The purpose of this study was to investigate eating habits and dormitory foodservices’ satisfaction in university students using dormitory foodservice in the Jeollabuk-do Iksan area. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 195 students (86 male, 109 female). Many students (58.5%) ate less than two meals per day and spent around 30 min eating meals. The results show that snack and midnight meals were the main reasons (37.9%) for unhealthy eating habits. Main source of nutritional knowledge and information were TV and the Internet (58.5%), followed by friends and people (25.1%), nutrition books (10.3%), elective courses (4.6%), and newspapers and magazines (1.5%). Men had significantly higher satisfaction scores for nutrition, taste, diversity of menu, as well as hygiene of dormitory food court compared to women (p<0.05). Salty taste was the most important factor in evaluation of taste satisfaction, whereas sour taste was opposite. The reason for taste dissatisfaction in the dormitory food court was not salty enough, and it may be related with their eating habits. The results show that students need education for adequate knowledge and information about the relationship between health and nutrition.

The purpose of this study was to analyze University student’s dietary behavior for processed foods and recognition on food nutrition labelling according to the degree of health concern. For this study, 302 University students in Gyeonggi region was surveyed by questionnaire from May in 2016 and it included the questions about general matters, dietary behavior on processed foods, and the food nutrition label system. It was analysed by SPSS win 23.0 program. And the results are as follows. According to the result of the factor analysis, the preference of processed foods were showed 3.21~3.97. There were significant differences in milk and milk products preference according to health concern (p<0.05). Also frequency of processed foods was shown significant differences in milk and milk products, noodles, beverage, and fast food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in meat products, snack, bread and frozen food (p>0.05). Also, the processed food purchase consideration according to health concern was shown significant differences in nutrition, origin, manufacturing company (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in taste, price, exterior, brand, and shelf life (p>0.05). Thus, it is necessary to do continuing public relations and to provide more opportunities for nutrition education so that the University students may obtain right dietary behavior on processed foods and the system of food nutrition indication be established properly.

This study aimed to examine the health-related lifestyle habits and eating behaviors according to gender, ethnicity, and residence type of university students in Yanbian, China. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 302 university students. Of the male students, 12.1% and 42.0% were in the underweight and overweight groups, respectively, and of the female subjects, 21.3% and 16.3%, were in those respective groups. More male than female students preferred the overweight body somatotype. In contrast, about 49.4% of female students were hoping to be underweight, and female students had more obvious difficulties with body somatotype perception, whereas their exercise frequency and time spent exercising per day were much less than those of male students. More Chinese than Korean-Chinese subjects exhibited regular eating habits, which included eating at the same time everyday and at the same frequency per day; these habits were, accompanied by generally healthier lifestyle habits regarding regularity of activity and exercise time. Self-boarding students had a significantly higher BMI (23.7±5.1 kg/m2) and were more likely to be overweight (43.5%) as compared to students who lived in a dormitory or with family. Salty taste was preferred by Chinese students more than Korean-Chinese students, and greasy taste was preferred by Korean-Chinese students as compared with Chinese students. This study found that inherent and environmental factors are related with the dietary behaviors of university students in Yanbian, China. Further studies are required to elucidate the structural elements of family life and the sociocultural factors associated with dietary behaviors in Yanbian.

The purpose of this study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative assessment of dietary intake between patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy subjects and to investigate dietary factors related to MetS. Anthropometric measurements, blood analysis, and dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour recall were conducted in MetS patients (n=15) and healthy subjects (n=25). In order to assess the quantity and quality of dietary intake, daily nutrient intake, nutrient density, nutrient intake to dietary reference intake (DRI), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), food intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed. The statistical differences between MetS patients and controls were analyzed using the SAS software program. Daily energy intake and food intake were not significantly different between the two groups (2,154.3 kcal vs. 1,872.9 kcal; 1,280.0 g vs. 1,261.6 g). There were also no significant differences in daily nutrient intake, nutrient intake ratio to DRI, NAR, or DVS between the MetS group and the control group. However, daily intake of eggs and milk in MetS patients was significantly lower than in the control group (9.0 g/day vs. 30.3 g/day, p<0.05; 0 g/day vs. 49.7 g/day, p<0.05). These results indicate that low intake of eggs and dairy products may be related to the development of MetS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on eruptive movement during tooth development. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups were randomly divided into two groups; control group and experimental group. The experimental group was administered daily with n-3 PUFA by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 10 days postpartum, rat pups were sacrificed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA on eruptive tooth movement. Histological analyses were by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed to compare the osteoclast distribution in the bone matrix above the developing molar teeth. Incisor teeth eruptions were noticeably observed in IP group, as compared to control group. Rat pups in IP group showed faster tooth eruption on day 8 after birth. Through histological analyses, IP group showed thinner bone matrix and more osteoclasts above the 1st molar teeth, as compared to control group. TRAP assay showed significantly stronger stained pattern that the osteoclast above the 1st molar teeth in IP group, as compared to control group. The results suggested that n-3 PUFA could affect osteoclastic activity involved in bony remodeling during eruptive tooth movement.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dietary life status according to smart device use among university students. In 2015, data was collected during a 3 month survey of the eating behaviors, lifestyles, eating habits, and use of smart devices of 550 university students, as well as their dependency on smartphones. Ultimately, 520 subjects (94.5% analysis rate) were divided into three groups based on their daily use time of smart device: low-use group (<4.7 hours, n=173), medium-use group (≥4.7 hours and <6.4 hours, n=174), and high-use group (≥6.4 hours, n=173). The more frequent use groups showed a higher level of dependency on the smartphone. Breakfast was found to be the most commonly skipped meal; and the high-use group showed a higher response of irregular meals than low-use group. In assessment of eating habits, the subjects with less smart device usage ate more regularly and at fixed times, did not overeat, drank milk everyday, and did not consume processed food as often. To sum up, more irregularity of meal and undesirable eating habits were found among university students with higher use of smart devices. These results suggest that a control of smart device usage would lead to a more desirable dietary life in university students.

The present study investigated the effects of fermented potato protein (FPP, Lianol® ferity) during gestation and lactation on productivity of sows. A total of 50 crossbred sows (Landrace×Yorkshire) in their 3 to 5 parities were allotted to one of two treatments (n=25) including control and FPP groups. FPP tablets applied in sows in two stages. Stage one involved applying FPP daily from 3 days before farrowing to 2 days after for 5 consecutive days. The second stage also involved a 5 day period around weaning time from 3 days before to 2 days after. After farrowing, the amount of feed offered 3 times per day gradually increased from about 3.6 kg at farrowing to 8.4 kg at late lactation. During the first lactation FPP tended to increase backfat thickness (BFT) at weaning at the first (p=0.069) whereas FPP increased BFT (p<0.05) at weaning in the second lactation. There was no significant effect of FPP on body weight changes and daily feed intake of sows. Decreased weaning to estrus interval was associated with applying lianol tablet at the second lactation (p<0.05). Weight of born alive piglets, weaned piglets and total weight gain were greater in FPP group at the second lactation (p<0.05). Applying FPP tended (p=0.062) to increase insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-I) at the weaning time in the first lactation. The effect of FPP on IGF-I was significant at the second lactation, revealing a higher concentration in blood at post farrowing and weaning time (p<0.05). This study shows the benefit of using FPP tablets in sows to increase blood IGF-I and both initial and final litter size to improve piglet weaning weights.

This study was conducted to determine the association between dietary calcium intake and biomarkers related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five subjects (41 males, 34 females) were recruited from a group of patients who had visited the department of endocrine medicine. Data on anthropometric characteristics, clinical indices such as hemoglobin A1c and C-reactive protein (CRP), and dietary nutrient intakes were collected. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of their calcium intake [<EAR (below estimated average requirement), EAR-RNI (between EAR and recommended nutrient intake), >RNI (above RNI)]. Average calcium intake of <EAR, EAR-RNI, >RNI groups were 462.7±18.7, 649.7±12.8, and 895.7±21.7 mg, respectively. Energy intake was not different among groups but intakes of protein, total and saturated fatty acids were significantly higher in >RNI group than <EAR group. Analysis of covariance revealed that HDL cholesterol level was significantly higher in EAR-RNI group, as compared to <EAR group after adjustment with confounders such as age, sex, BMI and energy intake (p<0.05). Levels of CRP and homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) were significantly lower in EAR-RNI group. Total cholesterol level was higher in EAR-RNI and >RNI groups, although within the normal range. Our results suggest that dietary calcium intake may influence the levels of HDL-cholesterol, CRP and HOMA2-IR and subsequently, help management/treatment of type 2 diabetes patients.

Increasing sugar intake of population has become a nutritional issue in Korea. Sweet taste perception may be related to behaviors such as eating sweet food including high sugars and total sugar intake. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective sweet taste perception and the association among objective sweet taste perception, dietary behaviors related to eating sweet snack food including high sugar, and total sugar intake from the snacks. Participants were 261 healthy female college students (mean age: 21.0±1.6 years), who were divided into three subgroups based on oral sweet taste evaluation using a sweet taste assessment tool provided by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: sweet-seeker group (n=139), medium sweet-seeker group (n=54), and unsweet-seeker group (n=68). There was no significant difference in weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups; however, the sweet-seeker group had significantly higher sweet taste preference than that of the other groups. Though more people in the sweet-seeker group thought they tended to eat sweet foods than the medium sweet-seeker and unsweet-seeker groups, over half of the sweet-seekers did not think they tended to eat sweet foods. The sweet-seeker group was more likely to eat sweet snacks such as breads, chocolate products, sugar-sweetened milk, and so on than the unsweet-seeker group. Total sugar intake from the selected sweet snacks was 44.4 g for the sweet-seeker group, 34.4 g for the medium sweet-seeker group, and 28.0 g for the unsweet-seeker group with a significant difference. These results indicated the absence of relationship between objective sweet taste perception and the obesity index; however, significant associations were detected among objective sweet taste perception, eating sweet snacks and total sugar intake from the snacks. We also found high disagreement between objective and subjective sweet taste perception of the subjects. The present study provided the novel insight that measuring objective sweet taste perception may be useful for assessing the risk of high sugar consumption and undesirable dietary behaviors.

The effects of dietary β-glucan, obtained from bacterial fermentation, on the intestinal mass, short chain fatty acids, lactate production and pH in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were evaluated. SD rats fed with 0% (control group), 1% or 5% β-glucan supplemented diets (w/w) for 3 weeks. The presence of β-glucan in the diets resulted in a significant increase in colonic contents in a dose dependent manner. The amount of short chain fatty acids increased in rats fed β-glucan diets. Rats fed the 5% β-glucan diets had higher levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate by 1.8, 1.7 and 3.0 fold of the control group in the cecum, and 2.2, 2.9 and 3.1 fold of the control group in the colon, respectively. The β-glucan diets also significantly increased the levels of cecal and colonic lactate by 1.4~3.4 fold, when compared to the control diet, indicating that dietary β-glucan stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria within the intestine. These results suggest that dietary β-glucan, by providing short chain fatty acids and reducing the cecal and colonic pH, may be beneficial in improving gut health, and provide evidence for the use of β-glucan as a dietary supplement for human consumption.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) 유전자는 주로 간에서 분비되며 저밀도지단백질 수용체(LDLR)와 결합체를 이루어 세포 내 저밀도지단백질 수용체를 약화시킴에 따라 저밀도지단백질(LDL) 흡수를 감소시킨다. PCSK9은 심혈관 질환 및 상염색체 우성 가족성 고콜레스테롤혈증과 깊은 연관성을 나타내며 발병 메커니즘을 조절하는 주요한 인자로서 치료제 개발을 위해 많은 연구가 진행 중에 있다. 하지만 생식계통 내에서 PCSK9의 발현 및 기능에 대한 연구가 미비한 현실이다. 이에 본연구에서는 고 콜레스테롤 식이에 따라 수컷 랫드의 생식기관 (음경, 전립선, 정소) 내 Pcsk9의 발현 변화를 확인하고자 한다. 과도한 콜레스테롤의 축적으로 인한 이상지 질혈증은 수컷 랫드의 생식기능장애와 내분비교란을 유발하지만 이를 일으키는 조절 인자와 메커니즘은 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구진의 선행연구에서는 고 콜레스테롤 식이에 의해 혈중 총 콜레스테롤, 저밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤 레벨이 증가 및 고밀도지단백질(HDL) 콜레스테롤의 감소를 확인하였다. 이 후, Pcsk9의 mRNA 발현은 음경 조직 내에서 80% 감소하는 것으로 나타났고 그 발현은 주로 발기 조직인 음경해면체 및 요도해면체 내 요도상피세포에서 주를 이룸을 확인하였다. 또한 Pcsk9은 고콜레스테롤 식이에 의해 발생하는 전립선 비대증 조직 내에서 20% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 마지막으로 Pcsk9은 고 콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 랫드의 정소 조직내에서 정상 정소 조직에 비해 약 28% 감소하였으며 정자발생에 주요한 정세관 내 정원세포, 정모세포, 정세포에서 그 발현이 확인되었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 Pcsk9 유전자가 수컷 랫드 생식기관 (음경, 전립선, 정소)에서 고콜레스테롤 식이에 의해 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 Pcsk9이 남성 생식기관의 성장 및 발달 메커니즘에 중요한 역할을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.