We examined long-term variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and annual amplitudes of SST around the Korean Peninsula. Two SST data sets with data periods of approximately 51 years and longer than 100 years, respectively, were obtained from the National Institute of Fisheries Science and Japan Meteorological Agency. SST of Korean waters clearly increased during last 51 years (1968-2018), which was 2.5 times higher than the global trend. This significant increasing trend was caused by the dominant increasing SST trend during winter. However, a negative and positive SST anomaly frequently appeared during winter and summer, respectively, in a recent decade. These features of seasonal SST variation have changed the annual amplitude of SST, and resulted in a drastically increasing trend after 2009. Using the longer SST data set, it was revealed that the decreasing SST trend in winter began in the 2000s and the increasing SST trend in summer bagan in the 1990s. During a recent decade, there was a distinctive SST increase in summer, whereas a clear decrease in winter. In summary, the annual amplitude of SST around the Korean Peninsula significantly changed from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend during a recent decade.

우리가 당연시하면서 누리던 것이 실제로는 조금씩 그리고 끊임없이 변하고 있으며 어떤 시점에 이르면 누구나 그것을 알 수 있을 만큼 변화의 시점에 이르게 된다. 우리가 살아가는 공동체의 문화적, 사회적 환경도 이처럼 변하고 있다. 그러므로 ‘예상치 못한 변화’는 변화를 바라보지 않으려 했던 인간의 나태한 관점이다. 변화는 시대 속에서 반복된다. 새로운 문화와 사조가 일어나면 점진적 개선을 통해 발전하 다가, 시간이 지나면 당연시되던 것이 퇴조하고 그때까지의 고정관념을 깨는 새로운 변화가 일어난다. 교회는 세상 속으로 보냄을 받았다. 교회가 세상 속에 있다는 것은 세상의 문화와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 말해주는 것이며, 교회가 세상 속에서 복음을 전하기 위해서는 문화는 끊임없이 변화하지만, 복음의 본질은 훼손되지 않고 전할 수 있도록 끊임없는 탐구와 개혁이 필요하다. 지금의 급변하는 시대도 하나님의 역사하심 가운데 있다. 주님 다시 오시는 날까지 교회를 세우시고 사명으로 인도하시는 분도 하나님이시다.

This study collected and analyzed the fishing process of existing fishing boat and newly built fishing boat by using the video observation methods to understand the improvement of fishing operation efficiency and safety according to the scale change of coastal composite fishing boat. The fishing operation efficiency was calculated by analyzing the frequency of movement, the movement distance and the moving time per basket used in the fishing process to derive the improvement of the newly built fishing boat compared to the existing fishing boat. It was confirmed that the mean frequency of movements decreased to 13.9%, the average moving time decreased to 21.8%, the mean movement distance increased to 20.5% and the movement through the top of gunwale did not occur. Movement of frequency, increased and time according to the fishing operation were directly affected by the width of side passages and the presence or absence of walking obstruction such as bulwark stay, hatch coaming and fishing gears on deck. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for redesigning into a safe and efficient coastal composite fishing boat in the future.

가뭄은 일반적으로 장기간에 걸쳐 물 공급이 부족하여 나타나는 환경 재앙 중 하나로 대부분 넓은 지역에 걸쳐 나타난다. 원격탐사 자료는 이러한 넓은 지역에서 나타나는 가뭄 모니터링에 적합한 방법이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 강원도 소양호 지역의 Landsat 위성 영상 자료를 활용하여 약 30년(1985-2015) 동안의 소양호 면적을 산출하고 이를 가뭄 패턴과 분석하였다. 특히 ISODATA, Maximum likelihood 및 인공신경망을 활용하여 Landsat 영상을 분류하여 소양호 면적을 산출하였다. 또한 가뭄 패턴을 분석하기 위하여 산출된 호수 면적과 소양호 지역의 강수량을 활용한 표준 강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index: SPI)와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 영상 분류 연구 결과, ISODATA, Maximum likelihood 및 인공신경망 방법 중에서 호수 면적 산출의 최적의 방법은 인공신경망 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 인공신경망 방법을 적용하여 산출한 호수 면적과 SPI와의 상관관계 분석 결과 R 2 값이 0.52를 가진다. 즉, SPI 지수가 낮을 때 호수 면적이 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉 호수 면적 변화를 통하여 소양호 지역의 가뭄 상태 감지 및 모니터링이 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 향후 지역 가뭄 모니터링 프로그램 개발 등에 사용이 가능할 것이다.

본 연구는 상업 젠트리피케이션의 과정을 일반과 프랜차이즈 커피전문점의 시·공간 밀도 변화를 이용하여 탐색하고자 한다. 커피전문점은 높은 입지 가변성으로 상권의 형성과 발달을 파악하기에 효과적 업종이기 때문에 상업 젠트리피케이션의 진행 단계를 직관적으로 설명하는 효과적인 지표의 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 먼저, 상업 젠트리피케이션을 경험한 사례 지역을 분석하여 커피전문점 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계 탐색의 가능성을 보여주었다. 다음으로 커피전문점의 상대 밀도와 밀도 비율을 추정하고 그 변화량을 기반으로 군집분석 방법을 적용하여 서울 전 지역을 대상으로 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계를 구분하였다. 그 결과 상업 젠트리피케이션이 진행되었거나 진행 중인 지역과 기간을 효과적으로 추정 할 수 있었다. 더불어 커피전문점의 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션의 탐색은 인구·사회·경제적 변수들보다 더욱 상세한 시·공간 변화 탐색에 효과적이다.

우리나라에서 세무서가 본연의 기능을 본격적으로 수행하기 시작한 지도 벌써 86년이 지났다. 그러나 세무서명에 관한 전문적, 학술적 연구는 찾아볼 수 없었다. 그래서 본고에서는 1934년부터 현재까지 우리나라 세무서명의 주요 특성 변화를 주요 변동 시기를 중심으로 비교, 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 어종은 100% 한자어였고, 음절수는 평균 2.04~2.26음절이었으며, 지수분포를 보였다. 명명 유연성 측면에서는 행정구역명 관련 세무서명이 80% 이상으로 압도적이었으며, 그 중에서도 시·구명 관련 세무서명이 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 전체 세무서명 중 20% 이상이 개명된 바 있으며, 2019년 현재 부적합한 세무서명은 31.2%이고, 이 중 7건은 매우 부적합하였다.

PURPOSES : Asphalt pavements are damaged by various causes, such as cracks, potholes due to climate, and traffic environment. Asphalt aging has a significant effect on cracks, which may also form potholes. The purposes of this study are to estimate the change in asphalt binder and mixture performance and to correlate the physicochemical changes of the asphalt binder and mixture performance with aging. METHODS : The aging process of the asphalt was determined in the laboratory, based on the methods used in previous studies. In terms of consistency (stiffness), crack-resistance performance, moisture susceptibility, SK investigated the binder part, and Shoreki investigated the mixture part depending on the aging time. RESULTS : The consistency (stiffness) and brittleness of both the asphalt binder and mixture tended to increase with aging. In particular, the crack-resistance performance of the asphalt binder (G*sinδ, ductility, and ΔTc) and mixture (flexural fatigue test and Cantabro test) deteriorated because of asphalt aging. Furthermore, the aging mechanisms (oxidation and polymerization) were identified based on the chemical structure analysis. CONCLUSIONS : It is confirmed that the aging affected the chemical composition change and the physical properties of the asphalt. Asphalt pavements are significantly affected by the aging characteristics of the binder. It is concluded that the crack-resistance performance of the mixture decreases with aging due to these physical and chemical changes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the construction industry of Korea from the 1920s to the 1930s by analyzing activities of construction-contractors trying to overcome the recession of the construction industry and intensified competition in the industry. In this paper, I looked at the activities of Hanazono Sakichi as concrete examples. First of all, with the strategy of the vertical integration, by manufacturing and selling building materials, Hanazono Sakichi expanded his company and the scope of contract business. The second, he attempted to diversify related projects. Through related diversification, he seemed to have earned not only land management profit but also advantages from related construction. These aspects were not only seen by Hanazono’s activities but also by other contractors’. On the other hand, a few contractors have taken over a trust company to secure the funds for land management. Attempts to maximize personal interests through the expansion and diversification of contractors' business can be seen as overcoming the pre-1920s environment, where almost construct works were ordered under the government, and creating opportunities for the private sector to work and make profit by themselves. In the end, it can be mentioned that ‘the contractor’ established ‘the construction industry’ through this process.

Supply chain management can be defined as an information system that connects the inside and outside of a company. Its purpose is to systematically and strategically manage the flow of information, resources and services to improve the long-term performance of the entire organization, including individual companies connected to the supply chain, and the quality of service provided to customers. The ultimate goal of SCM is to create synergy through organic integration of supply and demand based on cooperation and collaboration with stakeholders in the supply chain. This study is based on the hypothesis that the company's management performance will improve as the level of SCM improves. Most of the previous studies dealt with the relationship between corporate performance and SCM in the IT area. In this study, research was conducted through human capacity with IT system. The causal relationship was demonstrated, and there was a difference in the perception of the results of this study depending on whether or not smart factories were consulted in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. There is a need to examine the links between management's value chain and its causal relationship.

To evaluate alterations in fecal bacterial compositions in weaning piglets after supplementation with Phellodendron Cortex extract (PCE), piglets were allowed freely to consume feed containing 10 ppm of PCE for 7 weeks. During the feeding period, fecal samples were collected from individual piglets. A total of 578 valid sequence reads were generated from 40 fecal samples of normal piglets before supplementation with PCE. Fifteen classes were identified. Approximately 90% of classifiable sequences belonged to Clostridia and Bacilli classes. The abundance of Clostridium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was determined based on the results of the sequencing. The supplementation with 10 ppm PCE for 3 weeks increased the numbers of Clostridium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. whereas seven weeks of supplementation with PCE reduced their abundance. In vitro, PCE inhibited the growth of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis in a dose-dependent manner.

Many people have often reused their disposable respirator multiple times due to reasons of economy and purchasing inconvenience. However, multiple use of a disposable respirator may lead to an adverse effect of its protection performance. In this study, we aimed to determine changes in the protection performance of disposable respirators related to multiple use and to suggest the appropriate number of times of use. The masks of the brands T and Y were selected in this study, respectively. A mask of each brand was used for testing at the same time and place for two hours per day. The protection performance of each disposable mask was tested after consecutive use on days two, three, and four. The protection performance tests for each used mask following wear on a mannequin were performed in the laboratory using GRIMM’s fine dust monitoring device and TSI’s nebulizer. The concentration of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 inside and outside the mask was measured. The filtration rate was calculated and the results were analyzed using the SAS statistical program. The protection rates of the brandnew masks of T and Y brands (blank test) were 80% and 60%, respectively. After one-day usage, the protection rates of the brand-new T and Y branded masks significantly decreased from 80% to 60% and from 60% to 50%, respectively. Rather, the slight drops of protection rate were observed after two or more days of respirator use. Our findings indicate that the change of protection performance could occur after one-time use. It would not be recommended to use disposable respirators several times in terms of in terms of protecting human health from environmental hazards.

The field experiment was carried out to evaluate changes of dry matter productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass and triticale at different growth stages in Wonju from 2018 to 2019. Italian ryegrass and triticale forages were harvested at an interval of seven days from May to June. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass with 7,870 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The dry matter yield of triticale with 12,050 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested from May 3 to May 16. The crude protein yields harvested on May 16 were 890 kg/ha for Italian ryegrass and 1,103 kg/ha for triticale and were significantly higher than those harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield(TDN) of Italian ryegrass with 5,223 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield of triticale with 8,277 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested during May, but not different from that harvested after June 7. Considering the dry matter yield, crude protein yield and total digestible nutrient yield, it is suggested that the optimal harvesting times for Italian ryegrass and triticale seem to be May 16 and June 7, respectively.

n-Butanol is used to assess how odor intensity correction affects judges’ evaluation of the odor intensity based on the concentration. The odor intensity correction effect is verified by using three types of test solutions which are used for the selection of judges based on their concentration levels. The correction effect is statistically analyzed according to gender, odorant type, and concentration on the group and individual level. The result shows that n- Butanol correction affects the odor intensity evaluation for three odorants in different ways. In most cases, n- Butanol correction increases the panelists' sensitivity to the odor intensity change, and results to be close to the theoretical value. The female panelists can more accurately evaluate the sourness intensity of acetic acid after n- Butanol correction. All panelists regardless of gender can more accurately evaluate the fishiness intensity of trimethylamine after n-Butanol correction. For evaluating the caramel smell intensity of methylcyclopentenolone, a full panel without n-Butanol correction is recommended. Therefore, n-Butanol correction should be included in the process of judge selection and the odor intensity assessment.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrelationship of how the ship's wave resistance performance changes with the change of the longitudinal position of the section line in the ship's lines, and to find a way to use it in the hull-form design. To this end, we developed a hull-form automatic change algorithm that can maintain the proper hull-form while moving the section lines in the longitudinal direction, and the computer program for a numerical analysis was developed to apply the developed algorithm. By applying the developed hull-form automatic change algorithm and the wave resistance performance prediction program, the numerical analysis package was constructed. The numerical analysis was carried out for the passenger ship. Numerical analyzes were carried out by moving the section lines of the passenger ship in the longitudinal direction, and the results were compared with each other. Based on the numerical results, we attempted to investigate the correlation between the section line movement and the wave resistance performance.

A dapo type bracket system which consists of chuganpo(柱間包) and chusangpo(柱上包) with a fake-beam adopted a nemok-dori member to cope with oemok-dori member in order to obtain balance between the outer-side and the inner-side of the bracket system. The middle part of the longest rater in the dapo system is supported by three points made by oemok-dori, jusim-dori and nemok-dori members and the area between the rafer supporting points forms a supporting area. The increase of rafter supporting points and supporting area leads to heightening the structural stability and the efficiency of load delivery. In the eave of dapo system the portion where the three supporting points formed by oemok-dori, jusim-dori and nemok-dori members shows as 33% in the early period, 71% in the middle period and 78% in the later period. On the contrary the portion where more than one of the three dori members were omitted shows as 67% in the early period, 29% in the middle period and 22% in the later period. This is the result of the increase of the number and the distance of steps in the dapo bracket system as time goes on. This is because the structural role of three supporting points becomes important as the increase of distance between the dori members leads to the increase of load which burdens on each dori member.

The change of fishing power index was analyzed to identify the development of the vessel and gear technology that may improve the fishing efficiency of the offshore conger eel pot fishery from 1980s to 2015. Gross tonnage per fishing vessel was rapidly increased annually. The standard of pot was maintained, but the number of pot used rapidly increased by using conger eel pot hauling devices, carrying and loading devices, main line hauler, casting devices and slide type pot. Fish finder system to identify fishing ground information and the conger eel pot hauling devices were modernized, and supply rate was also increased. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the offshore conger eel pot fishery increased from 1.0 in 1980 to 1.3 in 1990, to 1.8 in 2000 and to 2.0 in 2015. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management of the offshore conger eel pot fishery.

Thousands of pelagic and demersal fishes inhabit the waters around Korea and many of them are overexploited. One of the reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the otter trawl fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage was decreased stably, but horse power was increased annually. The perimeter of net mouth was somewhat longer, but little changed. Color fish finder was utilized from the mid-1960s. Hydraulic net drum were introduced in the early 1990s, and supply rate was gradually increased. Surveys on the supply and upgrading of fishing equipment utilized visiting research. Therefore, the relative fishing power index in the trawl fishery increased about two to three times in the 2010s compared to the 1980s. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fisheries stock management.

PURPOSES: Knowing the scope of deterioration of the concrete slab around spalling is important in determining the size of the partial-depth repair. The change in the material properties of the concrete slab, according to the severity of spalling and distance from spalling, is analyzed herein by performing non-destructive and destructive tests at the field and in the laboratory. METHODS: The test slabs were determined by finding spallings with high or medium severity. The relative elastic modulus was measured near the spalling, far from spalling, and around the slab center using an impact echo equipment. The core specimens were obtained at the measurement positions. An absorption test was performed for the core specimens, while the impact echo and dynamic modulus tests were performed for the upper and lower parts of the core specimens under dry or saturated conditions. A compressive strength test was also performed for the upper and lower parts of the core specimens. RESULTS : The absorption coefficient, relative elastic modulus, relative dynamic modulus, and relative compressive strength worsened as the measurement position became closer to the spalling distress and top of the slab. The worse material properties were measured for the spalling with a higher severity. The moisture condition of the specimens scarcely affected the material properties. CONCLUSIONS : The impact echo test results obtained at the field showed a high correlation with the results of the absorption, impact echo, dynamic modulus, and compressive strength tests performed in the laboratory. Accordingly, a quicker and a more convenient nondestructive soundness evaluation of concrete pavements is expected to be realized using the field impact echo test method.