To develop anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agentsfrom natural products, the inhibitory activities of Brazilian plant extracts against microbial -amylase and -glucosidase were evaluated. Among 100 different ethanol extracts tested, those of Acacia jurema Mart., Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., Cedrela odorata L., and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam showed good inhibitoryactivities toward both enzymes. In addition, an extract of Plumeria drastica Mart. showed specific inhibition of -amylase, whereas that of Eugenia uniflora L. demonstrated strong inhibition of the enzyme. IC50 values of -amylase inhibition suggested that the extract of A. humile A. St.-Hil., which has been used as an anti-diabetes medicine in Brazil, had potent inhibitory activity. The IC50 for the A. humile A. St.-Hil. extract () was similar to that of acarbose (). This activity of A. humile A. St.-Hil. was not reduced by heat or acid treatment. Moreover, treatment with HCl (0.01 M) for 1 h increased the inhibitory activity from 57.5% to 81.2%. Also, the extract did not cause hemolysis of human red blood cells at levels up to 1 mg/mL. The results indicate that the extract of A. humile A. St.-Hil. is potentially useful as an anti-acidosis and anti-diabetes agent.

Maize (Zeae mays L.) is a second important crop in the country and it is first staple food in high land region. The national average yield is 2.2 t/ha. About 80% maize areas falls in this region. An introduced fungus Gray Leaf Spot (GLS) caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis has caused yield loss an average of 75%. Genetic resistance has been effective control strategy to manage this disease. The main objectives of this work were to develop, evaluate and identify high yielding cultivars tolerant to GLS. Three sets of trials were conducted in Nepal and Korea. GLS evaluation trial-I consisted of 73 genotypes, GLS evaluation trial-II composed of 38 genotypes and mid altitude hybrid evaluation trial-III consisted of 12 genotypes. Exotic, semi exotic and local germplasm of different origins were used. Among these tested genotypes, tolerant genotypes were Thai 717S31-21-3×[TZMi407 × TZMi211-11- 2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B (5.2t/ha), Pioneer12 × MASynVAR-5 F2 (5.0 t/ha) and MA SynVAR-5 F2 × Thai 919 S3 4-5-4 (4.7t/ha) with GLS mean score 2.7, 1.5 and 1 respectively in trial-I. In trial-II, superior genotypes were KYM33 × TZi3 (7.6t/ha), KYM33 × TZi18 (7.5 t/ha) and KYM33 × P45 (7.4 t/ha) with GLS scores 1.4, 2.4 and 2.5 respectively. Similarly in trial-III, high yielding genotypes were MASynVAR-5 (11.0t/ha), and TZMi407×87036- 9-1-1-1-B-B-B/TZMi102×90113-5-3-2-2-B-B-B-B (9.8t/ha). These hybrids and their parents will use to introgress resistant genes to breed better tolerant maize cultivars for Nepal.

In order to measure in-situ suspended particle size, volume concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speed, mooring observation was performed at the Gwangyang Bay by using of an optical instrument, 'LISST-100' and an acoustic instrument, 'ADV'(St. S1). And the sediment flux was obtained based on the concentration of suspended particulate matter and current speeds measured at three lines of Gwangyang Bay during ebb and flood tide of August 2006. To investigate the spatial variation of suspended particulate matter, profiling observations were measured difference echo intensity and beam attenuation coefficient by using of ADCP and Transmissometer (Line A, B, C). The suspended sediment flux rate at the mouth of Gwangyang Bay was observed to be higher during asymmetrical than symmetrical of current speeds. The flux of suspended particulate matter concentration and current speeds were transported to southeastern direction of surface layer and northwestern direction of bottom layer at the western area at line A of Gwangyang Bay. Small suspended particles have been found to increase attenuation and transmission more efficiently than similar large particles using acoustic intensity (ADV/ADCP) or optical transmit coefficient (LISST-100/Transmissometer). The application and problems as using optical or acoustic instruments will be detected for use in time varying calibrations to account for non-negligible changes in complex environments in situ particle dynamics are poorly understood.

조어도 문제는 중일관계에 있어서 매우 복잡하고 중요한 문 제로서 여기에는 국가의 주권, 역사 문제, 법적 문제와 민감한 현황 등이 언급되기도 한다. 따라서 역사학, 국제법학, 국제관계 등 전문분야의 학자들에게 초미의 관심사가 되고 있다. 지 난 10여 년간 국내외 학자들이 많은 저술을 발표해 왔으며 각 기 다른 관점에서 조어도 문제에 대해 접근하고 있다. 조어도 문제에 관한 연구를 더욱더 진전시키기 위해 과거 10여 년간 조어도 문제에 관한 연구 성과를 망라하였으며, 그 내용은 주로 조어도 문제의 지리 및 역사 연구, 법적 연구, 현황과 영향 연구 등에 대하여 검토하였다.

1145년 고려왕조가 발간한 삼국사기에 따르면 독도는 521년부터 한국영토였다. 한국은 반만년의 긴 역사를 가지고 있지만, 1910년 한국 국민의지와 상관없이 일본제국 주의 무력에 의해서 합방되어 1945년 해방될 때까지 비참한 식민지 통치하에 있었다. 독도(리앙코 섬, 마쓰시마)를 합병하려는 일본내각의 비밀결정은 1697-99사이에 한국과 전 일본 정부 사이의 협약에 근거하여 “다케시마는 일본과 무관하다.”고 진술하고 있는 태 정관문서(1877. 3. 29)의 결정을 부정함으로써 국제법의 금반언의 원칙을 파기하는 것이다. “국가는 한 공동체가 정부의 구성, 영토의 확정, 그리고 자국의 재산과 국민을 타국의 지 배에서 배제된 영토에서 통치할 수 있는 권위를 획득했을 때 존재한다.” 2차 세계대전 직후 1948년 8월 15일 한국사회는 독도를 포함하여 한국 땅에 대한민국을 수립했다. 독도는 포츠담 선언에 따라 SCAPIN 제 677호(1946년 1월 29일)에 의해서 일본으로부터 합법적으로 배제되었으며 일본으로부터 정치․행정적으로 완전히 분리되었다. 전술한 SCAPIN 제 677호(1946년 1월 29일)의 조항은 발효된 후 개정되거나 취소된 적이 결코 없었다. 1947년 11월 14일 유엔총회는 압도적인 다수로 “한국국민은 국민정부의 수립과 그에 따른 자유와 민주 선거를 통해서 오랫동안 추구했던 자유와 독립을 획득할 목적”임을 가결했다. 따라서 한국사회는 1948년 8월 15일 1952년 일본정부가 자주권을 완전히 회복하기 4년 전에 일본과 샌프란시스코(1951년 9월 8일) 평화 조약에 따라 전술한 자유와 민주 선거권을 획득했다. 전술한 SCAPIN 제 677호(1946년 1월 29일)의 조항인 “일본의 정의에서 리앙코 섬(다케 시마)의 배제”는 평화 조약 제 19항(d)과 유엔헌장 제 107항에 포함된다는 것은 자기설명 이다. 그러므로 독도에 관한 일본의 주장은 전술한 조항을 위배하는 것이며 2차 세계대전 후 평화조약에 명시된 국제 평화와 안전을 무시하는 것이다. 그러므로 이제는 일본은 독도에 관한 주장을 그만둘 때이며 그것은 예의라고 생각한다. 일본의 독도주장 포기는 1910년 일본의 강점에 의해서 악화된 한국국민의 상처에 대한 “화해의 상징”이며 정의를 위한 것이다. 이는 또한 1905년 일본이 한국에 속한 독도를 탈취했기 때문이기도 하다. 유감스럽게도 일본외무성은 한국 섬, 독도를 영유하기 위하여 소위 “다 케시마 문제를 이해하기 위한 10개의 포인트”를 발간하였다. 나는 한국인으로서 독도에 대한 일본의 주장은 여기에 첨부한 “다케시마 문제를 이해하기 위한 10개의 포인트”처럼 불법 이며 비논리적인 점을 반박하지 않을 수 없다.

This study was carried out to classify Korean soybean varieties based maturity group. One hundred (100) domestic soybean varieties ( 56 for fermentation, 26 for sprouting, 17 for mixed with rice) were used and seeding date was scheduled at April 30. This experiment carried out at Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute, NICE situated at Miryang from 2005 to 2006. Classification of maturity group in 100 soybeans was followed by Kweon et al's method (1974) The main difference between this experiment and that of Kweon et al's method (1974) were the planting region and planting date. This experiment was conducted on April 30 at Miryang while Kweon et al. was conducted on May 23 in Seoul. Results of maturity grouping of Korean soybean varieties showed that Keunol, which was represented among 3 varieties, belonged to Group 0, Seonnok and Danmi in GroupⅡ, Shinrok in GroupⅢ, Seonyu, represented by 17 cultivars, in GroupⅣ, Taekwang, having 44 cultivars in GroupⅤ, Daewon, represented by 25 cultivars in GroupⅥ, and Kwangdu and Keumdu in GroupⅦ.

In this study, in order to analyze the air quality of the indoor environments of schools, we measured the indoor, outdoor and personal exposure concentration level of PM10 for 40 classrooms(20 old, 20 new) in chungnam area from June 22 to July 19 and from November 21 to December 30, 2003. 1. Old classrooms contained more dust than new classrooms; the average of respirable dust is 43.27 ㎍/㎥ for new classrooms while 53.38 ㎍/㎥ for old one. The exposure concentration level of respirable dust in new classrooms were in summer higher outdoors than indoors. The values were indoors 46.71 ㎍/㎥, outdoors 50.46 ㎍/㎥, and personal 41.62 ㎍/㎥. Meanwhile in winter indoors had a higher concentration level than outdoors, the values being indoors 39.11 ㎍/㎥, outdoors 34.86 ㎍/㎥, and personal 49.01 ㎍/㎥. 2. Cr concentration level within dust was slightly higher in summer indoors (101.50±32.10 ng/㎥) and outdoors (100.89±35.18 ng/㎥) than winter indoors (85.80±48.95 ng/㎥) and outdoors (74.43±38.93 ng/㎥), but in personal concentration level, winter was higher. The results of this research show insufficient understanding of health risks from indoor air pollution, and shows possible health problems to students from school indoor air pollution. As such, a logical and systematic education program for students about the importance of indoor air quality should be carried out. Also the results of PM10 concentration level measurements emphasize the need for regular measurements of indoor / outdoor and personal concentration level. New classrooms in particular needs to be used after measuring pollutants and safety, and requires installation of a ventilation device in all classrooms to improve air quality.

In rice, tillering is an important trait determining yield. To study tillering at the agricultural and molecular aspects, we have examined a spontaneous rice mutant that showed reduction in the number of culms. The mutant was derived from a F6 line of the cross of Junambyeo*4 / IR72. It could produce, on average, 4 tillers per hill in the paddy field while wild-type plants usually have 15. Except the reduced culm numbers, they also show pale green phenotypes. The phenotypes of this mutant were co-segregated as the monogenic Mendelian ratio (χ2 = 0.002, p = 0.969). In order to locate a gene responsible for the rcn phenotype, the mutant with the japonica genetic background was crossed with Milyang21 of the indica background. Bulked segregant analysis was used for rapid determination of chromosomal location. Three SSR markers (RM551, RM8213, and RM16467) on chromosome 4 were genetically associated with the mutant phenotype. Each of the 217 F2 plants was genotyped with simple sequence length polymorphisms. The data showed that RM16572 on chromosome 4 was the closest marker that showed perfect co-segregation among the F2 population. We suggest the new rcn gene studied here name as rcn10t because there was no report which exhibit a rcn phenotype with a pleiotropic effect of pale green (chlorophyll deficiency), and mapped at same position on chromosome 4.

In the neutron capture experiment and calculation, the neutron absorption and scattering are very important. Especially these effects are conspicuous in the resonance energy region and below the thermal energy region. In the present study, we obtained energy dependent neutron absorption ratios of natural rhodium in energy region from 0.003 to 100 eV by MCNP-4B Code. The coefficients for neutron absorption was calculated for several types of thickness. In the lower energy region, neutron absorption is larger than higher region, because of large capture cross section (1/v). Furthermore it seems very different neutron absorption in the large resonance energy region. These results are very useful to decide the thickness of sample and shielding materials.

In order to investigate the variations and corelation among PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations, the hourly concentrations of each particle sizes of 300 ηm to 20 μm at a city, Gangneung in the eastern mountainous coast of Korean peninsula have been measured by GRIMM aerosol sampler-1107 from March 7 to 17, 2004. Before the influence of the Yellow Dust event from China toward the city, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations near the ground of the city were very low less than 35.97 μg/m3, 22.33 μg/m3 and 16.77 μg/m3, with little variations. Under the partial influence of the dust transport from the China on March 9, they increased to 87.08 μg/m3, 56.55 μg/m3 and 51.62 μg/m3. PM10 concentration was 1.5 times higher than PM2.5 and 1.85 times higher than PM1. Ratio of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5 had a maximum value of 1.49 with an averaged 0.5 and one of (PM2.5-PM1)/PM1 had a maximum value of 0.4 with an averaged 0.25. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were largely influenced by particles smaller than 2.5 μm and 1 μm particle sizes, respectively. During the dust event from the afternoon of March 10 until 1200 LST, March 14, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations reached 343.53 μg/m3, 105 μg/m3 and 60 μg/m3, indicating the PM10 concentration being 3.3 times higher than PM2.5 and 5.97 times higher than PM1. Ratio of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5 had a maximum value of 7.82 with an averaged 3.5 and one of (PM2.5-PM1)/PM1 had a maximum value of 2.8 with an averaged 1.5, showing PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations largely influenced by particles greater than 2.5 μm and 1 μm particle sizes, respectively. After the dust event, the most of PM concentrations became below 100 μg/m3, except of 0900LST, March 15, showing the gradual decrease of their concentrations. Ratio of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5 had a maximum value of 3.75 with an averaged 1.6 and one of (PM2.5-PM1)/PM1 had a maximum value of 1.5 with an averaged 0.8, showing the PM10 concentration largely influenced by corse particles than 2.5 μm and the PM2.5 by fine particles smaller than 1 μm, respectively. Before the dust event, correlation coefficients between PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were 0.89, 0.99 and 0.82, respectively, and during the dust event, the coefficients were 0.71, 0.94 and 0.44. After the dust event, the coefficients were 0.90, 0.99 and 0.85. For whole period, the coefficients were 0.54, 0.95 and 0.28, respectively.