췌장암은 진단 시 대부분 증상이 동반되며, 수술이 불가능한 경우가 80% 이상인 예후가 나쁜 암이다. 만일 췌장암의 조기 발견으로 진단 당시 병기가 낮아져 수술 절제 가능한 환자가 늘어날 수 있다면 췌장암 환자의 생존율이 증가할 수 있을 것이다. 췌장암을 조기 발견하고자 하는 노력이 지속적으로 이루어지고 있지만 췌장암의 낮은 유병률로 인하여 일반 대중을 상대로 선별 검사를 시행하는 것은 적절하지 않다. 과잉 진단의 위험을 줄이고 췌장암의 위험도가 높은 대상에서 췌장암의 조기 발견을 할 수 있도록 가족력, 점액성 낭성종양, 만성 췌장염, 새로 진단된 당뇨와 같은 고위험 환자군을 대상으로 선별 검사가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이러한 환자군에서 언제, 얼마나 자주 선별 검사를 시행할 것인지와, 진단을 위해 어떠한 바이오마커 및 영상 검사를 시행할지 결정해야 한다. 하지만 아직까지 검증된 혈액 기반의 바이오마커가 없고, 적절한 영상 검사 방법, 검사의 시기와 빈도 등도 확립되어 있지 않아 향후 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

Voice user interface has become a commercially viable and extensive interaction mechanism with the development of voice assistants. Despite the popularity of voice assistants, the academic community does not utterly understand about what, when, and how users chat with them. Chatting with a voice assistant is crucial as it defines how a user will seek the help of the assistant in the future. This study aims to cover the essence and construct of conversational AI, to develop a classification method to deal with user utterances, and, most importantly, to understand about what, when, and how Chinese users chat with voice assistants. We collected user utterances from the real conventional database of a commercial voice assistant, NetEase Sing in China. We also identified different utterance categories on the basis of previous studies and real usage conditions and annotated the utterances with 17 labels. Furthermore, we found that the three top reasons for the usage of voice assistants in China are the following: (1) greeting, (2) function, and (3) music. Chinese users like to interact with voice assistants at night from 7 PM to 10 PM, and they are polite toward the assistants. The whole percentage of negative feedback utterances is less than 6%, which is considerably low. These findings appear to be useful in voice interaction designs for intelligent hardware.

The formulation of Halal and Catering Regulation on board is a new draft proposal in shipping industry in the nation to ensure Muslim seafarers will be protected under social welfare. Currently, there are no regulations in place regarding the formulation of provision of Halal and Catering which have been enforced by several authorities at different sector in the nation. However, Halal JAKIM is an expert and focal point with the right to issue Halal certification not only in this nation but globally. The main objective of the study was to form a Halal committee on board for the co-ordination of responsibilities between the agencies, and the second objective was to establish the Halal and Catering Regulations on the merchant vessel for the Malaysian flag. The problem is that seafarers feel insecure about the preparation of halal food and no regulations have been issued to date. In fact, this study requires Qualitative methods because several actions related to the Halal-Toyibban Policy and food preparation rules should be obtained through closed-ended interviews with Halal regulatory experts, ship-owners, and selected stakeholders. Therefore, the analytical process will refer to the use of transmitted transitions from oral to text through the coding system in facilitate the content analysis process; and further to the level of discussion and findings. Ship-owners should ratify the Halal and Catering Regulations once they are enacted. The results of this study are expected to formulate the framework for the Halal and Catering Committee involving the agency by reference to interdependent theory. The second finding was to formulate a draft of the Halal and Catering Regulations on the Malaysian merchant vessel by reference to the application of benchmarking theory. Finally, this study will benefit the Muslim seafarer with the cooperation of the ship-owner and the relevant government agencies.

This study investigates how process drama, with a special focus on the teacher-in-role strategy, brings about change in an L2 teacher’s practice. As a reflective practitioner researcher, the teacher who aims to integrate drama into L2 classrooms investigates how her practice changes during the planning phase of her workshops by analyzing her reflective journals through thematic analysis, interpreting the analysis findings and relating them to data collected through observations and interviews. Both cases of teacher-in-role used within the conventional teacher frame and that used beyond the frame were present. In the former case, teacher-in-role resulted in making a teacher-centered pre-scripted performance. However, in the latter case, the teacher being in role created a drama world where the improvisational and spontaneous side of teacher-in-role was developed, resulting in changing the teacher’s practice as follows: First, the teacher-in-role strategy encouraged the teacher to find ways to enhance learners’ commitment to the drama experience by engaging them in improvisation. Second, adopting the strategy led the teacher to exercise imagination, being sensitive to learners’ responses. Lastly, the teacher taking on a role made the teacher think of ways to provide L2 support that promotes the process of co-constructing the drama world.

Many Korean scholars have praised progressive initiatives in the current Korean National Curriculum (KNC) and Korean National English Curriculum (KNEC), although they also state that the actual teaching practices have changed little. With each new iteration of the KNC it is apparent that the Korean Ministry of Education (MOE) is encouraging a pedagogical agenda that reflects the necessities of situated learning and ‘student-centered’ approaches to teaching and learning. The MOE’s inclusion of ‘micro-teaching’ in tertiary teacher training program reviews also illustrates its increasingly active measures to affect educational change in Korea. Concomitant with the recent MOE initiatives, there has been a growing interest in practices of critical literacy/pedagogy in English education over the past 15 years in Korea. The purpose of critical literacy is to educate students to be knowledgeable, creative, and active participants in a democracy for the purposes of increasing social justice and agency. Thus, it becomes possible, and desirable, to undertake a theoretical analysis of the language and intent between the KNC/ KNEC and theories of critical literacy. This paper analyzes the language ant intent of the KNC and KNEC to determine the extent to which they reflect the theories and pedagogies of critical literacy. Results of this analysis indicate that that critical literacy supports the goals of the curricula and suggest that it should be included in tertiary teacher education programs.

We present a semi-analytical method to calculate the global evolution of the ionized state of the inter- galactic medium, on the basis of physically motivated star formation histories in the early universe. This method incorporates not only the conventional scenarios in which the star formation rate is proportional to the growth rate of the halo collapse fraction, but also the more sophisticated scenarios in which the star formation is self-regulated. We show that this variance in the star-formation model strongly impacts the resulting reionization history, which bears a prospect for observational discrimination of these models. We discuss how observations of the anisotropic polarization of the cosmic microwave background and the global 21cm signal from the high-redshift universe, most notably by Planck and EDGES, may probe the history of reionization.

The number of multicultural families has been increasing in Korea recently, and it is reported that students from multicultural family experience multiple struggles in English learning. With an awareness of mothers’ role in child’s education, this study aims to investigate multicultural family mothers’ perception of English education and the extent of those mothers’ involvement in their child’s English learning. For the purpose of this investigation, the present study collected survey data from 115 multicultural family mothers with varying national backgrounds, and interviews were conducted with 10 mothers. The results of this study reveal that the multicultural family mothers were well aware of the importance of English skills and knowledge with a belief in the practical value of English as a gatekeeper to materialistic, symbolic resources. However, the mothers were not that actively involved in child's English learning for several reasons, including their limited English proficiency and economic burden. Based on the findings, the present study offers practical suggestions for assisting multicultural family children’s English education and their social integration.

이 논문의 목적은 “네 이웃을 네 몸과 같이 사랑하라”는 이웃사랑의 계명이 오늘날 현대인에게 어떤 의미가 있으며, 그것이 어떻게 가능한지를 지젝의 이웃 사랑의 윤리의 관점에서 논구하는 것이다. 지젝은 올바른 이웃사랑을 실천하기 위해서는 상징질서를 매개로 이웃의 근본적 타자성과 관계해야 한다고 주장한다. 또한 그는 상징 질서의 규제를 받게 되어 기표의 힘에 압도당하는 이웃의 차원뿐만 아니라 법과 제도 등 사회체제에서 배제되거나 억압당하는 이웃의 차원을 동시에 사랑해야 한다고 주장한다. 그리고 마주하는 타자가 아니라 이웃의 이웃인 제3자를 사랑함으로써 제3자가 나의 이웃사랑에서 배제되지 않도록 함 으로써, 동시에 마주하는 가까운 이웃까지도 사랑할 수 있게 하는 것이다. 이웃사랑의 현대적 의미는, 현대인은 상징적 규범이 강제하는 획일성과 존재의 위계체계에 갇히지 않은 채 주체의 나르시시즘적 자아구조에서 벗어나 새로운 윤리적 주체와 사랑의 관계를 맺을 수 있게 되고, 이를 바탕으로 서로 이웃 사랑이 가능한 새로운 윤리의 현실 세계를 개척해 나갈 수 있게 된다는 것이다.

이 글에서는 해외에서 이루어진 인공지능의 윤리적⋅법적 측면에 대한 논의를 검토하여 우리나라의 인공지능 관련 법제 구성 방안을 제시하였다. 인공지능 기반 의사결정 시스템은 형사재판이나 신용평가 등 여러 분야에서 도입될 수 있는데, 이로 인해 특정 개인이나 집단에 대한 차별 문제나 프라이버시 침해가 발생할 수 있고, 인공지능의 불투명성으로 인해 책임 소재가 불분명해지는 문제 가 있다. 이 문제를 방지하고 인공지능 기반 의사결정 시스템이 사람에게 도움이 될 수 있도록 해외에서는 인공지능을 별도의 법률 영역으로 규정하여 설계⋅개발 단계에서부터 준수할 사항을 정하는 방향으로 논의를 하고 있고, 연성법 중심의 논의에서 경성법 제정에 대한 논의로 발전하고 있다. 또한 인공지능의 차별과 불투명성 문제를 해결하기 위한 절차 거버넌스를 수립과 프라이버시 침해를 최소화하기 위한 데이터 법제 도입 및 인공지능의 책임 문제를 해결하기 위해 인공지능에 별도의 법인격을 부여하는 방안도 제시되고 있다. 우리나라에서는 이런 논의를 참고하여 인공지능을 일반 법률과 각 영역별 개별 법률 및 자율규제와 같은 여러 수단을 활용하여 다층적으로 규율할 필요가 있다. 인공지능의 일반 법률에 인공지능 영향평가 제도를 도입하고, 필요한 경우 사람이 개입할 수 있도록 보장하며, 인공지능 시스템의 운영자로 하여금 이용자에게 인공지능에 대한 중요 사항을 공개하고 설명할 의무를 규정하여야 한다. 또한, 우리나라 데이터 법제 전반을 정비하여 인공지능의 데이터 수집과 분석으로 인한 프라이버시 침해를 최소화하고, 인공지능으로 인해 발생하는 손해에 대한 입증책임 전환의 법리를 규정하여 책임의 소재를 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 인공지능 기반 의사 결정이 도입되는 각 영역별로 필요한 사항에 대해서는 개별법을 통해 규율하되 일반법과의 통일성을 유지하도록 하고, 법률로 규율하기 어려운 세부 사항이나 기술 표준은 자율규제와 공동규제를 활용해야 한다. 특히 인공지능 기술과 산업이 발전을 시작하고 있는 단계에 있는 우리나라에서는 인공지능 산업의 발전을 촉진함과 동시에 인공지능으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 문제를 방지하고 해결할 수 있는 균형 잡힌 법제를 구성해야 할 것이다.