Abstract Y2Ti2O7 nanoparticles (0.3 mol%) have been successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation process. The samples, adjusted to pH7 with ammonia solution as catalyst and calcined at 700~900 ℃, exhibit very fine particles with close to spherical shape and average size of 10-30 nm. It was possible to control the size of the synthesized Y2Ti2O7 particles by manipulating the conditions. The Y2Ti2O7 nanoparticles were coated on a glass substrate by a dipping coating process with inorganic binder. The Y2Ti2O7 solution coated on the glass substrate had excellent adhesion of 5B; pencil hardness test results indicated an excellent hardness of 6H. The thickness of the thick film was about 30 μm. Decomposition of MB on the Y2Ti2O7 thin film shows that the photocatalytic properties were excellent.

Abstract In this study, Fe-Ni slag, converter slag and dephosphorization slag generated from the steel industry, and fly ash or bottom ash from a power plant, were mixed at an appropriate mixing ratio and melted in a melting furnace in a massproduction process for glass ceramics. Then, glass-ceramic products, having a basalt composition with SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and Fe₂O₃ components, were fabricated through casting and heat treatment process. Comparison was made of the samples before and after the modification of the process conditions. Glass-ceramic samples before and after the process modification were similar in chemical composition, but Al₂O₃ and Na₂O contents were slightly higher in the samples before the modification. Before and after the process modification, it was confirmed that the sample had a melting temperature below 1250 ℃, and that pyroxene and diopside are the primary phases of the product. The crystallization temperature in the sample after modification was found to be higher than that in the sample before modification. The activation energy for crystallization was evaluated and found to be 467 kJ/mol for the sample before the process modification, and 337 kJ/mol for the sample after the process modification. The degree of crystallinity was evaluated and found to be 82% before the process change and 87% after the process change. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength and bending strength were evaluated and found to be excellent for the sample after process modification. In conclusion, the samples after the process modification were evaluated and found to have superior characteristics compared to those before the modification.

This study was carried out to evaluate the developed microstructures and mechanical properties of friction welded A6063 alloy. For this work, specimens were prepared at a size of 12 mm Ø × 80 mm, and friction welding was carried out at a rotation speed of 2,000 RPM, friction pressure of 12 kgf/cm² and upset pressure of 25 kgf/cm². To perform an analysis of the grain boundary characteristic distributions, such as the grain size, orientation and misorientation angle distributions, the electron back-scattering diffraction method was used. In addition, in order to identify the dispersed intermetallic compounds of the base and welded materials, transmission electron microscopy was used. The experimental results found that the application of friction welding on A6063 led to significant grain refinement of the welded zone relative to that of the base material. Besides this, intermetallic compounds such as AlMnSi and Al2Cu were found to be dispersed with more refined size relative to that of the base material. This formation retains the mechanical properties of the welds, which results in the fracture aspect at the base material zone. Therefore, based on the developed microstructures and mechanical properties, the application of friction welding on A6063 could be used to obtain a sound weld zone.

Inorganic phosphors based on ZrO2:Eu3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by a salt-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process that is suitable for industrially-scalable production because of its continuous nature and because it does not require expensive precursors, long reaction time, physical templates or surfactant. This facile process results in the formation of tiny, highly crystalline spherical nanoparticles without hard agglomeration. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the ZrO2:Eu3+ (1-20 mol%) confirmed the body centered tetragonal phase. The average particle size, estimated from the Scherrer equation and from TEM images, was found to be approximately 11 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) emission was recorded under 266 nm excitation and shows an intense emission peak at 607 nm, along with other emission peaks at 580, 592 and 632 nm which are indicated in red.

Fe-Si-Cr ferroalloy is predominantly produced by carbothermic reduction. In this study, silicothermic and carbothermic mixed reduction of chromite ore to produce Fe-Si-Cr alloy is suggested. As reductants, silicon and silicon carbide are evaluated by thermochemical calculations, which prove that silicon carbide can be applied as a raw material. Considering the critical temperature of the change from the carbide to the metallic form of chromium, thereduction experiments were carried out. In these high temperature reactions, silicon and silicon carbide act as effective reductants to produce Fe-Si-Cr ferroalloy. However, at temperatures lower than the critical temperature, silicon carbide shows a slow reaction rate for reducing chromite ore. For the proper implementation of a commercial process that uses silicon carbide reductants, the operation temperature should be kept above the critical temperature. Using equilibrium calculations for chromite ore reduction with silicon and silicon carbide, the compositions of reacted metal and slag were successfully predicted. Therefore, the mass balance of the silicothermic and carbothermic mixed reduction of chromite ore can be proposed based on the calculations and the experimental results.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environments and can completely destroy various organic pollutants in waste water. In this study, we used graphene oxide modified Ag2Se nanoparticles to enhance photochemically generated oxygen (PGO) species activity. Surface area and pore volumes of the Ag2Se-graphene (Ag2Se-G) samples showed catastrophic decrease due to deposition of Ag2Se. The generation of reactive oxygen species was detected through the oxidation reaction of DPCI to DPCO. The photocurrent density and the PGO effect increase in the case of the use of modified graphene. The PGO effect of the graphene modified with Ag2Se composites increased significantly due to a synergetic effect between graphene and the Ag2Se nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of sample was evaluated by measuring the degradation of organic pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and industrial dyes such as Texbrite BA-L (TBA) under visible light.

In the present work, graphene powder was synthesized by laser scribing method. The resultant flexible light-scribed graphene is very appropriate for use in micro-supercapacitors. The effect of the laser scribing process in reducing graphene oxide (GO) was investigated. GO was synthesized using a chemical mixture of GO solution; then, it was coated onto a LightScribe DVD disk and laser scribed to reduce GO and create laser-scribed graphene (LSG). The CV curves of pristine rGO at various scan rates showed that the ultimate product possesses the ability to store energy at the supercapacitor level. Charge-discharge curves of pristine rGO at two different current densities indicated that the specific capacitance (Cm) increases due to the reduction of the discharge current density. Finally, the long-term charge-discharge stability of the LSG was plotted and indicates that the specific capacitance decreases very slightly from its primary capacitance of ~10F cm−3 and that the cyclic stability is favorable over 1000 cycles.

ZnO film was prepared on a p-type Si wafer and then annealed at various temperatures in air and vacuum conditions to research the electrical properties and bonding structures during the annealing processes. ZnO film annealed in atmosphere formed a crystal structure owing to the suppression of oxygen vacancies: however, ZnO annealed in vacuum had an amorphous structure after annealing because of the increment of the content of oxygen vacancies. Schottky contact was observed for the ZnO annealed in an air. O 1s spectra with amorphous structure was found to have a value of 529 eV; that with a crystal structure was found to have a value of 531.5 eV. However, it was observed in these results that the correlation between the electronic characteristics and the bonding structures was weak.

As a basic study for the removal of oxygen in solid Nd metal by metal Ca vapour, by using the thermodynamic data such as ΔG-T diagrams and Nd-O and Nd-Ca equilibrium diagrams, the amount of residual oxygen in solid Nd metal formed based on deoxidation reaction by Ca vapour, instead of by direct contact of solid Nd metal and Ca solution, was determined. Deoxidation experiments were carried out for solid Nd metal in a temperature range of 890~970 ℃ for 1h to 4h and content of addition Ca of 0.6~1.8 g (5~15 wt% of solid Nd metal). As a result, it was found that as deoxidation temperature increased, dissolved oxygen decreased. Especially, it was observed that a small amount of Nd-Ca alloy liquid was formed on the surface of the solid Nd metal sample deoxidized at 970 ℃ for approximately 1 hour. Also, it was found that if the content of addition Ca was 1.8 g (15 wt% of solid Nd metal) the amount of produced Nd-Ca alloy increased slightly. However, for the Nd sample with which the deoxidation reaction was performed at 930 ℃ for 4h with content of addition of Ca of 1.5 g (13 wt% of Nd metal), the residual oxygen was found to decreased to 12.00 ppm.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Konzepten und Ansätzen der Landeskunde, die sich in Bezug auf die jeweilige soziale Situation und den Lernerbedarf historisch entwickelt haben. Im Fachbereich Germanistik herrscht seit 20 Jahren die Krise der Geisteswissenschaft. Statt Literaturveranstaltungen, die von Studenten abgewählt werden, wurde Landeskunde als ein neues Veranstaltungsangebot in den Vordergrund gestellt, damit die Germanistik wieder einen Aufschwung erleben kann. Aber in Korea wurden die Begriffe, Konzepte und Inhalte der Landeskundeveranstaltungen noch nicht festgelegt, z.B. ist unklar, was man unterrichten soll und auch wie man unterrichten soll. Aus diesen Gründen wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit versucht darzustellen, wie Landeskunde im Fachbereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Deutschland diskutiert wird. Zuerst wurde die historische Entwicklung der Landeskundeansätze vorgestellt, wobei das Konzept und der Inhalt bzw. die Schwerpunkte diskutiert werden, was mit den Zielen und dem Lernerbedarf des Fremdsprachenunterrichts zusammenhängt. Darüber hinaus wurde am Ende der Arbeit ein didaktisches Konzept kurz vorgestellt. In Korea werden im Rahmen der Universität die zahlreichen Landeskundeveranstaltungen meistens von Literaturwissenschaftlern angeboten, sodass der Themenbereich Literatur als Kultur zu sehr hervorgehoben wird, was dem Bedarf der Lerner und der Gesellschaft überhaupt nicht entspricht. Kommunikative und interkulturelle Landeskunde beschäftigt sich mit der Situation und Themen bzw. Inhalten, die unsere Lerner motivieren, weil solche mit ihnen selbst und ihren Interessen sehr eng verbunden ist.

Heinrich Manns Professor Unrat weist charakteristische Merkmale des ‚Gesellschaftsromans’ auf: Repräsentativ zu erwähnen ist die Darstellung der Schule als ein Modell der Gesellschaft. Heinrich Mann zielte mit seinem schulsatirischen Professor Unrat darauf ab, die kaiserliche Bildungsanstalt zu kritisieren, und weitergehend psychologisierende Kritik an der zeitgenössischen bürgerlichen Kultur und Gesellschaft auszuüben. Zu diesem Zweck gestaltet der Autor die Schule und die darin agierende Figuren als eine Art Modell, das in einer vertretenden Funktion für die Gesellschaft steht. Dieses Gesellschaftsmodell führt eine Reflexion über den Bankrott der humanistischen Bildungsvorstellungen in der Wilhelminischen Zeit und ebenso über die Doppelmoral des Bürgertums in der Übergangssituation zur Moderne herbei. Hinsichtlich dieses Gesellschaftsmodells ist zu betrachten, inwiefern das Verfallen der neuhumanistischen Bildungsidee und das Verkommen bürgerlicher Kultur im Roman unterbreitet werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund kann der Protagonist des Romans Professor Unrat als Repräsentant des Bildungsbürgertums dieser Übergangszeit verstanden werden, in der die neuhumanistische Einheit der Bildungstradition verfällt.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was understanding of Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA), according to theoretical foundation. Methods: QCA explained concepts and procedures systematically, through literature review and researcher’s analytical thinking. Results: QCA was one of the various qualitative research techniques, in which meanings can be derived from the text and various material such as video, articles, and books etc. QCA classified three approaches, including: conventional, directed, and summative content analysis. Despite there being no systematic rule of analysis of QCA, the process of the QCA was suggested as: preparation, organizing, and reporting phase. It is of great significance that unit of analysis was selected during preparation phase. Both, coding and categorization were generated during the organizing phase. Analyzing the process and results were described with either conceptual map or model during the Reporting Phase. Results showed that the differences of the application between QCA and thematic analysis, along with grounded theory. The trustworthiness was affirmed for the validity of the results. Conclusion: Researchers who want to apply the QCA require understanding of its method, sufficiently. It is emphasized that QCA should exhibit the researcher’s interpretation from the data in some degree, in order to not defect the essentiality of qualitative research.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of suffering from vision loss in adults with acquired visual impairment in South Korea. Methods: A phenomenological approach was used to inquire about the lived experience of suffering in 10 adults with acquired visual impairment. The data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. All interviews were audio-taped, and verbatim transcripts were made for the analysis. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Results: Four theme clusters were extracted from the analysis. They were as follows: ‘blindness as nightmare becoming reality,’ ‘locking in the curtain of darkness,’ ‘living with wings lost,’ and finally ‘screaming with a suffering body and mind, in the darkness.’ Conclusion: The findings of this study provide a deep understanding and insights of the lived experience of suffering from vision loss in adults with acquired visual impairment. Based on the results of the study, health professionals can develop better caring programs to support adults with acquired visual impairment, and their family.

The knowledge, that the human brain has the faculty of multilingualism, is no result recently revealed by the picture giving processes of the modern brain research. It is simply a matter of fact, shown through everday life. (Nevertheless impressing is indeed the visualizing of the three-dimensional network systems which embed languages in the brain.) Also the knowledge, that languages are learned (and also forgotten) in early childhood age most easily, is not at all a new research result. So, if modern brain research may provide an original contribution in promotion of multilingualism or not, is not a so important question at this moment. The bottom line is the well-known fact, that promotion of language acquisition / learning should be realized in a motivating environment. This is an old pedagogical task. The modern brain research confirms the fact that the only one ideal language acquisition method does not exist. Since language acquisition / learning is realized on individually shaped different ways. To promote multilingualism in a person requires the knowledge of his / her individual language biography. This can be described by the so-called Laswell-formula. To shaper the focus onto the language learning group of grown-up persons, the best language learning method exists in conscious making. This method is not only related to the foreign language but also to the differences between foreign language and mother tongue and thereby to the special features of the mother tongue itself. However the degree of consciousness related to the mother tongue is usually very low. Translation with its two main methods, i.e. documentary and functional translation, is also a very use- and helpful language learning method in grown-up persons. Since it makes conscious of the differences in semantics and syntax of the related language pair. Especially functional translation as one type of intercultural communication further makes conscious of the differences in communication situations between source and target language.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of a main caregiver, in charge of a family member with a severe chronic disease. Methods: The participants of this study were 13 main caregivers, who have a family member with a severe chronic disease. The data were analyzed through the phenomenological research method. Results: This research concluded with: one core theme, five theme clusters and 13 themes. The one core theme was: ‘My Life is Not Mine.’ The five theme clusters include: ‘The Dark Days Ahead, of What We Do,’ ‘Serious Pressure,’ ‘My Body is Broken (caregivers),’ ‘Overcoming,’ and finally ‘Endless, Long and Long tunnel.’ Conclusion: We must emphasize to a main caregiver of a chronic disease patient, to the fact that their life should be theirs, not the patients. In addition, we need to be attentive of their well-being, as well as the chronic disease Patients, and sensitively responsive to their problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the experiences of stomach cancer patients in South Korea. Methods: Secondary analysis of qualitative data was designed. The data were analyzed via the Phenomenological Method, using the data of 12 stomach cancer patients, from the original data collected by narrative interviews in 2013. Results: Seven theme clusters emerged from the analysis. Beginning with: ‘Facing Life Threats from Cancer,’ this describes how the participants experience between cancer diagnosis and treatments. ‘Crossing the Boundary between Life and Death’ deals with desperate struggle to overcome medical treatments, such as gastrectomy and chemotherapy, while ‘Adjusting to Weakened Body’ illustrates the continuous daily struggle to follow dietary treatments after operation. ‘Dilemmas in Interpersonal Relationships’ illustrates the sensitivity of relationships from the cancer stigma, with predicaments rising in collective dining situations. ‘Encountering: Hidden Me, Inside Me’ describes changes in values of life and a matured self. ‘Supporters for Hope’ illustrates driving forces to keep hope alive in everyday lives. Lastly, ‘Happiness of Everyday Life Rescued from Misery’ describes how life turned into blessings from cancer after all. Conclusion: The results of this study would help oncology professionals to develop patient-centered cancer survivorship interventions, by understanding and gaining insights about the lived experience of stomach cancer patients.

Yoko Tawada’s drama Kafka Kaikoku (2013) depicts Japan’s encounter with Western culture from the Meiji era on as the catalyst for a metamorphosis much like Gregor Samsa’s in the work of the same name by Franz Kafka. Ironically, the victim of this East-West clash turns out to be Izumi Kyōka (1873-1939), a man who was anything but an enthusiastic adopter of European literary style. Interweaving elements also from Kafka’s Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor, 1919), Tawada’s play suggests further that Izumi’s fate was set, since he—and, by extension, all Japanese—could not resist roles the West had prepared for him. Ultimately, this article explains, Kafka Kaikoku offers a critical view of modernization as a force that made Japanese into beings with a hybrid literary consciousness who lacked both much of their own native particularity and also their very humanity.

There is increasing pressure on world language educators to expand the cultural instruction in their curriculum and to advocate for their language programs as a means to prepare learners with 21st century skills (The Four Cs: Creativity, Communication, Collaboration, and Critical thinking). In similar vein, ACTFL’s Global Competence Position Statement (2014) further described the need for language instructors to foster learners’ interactional abilities and behaviors to perform effectively and appropriately when interacting with others who are linguistically and culturally different from self. Yet many language educators are confused about best-teaching practices during this transition time from methods that focus primarily on students’ ability to use the language to communicate, to a time where it is increasingly emphasized that students should access content information through the language for meaningful cultural reflection. This paper demystifies some confusion about fostering learners’ intercultural competence in instructed language learning and concludes with a variety of tools and techniques to integrate computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and meaningful cultural inquiry at beginning levels of instruction.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of ‘becoming a mother’, regarding juvenile unmarried mothers in shelter facilities. Methods: Data were collected by in-depth interviews with seven juvenile, unmarried mothers being under 24 years of age, and raising their children. The data were analyzed by using Qualitative Content Analysis. Results: Five categories resulted from the experiences of ‘becoming a mother’. They were identified as: ‘Pregnancy’, ‘Raising the Child’, ‘Living in a Shelter Facility’, ‘Living as an Unmarried Mother’, and finally ‘Preparing for the Future’. Conclusion: The shelter facility was perceived as a safe place for raising children by juvenile unmarried mothers, who had chosen to give birth and raise children after being abandoned by their families. However, they felt that living in the shelter was a stigma and simultaneously they should think that they ought to leave the place in the near future. In truth, their real life was grimmer than their thought. In this respect, policies should be changed to support them to raise children and be prepared to live with their children. Without any sense of stigma or discrimination as juvenile unmarried mothers, policies should support that they could live together in out community.

Through density functional theory calculations, to provide insight into the origins of the catalytic activity of Au nanoparticles (NPs) toward oxidation reactions, we have scrutinized the oxygen adsorption chemistry of 9 types of small unsupported Au NPs of around 1 nm in size (Au13, Au19, Au20, Au25, Au38, and Au55) looking at several factors (size, shape, and coordination number). We found that these NPs, except for the icosahedral Au13, do not strongly bind to O2 molecules. Energetically most feasible O2 adsorption that potentially provides high CO oxidation activity is observed in the icosahedral Au13, our smallest Au NP. In spite of the chemical inertness of bulk Au, the structural fluxionality of such very small Au NP enables strong O2 adsorption. Our results can support recent experimental findings that the exceptional catalytic activity of Au NPs comes from very small Au species consisting of around 10 atoms each.