종교적 텍스트는 경전(經典)이다. 경전은 종교적 텍스트로서 종교의례의 시작과 끝이며, 경전의 해석은 곧 종교인의 삶을 규정한다. 경전을 통해 개별종파는 외부와의 경계를 설정하고, 내부적 일체감과 자기증식을 도모한다. 언제나 경전을 되새기며, 개별종교의 담론은 지속적으로 재생산되고, 확장되어왔다. 한편 종교적인 것이 바람직하다는 이데올로기는 경전을 통해 확대, 재생산 되어온 이념이다. 개별존재는 각자가 처한 상황에 따라 저마다 다른 방식으로 텍스트에 반응한다. 감동, 동의, 두려움, 회피 그리고 거부는 종교적 텍스트에 대응하는 개별존재의 선택이다. 한편 종교적인 것은 경건한 것, 바람직한 것으로 간주되고, 인간이 살아가는 세속세계는 불경한 것, 금기시해야할 것, 타부(taboo)의 영역으로 그려지곤 한다. 그러나 인간론의 관점에서 속세의 욕망에 집착하는 존재나, 종교적 경건에 몰입하는 존재, 이 양자 모두는 결국, 자아의 충족을 위해 무엇인가를 끊임없이 추구한다는 점에서 존재론적으로 유사한 존재다. 언제나 자신의 세계에 집작하는 존재는 결국 필연적으로 무엇인가를 욕망하는 존재이기 때문이다.

목적:척수손상 환자들이 겪는 고통의 구조를 알아보고자 하였다.연구방법:경수 손상 진단을 받은 척수손상 환자 9명을 대상으로 2013년 10월 1일 부터 11월 30일 까지 두 달간 1~2회 대화를 실시하였다. 참여자들이 척수 손상 진단 이후 겪게 된 고통체험에 대하여 간단한 경험에서부터 반복적인 경험까지 총체적으로 자료를 수집하였다. 자료수집 및 분석은 Parse의 인간되어감 이론의 절차에 따라 이루어졌다.결과:척수손상 환자의 고통체험은 신체장애로 인한 모멸감, 회복되지 않는 신체에 대한 좌절감을 느끼지만 체념과 수용의 과정을 통해 사회복귀를 희망하는 과정으로 나타났다. 결론:척수 손상 환자들이 겪는 고통을 이해하고, 작업치료사들의 역할에 대해 생각해 볼 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

Via an exploratory survey we decoded the interplay of the multiple points of attachment leading the consumer to the soccer field. Results indicate that local soccer player brands’ conceptual property which lies with the shared bond of team identification and is leveraged reciprocally, adds both to the human and the organizational brand equity.

The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of propofol on human keratinocytes that have undergone hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) injury and to investigate whether autophagy is associated with the protective mechanism. Thus, we evaluated how propofol influences the intracellular autophagy and apoptosis during the H/R process in the HaCaT cells. The cultured human keratinocyte cells were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2) followed by 12 h of reoxygenation (5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2). The experiment was divided into 4 groups: (1) Control=Normoxia ; (2) H/R=Hypoxia Reoxygenation ; (3) PPC+H/R=Propofol Preconditioning+Hypoxia Reoxygenation; (4) 3-MA+PPC+ H/R=3-MA-Methyladenine+Propofol Preconditioning+ Hypoxia Reoxygenation. In addition, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of apoptotic pathway parameters, including Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 involved in mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Autophagy was determined by fluorescence microscopy, MDC staining, AO staining, and western blot. The H/R produced dramatic injuries in keratinocyte cells. In our study, the viability of Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells was first studied by MTT assay. The treatment with 25, 50, and 100 μM Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells enhanced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and 100 μM was the most effective dose. The Atg5, Becline-1, LC3-II, and p62 were elevated in PPC group cells, but H/R-induced group showed significant reduction in HaCaT cells. The Atg5 were increased when autophagy was induced by Propofol, and they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA. These data provided evidence that propofol preconditioning induced autophagy and reduced apoptotic cell death in an H/R model of HaCaT cells, which was in agreement with autophagy playing a very important role in cell protection.

A 7-year-old, spayed female, domestic short hair cat showed signs of a 2-week history of chronic anorexia, depression, and severe weight loss. Upon physical examination, pyrexia, mild gingivitis, and pale mucus membranes were noted. Laboratory analysis revealed normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed the presence of elevated alpha-2 fraction within the globulin concentration. Based on history, clinical signs, and laboratory results, systemic viral infection was strongly suspected. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified the presence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the serum. Furthermore, gene sequencing revealed the virus as FIV subtype A. Treatment with anti-retroviral agents, including azidothymidine (AZT) and recombinant human interferon-alpha, was continued for 4 weeks. However, the patient’s clinical condition deteriorated, resulting in death 1 month after initiation of treatment due to progressive renal failure. Necropsy and histopathology revealed hepatic and renal necrosis with hyper-cellular bone marrow mainly comprised of myeloid precursor cells. This case report is the first to describe phylogenetic subtyping, anti-retroviral combination treatment, and clinical outcomes in an FIV-infected cat in Korea. In addition, this report suggests that treatment should be initiated during the early phase of infection that could be effective for the virus.

Suicide gene transfer has been study extensively for therapies in various human diseases. We can evaluate cellular activity of thymidine kinase and cytotoxic effect in colon cancer cells after suicide gene transfer. We observed cellular expression of green fluorescence protein after transfer with adenovirus into colon adenocarcinoma HCT-15 cells. After transfer HSVtk, we also estimated thymidine kinase activity using [3H]-penciclovir and cellular cytotoxicity by MTT assay. After transfer green fluorescence protein into HCT-15 cells, we could observed fluorescence expression in 10 moi concentration. Expression level of green fluorescence protein markedly increased in 30 moi and most of HCT-15 cells expressed green fluorescence protein in 100 moi. By infection with HSVtk in HCT-15 cells and HT-29 cells, thymidine kinase activity in HCT-15 cells was about two fold higher than that HT-29 cells. Thymidine kinase activity at 1 moi concentration makes no difference with 0 moi in both cells. At 10 moi concentration, thymidine kinase activity increased about three fold compared with 1moi in HCT-15 cells, but not observed high increase in HT-29 cells. Thymidine kinase activity at 100 moi showed about three fold increase in HCT-15 cells and one and a half fold in HT-29 cells compared with 10 moi. By treatment of HSVtk at various mois and ganciclovir to HCT-15 cells, we could find that increased cytotoxic effect according to HSVtk concentration. Cellular cytotoxic effect was slightly appeared at 5 moi concentration and intensively increased at 30 moi concentration, dead colon cancer cells were reached about 30% of total colon cancer cells. Cellular cytotoxic effect was consistently increased until 50 moi, and about 50% of cells at 100 moi and less then 50% of HCT-15 cells at 200 moi were survived. Finally, we can identify that suicide gene transfer into HCT-15 cells is performed according to concentration of suicide gene and thymidine kinase activity also increase with HSVtk concentration in both HCT-15 cells and HT-29 cells. Additionally, we also find that suicide gene therapy by HSVtk with ganciclovir intensively increase cellular cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that suicide gene therapy by HSVtk can affect cytotoxicy for colon cancer cells and eventually seems to influence therapeutic efficacy.

Fucoidan has been extensively studied as medicinal materials due to its biological activities including osteoblastic differentiation effect. However, osteoblastic effect by fucoidan is unknown in alveolar bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (ABM-MSCs). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fucoidan on Osteoblastic differentiation in ABM-MSCs and explore its mechanism. Cell proliferation was analyzed by crystal violet staining. Osteoblast differentiation was determined by alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium accumulation assay and gene expression of osteoblast markers. We found that fucoidan induced cell proliferation of ABM-MSCs. Furthermore, fucoidan increased the ALP activity, calcium accumulation, and osteoblast specific genes such as Runx2, type I collagen alpha 1. Moreover, fucoidan induces the expression of asporin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 and asporin. Based on these results, these finding indicate that fucoidan induces osteoblast differentiation in ABM-MSCs and partially enhanced the mRNA expression of BMP-2 and asporin.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and related trichothecene mycotoxins are extensively distributed in the cereal-based food and feed stuffs worldwide. Recent climate changes and global grain trade increased chance of exposure to more DON and related toxic metabolites in poorly managed production systems. Monitoring the biological and environmental exposures to the toxins are crucial in protecting human and animals from toxicities of the hazardous contaminants in food or feeds. Exposure biomarkers including urine DON itself are prone to shift to less harmful metabolites by intestinal microbiota and liver metabolic enzymes. De-epoxyfication of DON by gut microbes such as Eubacterium strain BBSH 797 and Eubacterium sp. DSM 11798 leads to more fecal secretion of DOM-1. By contrast, most of plant-derived DON-glucoside is also easily catabolized to free DON by gut microbes, which produces more burden to body. Phase 2 hepatic metabolism also contributes to the glucuronidation of DON, which can be useful urine biomarkers. However, chemical modification could be very typical depending on the anthropologic or genetic background, luminal bacteria, and hepatic metabolic enzyme susceptibility to the toxins in the diet. After toxin exposure, effect biomarkers are also important in estimating the linkage and mechanisms of foodborne diseases in human and animal population. Most prominent adverse effects are demonstrated in the DON-induced immunological and behavioral disorders. For instance, acutely elevated interleukin-8 from insulted gut exposed to dietaty DON is a dominant clinical biomarker in human and animals. Moreover, subchronic exposure to the toxins is associated with high levels of serum IgA, a biological mediator of IgA nephritis. In particular, anorexia monitoring using mouse models are recently developed to monitor the biological activities of DON-induced feed refusal. It is also mechanistically linked to alteration of serotoin and peptide YY, which are promising biomarkers of neurological disorders by the toxins. As animalalternative biomonitoring, huamn enterocyte-based assay has been developed and more realistic gut mimetic models would be useful in monitoring the effect biomarkers in resposne to toxic contaminants in the future investigations.

본 연구는 국내 진출 외국기업과 국내기업의 인적자원관리가 기업경영성과 및 노사관계에 미치는 영향을 분석한다.2005-2009년간의 사업체 패널자료를 사용하였고 확률효과모형(RadomEffectModel)을 활용하고 있다.주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다.기업의 근로자 수가 많을수록 당기매출액과 영업이익이 높으며 외국기업의 경우 기업규모가 클수록 이직률이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 국내기업의 경우 임금수준이 높더라도 이직률이 높게 나타나고 있는데 이는 국내기업에서의 이직률은 단순한 임금수준에 의해 결정되는 것이 아니라 업무강도나 환경 등 다양한 요소에 의해 결정되기 때문으로 파악된다.인력계획을 실시하면 국내기업의 경우 당기매출액과 영업이익이 높아지는 것으로 분석되었다.근로자 중 여성비율이 높을수록 당기매출액과 영업이익에는 부정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다. 다면평가제를 실시할 경우 대체로 매출액,영업이익은 물론이고 노사관계에도 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 근참법에 근거한 노사협의회가 실질적으로 유지될수록 노사관계가 원만하며 근로자들의 이직률도 낮출 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

Korean societal concern for the train accidents is fast and widely increasing with an ever-increasing demand and use for KTX. Most of these train accidents are inclined to be caused by human error. Experts used to attribute the causes of human error to the defects in various aspects such as technology, organizational system, practices, corporate culture, and/or human resource itself. Among the diverse causes of human error, an important one, even though it was rarely focused, may be the issue of impact of rule or procedure change on human error. Giving attention to the implicit importance of this issue, this study intends to highlight the theme of frequent procedure change in railway driving manual as a critical factor of human error. To attain this purpose mentioned above, dual methodologies were adopted. One is to qualitatively analyze the real cases of procedure change in relevant manuals followed by the incident case(passing the station scheduled to stop) happened lately. Another is to quantitatively perform statistical analysis based on questionnaires received from 224 train drivers. Results show that frequent changes in internal affairs procedure is or may be an important factor causing stress and human error from train drivers.

This study tried to propose plan to prevent human error of railroad driver among human error of railroad worker which takes great share in railroad accident. For this, in order to maintain correlation between the accident actually occurred after the opening of high-speed railroad and experience of accident that did not happened, survey on respondent was analyzed by conducting survey on KTX captain who is working in driving work of high-speed railroad, and instruction management team manager who manages KTX captain and captain. This thesis classified the factors by human factor, job factor, environment factor, organization factor, and established human error management model by comparing and analyzing how each factors have spatial interrelations with a railroad accident. The purpose of this study is to contribute to make safe railroad, and reliable railroad by preventing human error accident by minimizing human error of high-speed railroad drivers, and improving driving workers to cope accurately and fast with irregularities through various institutional improvement, improvement of driving facilities, improvement of operating room environment, and improvement of education system.

This article reviews the US Supreme Court cases regarding detention of alleged terror suspects in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and examines the interplay between international human rights law and the American Constitution with respect to the executive policies of the Bush Administration to detain terror suspects. The article first references the international human rights legal framework regarding detainees, specifically the Geneva Conventions and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and then analyzes seminal cases brought before the Supreme Court by detainees, specifically how the Supreme Court interprets the US Constitution and international law in reaching its decisions regarding detainees at Guantanamo. While the Supreme Court provided detainees the right to challenge the legality of their detentions through habeas corpus petitions, limitations still exist as to the lack of extraterritorial application of rights protections as well as the domestic judicial failure to redress detainees’ subjection to torture and other abusive treatment.

Epimedium koreanum Nakai has been used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac, hypotensive, and neurasthenia;however, the cellular mechanism of E. koreanum Nakai cultivated in North Korea on HCT116 colon cancer cellactivity has not been investigated. This study is to investigate the effect of E. koreanum Nakai on apoptosis of thehuman colon cancer cell line HCT116. The anti-proliferative activity of E. koreanum Nakai on HCT116 was iden-tified through MTT, Western Blot, and RT-PCR analyses. The results show that 70% ethyl alcohol extracts of E.koreanum Nakai inhibited the growth of HCT116 colon cancer cells (IC50: 1.2mg/mL on 24 hr). Concomitant acti-vation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway occurred via modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expressions,resulting in activation of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9.

An assessment is made of the anti-proliferative activity of cicada slough-derived materials against 10 human cancer cell lines, including PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines, using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results were compared with those of the commercially available anticancer agent with broad spectrum cisplatin. The ethanol extract of Cryptotympana spp. slough was proved to have anti-proliferative activity against A549 lung, AGS stomach, PC-3 and DU145 prostate, Hela cervix, HT-29 colon, MCF-7 breast, and SK-Hep-1 liver cancer cell lines except for Hep-2 larynx and SK-OV-3 ovary cancer cell lines. The biologically active constituent was characterized as the nonprotein α-amino acid theanine [2-amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyric acid] by spectroscopic analysis, including EI-MS and NMR. Theanine was isolated from the cicada slough as a new cytotoxic principle. Fifty percent inhibition concentration (IC50) values of the constituent against PC-3 was 6.52 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of theanine (IC50,6.52μg/mL) did not differ significantly from that of the anticancer agent cisplatin (IC50,7.39μg/mL) toward PC-3. In conclusion, further studies on the cicada slough-derived materials containing theanine as potential anticancer products or a lead molecule for the prevention or eradication from human prostate cancer.

Lung cancer caused by diverse changes in cells resulted by exposure to carcinogens found in tobacco smoke, the environment, or sequential accumulation of genetic changes to the normal epithelial cells of the lung. An assessment was made of the anti-proliferative activity of constituents from silkworm feces against 11 human cancer cell lines, including A549 and H727 lung cancer cell lines, using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The ethanol extract of silkworm feces was proved to have anti-proliferative activity against all 11 species of human cancer cell lines. The biologically active constituent was characterized as vomifoliol (blumenol A) (1) and stigmasterol (2) by spectroscopic analysis ,including MS and NMR. In conclusion, global efforts to reduce the level of antitcancer agents justify further studies on the silkworm feces-derived materials containing vomifoliol and stigmasterol as potential anticancer products or lead compounds for the prevention or eradication from human lung cancer.

Several studies have shown that curcumin, which is derived from the rhizomes of turmeric, possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antitumor properties of curcumin have also now been demonstrated more recently in different cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the modulation of cell cycle-related proteins and the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induction by curcumin in the SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Curcumin treatment of the SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and cell growth, and onset of apoptotic cell death. The curcumin-treated SCC25 cells showed several types of apoptotic manifestations, such as nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, reduced MMP and proteasome activity, and a decreased DNA content. In addition, the treated SCC25 cells showed a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40/CAD into the nuclei, a significant shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-6, caspase-3, PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45/ICAD. Furthermore, curcumin exposure resulted in a downregulation of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and upregulation of p27KIP1. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that curcumin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and inducing apoptosis via proteasomal, mitochondrial, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

Neuromedin B (NMB) acts as a growth factor or a morphogen and plays a role in cancer progression. Indeed, the NMB receptor (NMB-R) is overexpressed in different types of tumors. In our current study, we investigated the involvement of NMB-R in the proliferation of oral cancer cells. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and human oral cancer cells, SCC-25 cells were found to be NMB-R-positive. The NMB-R antagonist PD168368 inhibited the proliferation of SCC-25 cells and reduced their colony formation capacity. We also found that PD168368 induced the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of SCC-25 cells in a dose-/time-dependent manner. Overall, this antitumor activity of PD168368 in human oral cancer cells suggests that NMB-R is a potential target for the future prevention and treatment of human cancers.

휴먼서비스를 제공하는 사회적기업은 제조업과 달리 무형의 서비스를 상품화하여 판매하기 때문에 상품에 대한 자사의 경쟁적 우위의 서비스와 가치를 제공해야 한다. 또한 취약계층의 클라이언트들(clients)은 사회적기업 서비스와 그 서비스를 제공하는 종업원들에 의해 높은 기대치를 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 휴먼서비스만을 제공하는 사회적기업 종업원을 대상으로 이들의 서비스지향성에 대한 정확한 개념과 이를 구성하는 요인들은 무엇이며, 이러한 서비스지향성이 조직구성원의 서비스태도(예를 들면, 직무만족과 서비스몰입)와 친사회적 서비스행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치고, 이들이 어떻게 지각되고 있는지를 구체적으로 분석하여 차별화된 전략적 시사점을 사회적기업 연구자나 실무자에게 제공하는 것이다. 휴먼서비스 사회적기업은 인적자원관리 관점에서 볼 때 종업원의 서비스지향성 인식이 클라이언트 만족에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 서비스지향적 성향을 가진 종업원의 특성을 파악하고 관리해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 종업원 서비스지향과 관련된 종업원의 직무관련 태도를 예측하는 인과관계 모형을 제시함으로써 사회적 기업의 서비스지향성이 높을수록 직무만족과 서비스몰입이 높아져 클라이언트에게 친사회적 서비스행동으로 이어진다는 점에서 종업원을 친사회적 자산(pro-social capital) 관점에서 관리하고 평가해야 할 필요성을 제시하였다.

목적:전방에서 군 생활을 했던 예비역들이 겪었던 고통의 구조를 알아보고자 하였다.연구방법:전방에서 군 생활을 했던 경험이 있던 예비역 10명과 2013년 3월부터 5월까지 두 달간 1~2회 대화를 실시하였다. 참여자들이 전방에서 경험했던 고통체험에 대하여 반복되는 이야기나 더 이상 새로운 내용이 나오지 않는 포화상태까지 자료를 수집하였다. 자료수집 및 분석은 Parse의 인간되어감 이론의 절차에 따라 이루어졌다.결과:연구결과 전방에서 군 생활을 하며 겪었던 고통은 혹독한 추위 속에서의 생활, 자유가 박탈된 감옥 같은 생활, 북한이 언제든 공격할 것이라는 생각 등으로 나타났다. 이 고통체험들은 시간이 지나고 사회생활을 하면서 자신의 인생에 밑거름이 되었고 기분 좋은 추억으로 남았다. 결론:군대에 정신보건 작업치료사들이 전문인력으로 배치되면 군인들의 심리적, 정신보건적인 부분에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 군 생활에 잘 적응하고 느끼는 고통을 줄이며, 나아가 자살을 예방할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 고성과작업시스템(HPWS)이 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 패널 자료를 사용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 기업성과를 인적자원성과와 조직성과로 구성하고 고성과작업시스템이 순차적으로 영향을 줄 것으로 가정하였다. 인적자원성과는 직무능력, 동기부여 그리고 이직방지로 측정하고, 조직성과는 노동생산성과 인당판매액으로 측정하였다. 또한 고성과작업시스템을 교육훈련 번들, 참여 번들, 보상 번들 그리고 평가 번들로 구분하여 고성과작업 번들이 기업성과에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았다. 결과를 정리하면, 고성과작업시스템은 인적자원성과 및 조직성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 인적자원성과는 고성과작업시스템과 조직성과 간의 관계를 부분적 매개하였다. 따라서 고성과작업시스템의 유효성과 인적자원성과의 매개 역할을 확인하였다. 그리고 고성과작업 번들의 분석에서, 교육훈련 번들과 평가 번들의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 인적자원성과는 고성과작업 번들과 조직성과 간의 관계를 부분적으로 매개하고 있음 확인하였다.