Hourly concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, were investigated at Gangneung city in the Korean east coast on 0000LST October 26~1800LST October 29, 2003. Before the intrusion of Yellow dust from Gobi Desert, PM10(PM2.5, PM1) concentration was generally low, more or less than 20 (10, 5) μg/m3, and higher PM concentration was found at 0900LST at the beginning time of office hour and their maximum ones at 1700LST around its ending time. As correlation coefficient of PM10 and PM2.5(PM2.5 and PM1, and PM10 and PM1) was very high with 0.90(0.99, 0.84), and fractional ratios of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 1.37~3.39(0.23~0.54), respectively. It implied that local PM10 concentration could be greatly affected by particulate matters of sizes larger than 2.5 μm, and PM2.5 concentration could be by particulate matters of sizes smaller than 2.5 μm. During the dust intrusion, maximum concentration of PM10(PM2.5, PM1) reached 154.57(93.19, 76.05) μg/m3 with 3.8(3.4, 14.1) times higher concentration than before the dust intrusion. As correlation coefficient of PM10 and PM2.5(vice verse, PM2.5, PM1) was almost perfect high with 0.98(1.00, 0.97) and fractional ratios of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 0.48~1.25(0.16~0.37), local PM10 concentration could be major affected by particulates smaller than both 2.5 μm and 1 μm (fine particulate), opposite to ones before the dust intrusion. After the ending of dust intrusion, as its coefficient of 0.23(0.81, - 0.36) was very low, except the case of PM2.5 and PM1 and (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 1.13~1.91(0.29~1.90), concentrations of coarse particulates larger than 2.5 μm greatly contributed to PM10 concentration, again. For a whole period, as the correlation coefficients of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 were very high with 0.94, 1.00 and 0.92, reliable regression equations among PM concentrations were suggested.

최근 계속되는 산업화와 도시화로 인해 많은 환경오염이 발생하고 있다. 특히, 대기 중 미세먼지(Particulate Matter, PM10)는 호흡 시 체내에 흡입되기 쉽고 큰 비표면적으로 인해 각종 유해성분을 많이 함유하고 있어 심장 및 폐기능 저하, 조기사망 등 인체뿐만 아니라 생태계까지 악영향을 초래할 가능성이 높은 오염물질로 알려져 있다. 따라서 국·내외적으로 PM10에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되어 왔으며, 주로 관측된 대기질 자료를 분석하거나 수치모델을 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 2006년부터 2011년까지 연안 분지 지역인 김해지역을 대상으로 고농도 오염에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인 중 고농도를 발생시키는 1차적인 요인이라고 할 수 있는 오염물질 양 이 외에 다른 부가적인 요인 중 중요한 요인으로 알려진 기상학적 요인에 의한 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 김해지역으로 유입되는 PM10의 궤적을 살펴보기 위해 HYSPLIT 모델을 사용하였다. HYSPLIT 모델을 통한 군집 분석을 수행한 결과, 총 4개의 군집으로 분류되었으며, 대부분 중국으로부터 유입되는 수송 경로를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 김해지역의 일평균 PM10 농도가 전체의 95 분위수에 해당하는 80 ㎍/㎥ 이상인 날을 고농도 사례일로 정의하였으며, 사례일 선정 시, 황사, 연무, 박무와 같은 특이 기상일은 제외하였다. 그 결과, 연구대상기간 동안 고농도 사례일은 총 8일로 나타났다. 선정된 각 사례일의 WRF 수치모의 결과와 지상 일기도 분석을 통해 고농도 사례일은 전반적으로 바람이 약하게 나타났으며, 이로 인해 해륙풍, 산곡풍과 같은 국지순환계의 형성과 계절적 종관 기상장의 복합적인 작용으로 고농도가 유발된 것으로 판단하였다. 고농도 사례일을 대상으로 WRF/HYSPLIT 모델을 이용하여 역궤적 분석을 실시하였다. 선정된 고농도 사례일 8일은 모두 중국으로부터 발원하여 김해지역으로 유입되는 경로를 나타내었다. 특히, 재순환현상이 나타난 2008년 1월 10일의 경우, 고농도 사례일 중 가장 높은 농도를 보였는데, 이는 오염물질의 재순환과정이 연안 지역 오염물질의 농도를 상승시키는 주요 원인이라고 밝힌 여러 선행 연구의 결과와도 일치한다. 이처럼 중규모 기상장 수치모델과 역궤적 모델을 결합하여 분석해 본 결과, 김해지역과 같이 좁은 지역으로 유입되는 대기오염물질의 궤적과 이와 연관된 기상학적 특징을 상세히 살펴볼 수 있었다.

Power spectral analysis for PM10 observed at 10 cities in the Korean Peninsula from 2004 to 2010 was carried out to examine the spatial and temporal features of PM10 evolution cycle. The power spectrum analysis proposed 9 typical cycles (0.5 day, 1day, 5.4day, 8~10day, 19~21day, 26day, 56day, 180day and 365day) for PM10 evolution and the cycles are strongly associated with dilution and transportation due to the meterological influence. The spectrum intensity of 5.4day and 26day PM10 evolution cycles mainly depend on the advection cycles of synoptic pressures system and long-term variation of climatological forcing, respectively. The intensity of PM10 evolution with longer temporal cycles than one day tends to be stronger in La niña period in comparison with that in El niño period. Mean of typical intensity of PM10 evolution in La niña period estimated to be 30% larger than El niño period. Thus the global scale meteorological phenomena such as El niño and La niña also can influence the variation of wind system in the Korean Peninsula and PM10 evolution. but global scale forcing tends to influence different manner for PM10 evolution in accordance with its temporal cycles.

Approximately 13% of the world’s active volcanoes are located in Indonesia. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes those are scattered in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawesi islands(1). Seventy-nine of them erupted in historical times (type A). In this study, case study on the volcanic eruption of Merapi on 2010 and Kelud on 2007 are presented. The present study investigates a brief of volcano eruption characteristics, conditions to high risks areas, volcanic activity and its impact, national and local response in term of preparedness during the disaster. It was found that crisis management team was well organized and strategic; however the results showed that crisis management that was not fully integrated with the way of life of the local communities at risk and that information, communication and trust were lacking. Therefore, beside knowledge and awareness, the participation of the community is necessary in responding to a disaster.

Emission reduction program for in-use diesel vehicles(ERPDV) has been enacted since 2004 over the Seoul metropolitan area, and diesel emission reduction is forced to fulfill this regulation. This study was performed to evaluate the ERPDV using PM10 concentrations of both road-side monitoring and national background network during the period of 2004-2010. In order to assess the pure road emission, we first eliminated the long range transport effect by deducting the trend of annual national background concentrations from the road-side PM10 concentrations, and then analyzed the time series of the resultant PM10 concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area. The annual rates of variations of road-side PM10 with the deduction of trend of background level show -3.2, +0.4, and -2.4㎍/㎥/year, in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyonggi province, respectively. There are steadily decreasing trend in Seoul with all of statistic parameters such as mean, mediam, 5%ile, 10%ile, 25%ile, 75%ile, 90%ile, and 95%ile concentrations. Incheon shows some fluctuations with positive with no significant trend, and Gyonggi province shows overall decreasing but not consistent. Student-t test shows 95% significant level of ERPDV effect in Seoul, but there exists no significant level greater than 90% in both Incheon, and Kyonggi province. Total annual averaged trend over the whole Seoul metropolitan area is estimated to lie in approximately -2.9㎍/㎥/year in this study, implying the intimate involvement of ERPDV to a large extent. This is also suggesting that the further research cost-effectiveness of ERPDV with consideration of the long range transport process would be needed over the Seoul metropolitan area.

중모1001'은 중북부중간지 및 중산간지 고품질 벼를 육성할 목적으로 1994년 하계에 초형이 좋은 SR14694-57-4-2-1-3-2-2 계통을 부본으로 하고 단간이며 쌀알이 깨끗한 철원52호를 모본으로 인공교배하여 2007년 육성된 조생 내도복 고품질 중간모본으로 주요 특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 보통기 보비재배에서 출수기는 평균 8월 5일로 '오대벼' 보다 4일 늦은 조생종이다. 2. 간장은 73 cm이며, 주당수수는 13개, 수

중모1012호'는 국립식량과학원 상주출장소에서 2010년도에 육성한 조생 고품질 고식미 내수발아성 중간모본으로 주요 특성과 수량성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 남부중산간지, 북부평야지 및 중산간지, 남부고냉지 및 동북부해안지 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 출수기가 7월 31일로 '오대벼'보다 2일 늦은 조생종이다. 2. 간장은 78 cm로 '오대벼'보다 크며, 수당립수는 많고 등 숙비율이 높은 중립종에 속한다. 3. 위조현상은 나타나지 않았으며 성숙기 하엽

Time-series change in Gyeongpo beach shoreline was illustrated using DGPS(Differential Global Positioning System, resolution < 0.6m) observation from April, 2009 to April, 2010. The shoreline was subdivided into 12 areas, and westward and eastward movement of shoreline position at each area was calculated. In general, the shoreline moved toward sea during summer, and it moved toward land during winter. The southern and northern part of the shoreline had different pattern in time-series. The shoreline in the southern part moved toward sea during summer and moved toward land during winter, but time-series pattern of the shoreline in the northern part was more complicated than that in the southern part. Pattern of time-series change in the northern part was made up of three different types; the first is that the shoreline moves continuously toward land, and the second thing is that the shoreline's movement is the opposite to the southern part, and the third thing is that the shoreline maintains a state of equilibrium without any great fluctuation. The total length of the shoreline was the largest during winter and the smallest during summer. In general, time-series change in the shoreline had positive(+) relationship with sea surface pressure and wind speed.

2010년 해양연구원의 황해 남동부 탐사에서 채취된 67개 표층 퇴적물 시료에 대하여 정량X선 회절분석법을 이용하여 광물조성을 구하였다. 황해 표층 퇴적물은 주구성광물(석영 49.1%, 사장석 13.0%, 알카리 정석 9.3%), 정토광불, 방해석 빛 아라고나이트 등으로 구성되어 있다. 점토광물 중에는 일라이트(9.4%)가 가장 않고, 녹니석(4.6%) 이 두 번째로 많으며, 카올리나이트(0.8%)는 매우 소량 들어 있다. 석영과 알카리장석은 조립질 퇴적물, 각섬석과 점토광물들은 세립질 퇴적물에 농집되는 경향을 나타낸다. 석영, 사장석, 알카라장석, 녹니석 및 카올리나이트 함량은 황해 중앙 니질대의 남단에 해당되는 니질대 1에서 높고, 일라이트 함량은 황해 남동 니질대의 일부인 니질대 2에서 높다. 이와 같은 구성광물의 차이는 세립질 퇴적물의 근원지가 다름을 시사하며, 황해 남동 니질대는 주로 한반도 서해안의 금강과 영산강으로부터 운반되었을 것으로 판단된다.

The relationship between mission and imperialism has been one of the central themes which recur throughout missiology, in particular, mission history. In the case of the Korean Church, this theme also has particular significance for church history in that it was related to the origin of the Korean Church, especially the Korean Protestant Church. This study attempts to examine this theme, with special reference to the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh, 1910. It is because, first, the Korean Church was established in the context of imperialism; second, in Korea did arise an irregular case of the relationship between mission and imperialism, namely, western mission versus non-western imperialism rathallthan normal one, namely, western mission versus western imperialism; and third, the abovementioned Edinburgh Conference was held at the peak period of imperialism, from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Since the last year was the centennial of the Edinburgh Conference, the Conference was almost thoroughly investigated. In this context, it may also be well worth exploring the Conference from the perspective of the relationship between mission and imperialism. In particular, this study tries to grasp the reality of the Korean Church at the period under consideration, through unearthing archival material, that is, the draft reports to the Commissions of the Edinburgh Conference, which have rarely been utilized in the hitherto studies. In conclusion, this study makes it clear that the western mission, including the western mission working in the non-western imperial context, in the pre-World War Ⅱ period was largely under the influence of the ideology of imperialism, although mission could not totally identify with imperialism. It is against this backdrop that arises a question of whether the end of imperialism means the end of mission. This is why the post-colonial period exacts a new paradigm of mission.

In this article, I will press for some changes in the way we think about the role of women in early Christianity. Marcella(325∼410) played a much more creative role than often thought in shaping spirituality in the Roman setting during the mid-fourth century, the period of barbarian invasions. Marcella was a highborn lady from a line of consuls and prefects. She, as an aristocratic woman, was the first in Rome to accept the monastic vocation. Marcella created the Aventine Circle which provided the original impetus for the flowering of Roman female monasticism. She was an important teacher in the early church who was highly esteemed by Jerome. She was in the front lines in interacting with heretics and bringing them to a better understanding of Christian truth. At one point, when a dispute arose in Rome concerning the meaning of the Scriptures, Jerome asked Marcella to settle it. It is wrong to give Jerome the credit for inspiring or shaping Marcella’s spirituality and her Aventine Circle. It is also a mistaken notion that Marcella was at best a satellite or disciple of Jerome. By the time Jerome appeared in Rome in 382, the Aventine Circle had already assumed its basic pattern of monastic life, centering around intensive study of scripture, prayer, fasting, almsgiving and so on. Although he taught scriptures and encouraged their asceticism, he could not have shaped the Aventine Circle, which by this time had already been in existence thirty years or more. Moreover, Jerome commented that their scholarship on biblical study was far beyond normal. Jerome leaves ample evidence that he considered Marcella a biblical scholar. She was fluent in Greek as well as Latin and had an intense desire to master Hebrew. Jerome saw Marcella his equal as an interpreter of the Scripture. Looking in a new way at the evidence, I believe there are ample reasons for retelling the story of early Christianity in the West. As a founder of the Aventine Circle, as a role model of a monastic lifestyle for devout women of Roman aristocracy, and because of her highly intelligent scholarship on the Bible, Marcella was a major player in the development of Christian spirituality.

BCL-2 family 단백질들은 세포사멸 신호전달 체계에서 중추적인 역할을 수행하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, BCL2L10 단백질은 그 중 하나로 세포의 사멸과 생존을 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특이하게도 BCL2L10 단백질은 세포 또는 조직 특이적으로 서로 상반되는 친 세포사멸 또는 항 세포사멸 효과가 각각 보고되어 있다. 현재까지 난소세포에서의 BCL2L10의 발현 여부 및 기능은 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서 인간 난소 과립세포주인

본 연구에서는 자연에서 산출빈도가 높은 3가 비소(아비산염)와 two-line ferrihydrite와의 표면흡착반응의 기작을 살펴보기 위하여 3가 비소를 흡착시킨 two-line ferrihydrite에 대한 X선 흡수분광 분석을 수행하였다 연구에 사용된 two-line ferrihydrite는 실험실에서 합성하여 사용하였으며, 산성과 염기성 환경에서의 표면반응 기작을 비교하기 위하여 pH 4와 10에서 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 각 pH 조건별 3가 비소의 흡착농도에 따른 표면반응의 차이를 비교 평가하였다. X선 흡수분광 분석결과에서 얻은 EXAFS 영역에서의 비소 3가에 대한 구조 변수들을 살펴보면 As-O 배위수는 3.1~3.3개 거리는 1.74~1.79 a으로 two-line ferrihydrite 표면에 흡착된 As(III) complex의 구조 단위체가 AsO3임이 확인되었다. As(III)-Fe쌍은 주로 안정된 형태의 bidentate binuclear comer-sharing (2C)의 결합구조를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, bidentate mononuclear edge-sharing (2E)와 2C가 혼합된 결합구조도 공존하는 것으로 조사되었다. pH 4에서는 흡착농도에 따라 다른 표면구조를 가지는 반면, pH 10에서는 흡착 농도에 상관없이 동일한 표면구조를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 3가 비소와 two-line ferrihydrite의 표면반응은 pH와 농도에 의해서 영향을 받는다는 거시적인(macroscopic) 흡착실험 연구결과가 미시적인(microscopic) X선 흡수분광 결과에 의해서 해석될 수 있음을 의미한다.