 해양도 현무암의 영역에 도시되는 반면 다른 지역 현무암류는 EM1형 해양도 현무암의 영역에 도시된다. Pb-Pb 동위원소 상관도에서 제주도는 인도양 중앙해령 현무암과 EM2 단 성분 간의 혼합 배열을 보이는 반면, 다른 지역 현무암류는 인도양 중앙해령 현무암과 EM1 단성분 간의 혼 합 배열을 보인다. 한반도 현무암류는 석류석 러어조라이트와 함께 과거에 섭입하여 맨틀 전이대에 정치하고 있는 해양판 물질(에클로자이트/휘석암, 원양 퇴적물, 탄산염)이 혼합된 맨틀에서 유래되었다. EM1형 단성분의 역할을 하는 물질은 오래전(~2.0 Ga)에 섭입되어 중성 부력으로 맨틀 전이대에 정치되어 있는 (함)K-Hollandite 원양 퇴적물로 추정된다. EM2 단성분은 맨틀 속에 섭입된 후 빠른 시간 안에 재활성된 상대적으로 젊은(아 마도 태평양판의) 원양 점토 퇴적물일 가능성이 높다. 에클로자이트와 탄산염은 EM 구성요소는 아니나 한반도 현무암의 근원 맨틀 속에 공통 인자로 포함되어 있다.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the meteorological and environmental conditions for a cloud seeding experiment over the Korean peninsula and estimated the available days for the same. The conditions of available days appropriate for a cloud seeding experiment were classified according to four purposes: water resources, drought relief, forest fire prevention, and air quality improvement. The average number of available days for a cloud seeding experiment were 91.27 (water resources), 45.93–51.11 (drought relief), 40.28–46.00 (forest fire prevention), and 42.19–44.60 days/year (air quality improvement). If six experiments were carried out per available day for a cloud seeding experiment, the number of times cloud seeding experiments could be conducted per year in a continuously operating system were estimated as 547.62 (water resources), 275.58–306.66 (drought relief), 241.68–276.00 (forest fire prevention), and 253.14–267.60 times/year (air quality improvement). From this result, it was possible to determine the appropriate meteorological and environmental conditions and statistically estimate the available days for a cloud seeding experiment. The data on the available days for a cloud seeding experiment might be useful for preparing and performing such an experiment.

In this study, type analysis was conducted along with the advancement of basic data to calculate the maximum damage caused by strong winds during the typhoon period. The result of the damage by region showed that in 2012, the difference in damage was clearly distinguished as the region was classified in detail. In addition, the result of the annual damage in 2011 was strong on the west coast, and in 2016, the damage to the southeast coast was significant. In 2012, the 3-second gust was relatively stronger on the west and southeast coasts than in 2011, and the winds blew stronger along the southeast coast in 2016. Monthly damage data showed that the damage to the west coast was high in August, and the damage to the southeast coast was high in October from 2002 to 2019. The 3-second gust showed the result of wide expansion throughout the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula in October. As a result, the damage differs for type bacause the intensities and paths of typhoons vary depending on their characteristics, the 3-second gust blows differently by region based on regional characteristics, and the sale price is considered in metropolitan cities.

In this study, we investigated the optimal meteorological conditions for cloud seeding using aircraft over the Korean Peninsula. The weather conditions were analyzed using various data sources such as a weather chart, upper air observation, aircraft observation, and a numerical model for cloud seeding experiments conducted from 2018 to 2019 by the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Korea Meteorological Administration. Cloud seeding experiments were performed in the seasons of autumn (37.0%) and winter (40.7%) in the West Sea and Gangwon-do. Silver iodide (70.4%) and calcium chloride (29.6%) were used as cloud seeding materials for the experiments. The cloud seeding experiments used silver iodide in cold clouds. Aircraft observation revealed relatively low temperatures, low liquid water content, and strong wind speeds in clouds with a weak updraft. In warm clouds, the cloud seeding experiments used calcium chloride. Observations included relatively high temperatures, high liquid water content, and weak wind speeds in clouds with a weak updraft. Based upon these results, we determined the comprehensive meteorological conditions for cloud seeding experiments using aircraft over the Korean Peninsula. The understanding of optimal weather conditions for cloud seeding gained from this study provide information critical for performing successful cloud seeding and rain enhancement.

The spatial characteristics of typhoon-class strong wind during the non-typhoon period were analyzed using, a cluster analysis of the observational data and of special strong wind advisories and, warnings issued by the Korean Meteorological Administration. On the Korean Peninsula, strong winds during non-typhoon periods showed a wide variety of spatial characteristics. In particular, the cluster analysis showed that strong winds could be classified into six clusters on the Korean Peninsula, and that the spatial distribution, occurrence rate of strong winds, and strong wind speed in each cluster were complex and diverse. In addition, our analysis of the frequency of issuance of special strong wind warnings showed a significant difference in the average frequency of strong wind warnings issued in metropolitan cities, with relatively high numbers of warnings issued in Gyeongsangbuk-do and, Jeollanam-do, and low numbers of warning issued inland and in other metropolitan cities. As a result of the changing trend in warnings issued from 2004 to 2019, Ulsan and Busan can be interpreted as having a relatively high number of warnings; the frequency of strong wind warnings issuances and strong wind occurrences in these cities is increasing rapidly. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to identify areas with similar strong wind characteristics and consider specific regional standards in terms of disaster prevention.

This study analyzed the characteristics of strong winds accompanying typhoons for a period of 116 years, from 1904 to 2019, when modern weather observations began in Korea. Analysis shows that the average wind speed and high wind rate caused by typhoons were higher over the sea and in the coastal areas than in the inland areas. The average wind speed was higher over the West Sea than over the South Sea, but the rate of strong wind was greater over the South Sea than over the West Sea. The average wind speed decreased by 1980 and recently increased, while the rate of strong winds decreased by 1985 and has subsequently increased. By season, the strong winds in autumn (september and october) were stronger than those in summer (june, july, and august). Strong winds were also more frequent in autumn than in summer. The analysis of the changes in strong winds caused by typhoons since the 1960s shows that the speed of strong winds in august, september, and october has increased more recently than in the past four cycles. In particular, the increase in wind speed was evident in fall (september and october). Analysis of the results suggests that the stronger wind is due to the effects of autumn typhoons, and the increased possibility of strong winds.

This study aimed to classify typhoons using a more objective index based on strong winds and precipitation data from 1904 to 2019 obtained from the Automated Surface Observing System. The Typhoon Type Index (TTI) was calculated by classifying wind speed and precipitation of each typhoon, thereby revealing the rate and characteristics of the wind-type and rain-type typhoons. In addition, the top 10 typhoons for property damage were analyzed by dividing them into three types according to the typhoon course. The analysis showed that typhoons of type 1, heading north to the west coast, were most clearly affected by the wind. In addition, the impact of the wind was reduced and the impact of rain increased in the order of typhoon type 2 that landed on the southern coast and type 6 that affected the Korean Peninsula through China.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) mainly occur during June-October, and result in significant casualties and damages to property in East Asian countries (e.g., Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China, etc.). Although the total number of TCs that occurred over WNP was similar to normal years, the numer of TCs that affected Korea in August and September 2019 was 3 times higher than with the same number of TCs in July. Therefore, this study examined why more TCs migrated into Korea in 2019 through analyzing four environmental conditions: steering flow, geopotential height at 500 hPa, vertical wind shear (VWS), and sea surface temperature (SST). Results showed that the tracks of TCs were significantly associated with steering flows from July to September. Furthermore, weaker VWS and warmer SST were distributed near the tracks of TCs during August and September, whereas strong VWS and lower SST were dominant in July. The environmental conditions in August and September were favorable for maintaining and developing TCs, explaining why more typhoons have affected Korea during August and September in 2019.

This study analyzed the status of climate-change indicator plants native to the main islands of the Korean peninsula, while elucidating their distribution characteristics. Information on flora from over 129 island locations, comprising more than 100 species of native plants, was collected, compiled into a database, and utilized as raw data. The distribution of 193 climate-change indicator plants was confirmed. The distribution area of broadleaf evergreen trees and ferns, including Mallotus japonicus and Cyrtomium falcatum, was relatively wide. In contrast, the distribution of common northern plants such as Corydalis turtschaninovii and Malus baccata was limited. If global warming persists, northern plant distribution is expected to decrease rapidly in the Korean Peninsula island region, while the northern limit line of the southern plants is expected to migrate further northward. During this process, it is likely that the plant congregation structure and species diversity within the island region will change dynamically. In this study, comparative analyses between species and regions were conducted by assessing the relative frequency of their occurrence, and six types of botanical geographic distribution patterns were noted.

한반도 미기록식물인 얼치기대가래(Potamogeton × anguillanus Koidz.)를 강원도 영월군 남면 연당리 연당천에서 발견하였다. 얼치기대가래는 대가래(P. wrightii Morong)와 넓은잎말 (P. perfoliatus L.)의 자연교잡종이다. 대가래에 비해 잎자루가 짧고, 넓은잎말에 비해 잎이 좁고 길며, 밑부분이 줄기를 완전히 감싸지 않는 특징으로 구별된다. 본 미기록식물의 국명은 교잡종임을 고려하여 얼치기대가래로 신칭하였다. 주요 형질에 대한 기재와 화상자료 및 검색표를 제시하였다.

In order to protect the lives and property of citizens, the central and local governments are responding by enacting municipal ordinances and regulations as the frequency of extreme weather conditions due to climate change increases and intensity increases gradually. Accordingly, the basic contents and strategies of domestic and foreign policies to cope with cold and heat waves were reviewed, referring to measures suitable for application to the Daegu metropolitan area. In addition, it is intended to provide a policy alternative to Daegu metropolitan area to minimize damage from extreme weather by identifying the current status, characteristics, and future prospects of extreme weather in Daegu metropolitan area. Since the damage caused by the cold wave in Daegu area is not as great as that of other regions, it is urgent to come up with cold wave measures for the health and transportation sectors, and to come up with measures against the heat wave as the damage caused by the heat wave is the most serious in the country. Also we will identify spatial characteristics so that the districts and counties with high vulnerability to extreme weather can be identified and implemented first, and present civic life-oriented facilities and civic action guidelines to overcome cold and heat waves.

경기도 김포시 및 인천광역시 강화군 일대에서 미기록 외래 식물 좀갯드렁새[Diplachne fusca subsp. uninervia (J. Presl) P.M. Peterson & N. Snow]가 발견되었다. 이 분류군은 아메리카 원산이며, 여러 나라에서 외래식물로 보고되었다. 국내에서 외래종으로 먼저 보고된 갯드렁새[D. fusca subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) P.M. Peterson & N. Snow]와 근연종이며, 모종인 D. fusca의 종하분류군이다. 좀갯드렁새는 소수, 포영 및 호영의 길이가 짧고 까락이 없는 특징으로 구별된다. 소수의 길이가 짧아 국명을 좀갯드렁새로 신칭하였다. 주요 형질에 대한 도해와 기재, 검색표를 제시하였다. 갯드렁새의 이전 학명인 D. fusca (≡Leptochloa fusca)은 형태적으로 D. fusca subsp. fascicularis와 상이하다. 갯드렁새의 학명을 기준표본, 원기재문, 최근의 논문들을 근거로 D. fusca (≡L. fusca)에서 D. fusca subsp. fascicularis으로 변경한다.

Recently, a heavy rainfall with high spatial variation occurred frequently in the Korean Peninsula. The meteorological event that occurred in Busan on 3 May 2016 is characterized by heavy rain in a limited area. In order to clarify the reason of large spatial variation associated with mountain height and location of low level jet, several numerical experiments were carried out using the dynamic meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this case study, the raised topography of Mount Geumjeong increased a barrier effect and air uplifting due to topographic forcing on the windward side. As a result, wind speed reduced and precipitation increased. In contrast, on the downwind side, the wind speed was slightly faster and since the total amount of water vapor is limited, the precipitation on the downwind side reduced. Numerical experiments on shifting the location of the lower jet demonstrated that if the lower jet is close to the mountain, its core becomes higher due to the effect of friction. Additionally, the water vapor convergence around the mountain increased and eventually the precipitation also increased in the area near the mountain. Hence, the location information of the lower jet is an important factor for accurately predicting precipitation.

본 논문은 한반도 분단 극복에 대한 한국 기독교의 관점을 민족주의적 담론과 탈민족주의적 담론으로 구분하여 논의한다. 이러한 논의를 통하여 각각의 담론에서 평화와 통일이 서로 맺는 관계의 의미를 심도 있게 분석 한다. 통일의 당위성은 민족주의적 패러다임에 의해 추동 되었고, 민족주의적 관점이 그 당위성에 정당성을 부여 하였다. 이 관점은 남과 북은 원래 하나의 민족이고, 역사를 공유하고, 같은 언어를 사용하였기 때문에 남과 북의 분단은 비정상적 상황이라고 전제한 후, 이러한 왜곡된 현실은 통일로 극복되어야 한다는 입장이다. 이 연구에서는 민족주의적 기독교통일운동의 대표적인 관점으로 1988년 한국기독교교회협의회가 발표한 <민족의 통일과 평화에 대한 한국기독교회 선언> 을 분석한다. 민족주의적 통일론 속에서 평화는 통일의 하위범주 였고, 독자적 위치를 가지 못했다. 통일이 평화를 지도하였다. 1990년대 이후로 민족주의적 담론은 민주화를 통한 시민운동의 부상, 민족정체성에 대한 국가정체성의 점차적 우위, 2000년대 이후 평화담론의 확산, 세계화에 따른 다문화주의와 다원주의적 경향의 대두 등의 역사적 변화 속에서 비판에 직면하였다. 이러한 시대적 변화 속에서 탈민족주의적 평화통일 담론이 부상하였다. 탈민족주의적 입장에 서 있는 기독교 통일담 론으로는 평화주의적 관점, 화해를 강조하는 입장, 복음통일이라는 입장 또는 다문화주의적 입장에서 전개된 통일신학 등이 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 탈민족주의적 담론들을 논의하면서 그 담론들이 제시하는 평화와 통일의 길항적 관계를 검토한다.

2016년 환경부가 한반도 미유입 환경위해우려종으로 고시한 41분류군을 대상으로, 분류학적 특징을 이용하여 종을 동정하 는 방법을 제공하고 또한 자생지의 분포 및 환경 특성에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 국외의 여러 표본관에 소장된 건조표본을 확인하였으며, 미국 서부 지역인 캘리포니아주, 오레곤주 및 워싱턴주의 현장조사를 수행하였다. 우선, 조사 결과의 일부로 미국 서부 농업지역을 중심으로 분포하는 Carduus acanthoides L. (국화과), Carduus tenuiflorus W. Curtis (국화과), Onopordum acanthium L. (국화과), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (국화과), Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. (산형과), Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (산형과), Ehrharta erecta Lam. (벼과), Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (벼과)의 8종에 대하여 위해성 검토, 잡초위험평가, 분류학적 특징 및 국내외 유사종과의 비교 검색표를 제시하였다.

We estimated changes in temperature-related extreme events over South Korea for the mid and late 21st Century using the 122 years (1979-2100) data simulated by RegCM4 with HadGEM2-AO data as boundary conditions. We analyzed the four extreme events (Hot day: HD, Tropical day: TD, Frost day: FD, Icing Day: ID) and five extreme values (Maximum temperature 95/5 percentile: TX95P/TX5P, Minimum temperature 95/5 percentile: TN95P/TN5P, Daily temperature range 95 percentile: DTR95P) based on the absolute and relative thresholds, respectively. Under the global warming conditions, hot extreme indices (HD, TD, TX95P, TN95P) increase, suggesting more frequent and severe extreme events, while cold extreme indices (FD, ID, TX5P, TN5P) decrease their frequency and intensities. In the late 21st Century, changes in extremes are greater in severe global warming scenario, RCP8.5 rather than RCP4.5. HD and TD (FD and ID) are expected to increase (decrease) in the mid 21st Century. The average HD is expected to increase by 14 (17) days in RCP4.5 (8.5). All the percentile indices except for DTR95P are expected to increase in both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. In the late 21st Century, HD and TD are significantly increased in RCP8.5 compared to RCP4.5, but FD and ID are expected to be significantly reduced. HD is expected to increase mainly in the southwestern region, twice (+41 days) in RCP8.5. TD is expected to increase by 17 days in RCP8.5, which is 5 times greater than that in RCP4.5. TX95P, TN95P and TX5P are expected to increase by about 2°C and 4°C in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. TN5P is expected to increase significantly by 4°C and 7°C in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively.