Domestic continuously reinforced concrete pavement has been built on a large scale on the Jungbu Expressway, which opened in 1987. Since then, there have been few application due to cost and construction difficulty. Currently, most of the expressway concrete pavements have been applied with jointed plain concrete pavement, but the interest in continuously reinforced concrete pavement has been increasing recently due to frequent premature failure in joints of JPCP. Accordingly, Korea Expressway Corporation has established design guidelines and details for continuously reinforced concrete pavements for expressway in 2014, based on the design method applied to the Jungbu Expressway, but incorporating foreign useful design methods. In terms of construction, pilot constructions were performed on Pyeongtaek~Jecheon Expressway Construction. The new design guidelines were applied to some sections of the Sangju~Yeongdeok Expressway Construction Project in 2016. This study conducted a survey and analysis of transverse cracks for one year after continuously reinforced concrete pavement construction in Sangju~Yeongdeok Expressway. This route was constructed with pavement thickness, base layer and longitudinal reinforcement according to domestic design guidelines. However, the transverse reinforcement was arranged differently according to the section. After construction, the transverse crack spacing was surveyed and the crack gauges were installed at the crack position to measure the movement. This compares the crack spacing according to the characteristics of longitudinal reinforcement and observes continuous movement of the crack width. The results showed that the crack spacing was more affected by the climate at the time of construction than the arrangement method of the transverse reinforcement. The crack width showed periodic changes according to the temperature change over 24 hours. However, due to seasonal changes, it showed a tendency of gradual increasing or decreasing in crack widths, and it was predicted that different measurement results will be shown depending on the time of crack width measurement. Generally, it is predicted that the crack spacing will be narrowed and the crack movement will tend to converge with the period after construction. This initial crack movement data is expected to be useful for comparing whether these predictions are valid.

This study was investigated Quality characteristic of “pickled garlic shoots” manufactured using Vacuum impregnation (VI) and Pressure impregnation (PI) technology. Pickled garlic shoots were manufactured by impregnation solution which concentration were dark soy sauce (39.5 %), apple vinegar (39.5 %), brown sugar (19.8 %), soju (1.2 %). Pressure Impregnation carried out 30 Mpa for 5min or Vacuum Impregnation carried out 360 mmHg for 5min, analyzed treated garlic shoots properties. Impregnation condition were chosen by pre-test (Vacuum Impregnation: 160, 360, 560, 680 mmHg, Pressure Impregnation: 40 MPa, 60 MPa, 80 MPa, 100 MPa). Quality characteristics were pH, Brix, salinity, acidity, color, texture and sensory evaluation. In results of quality characteristics, brix, salinity, sensory evaluation were significantly difference between Pressure Impregnation, Vacuum impregnation and Control. According to sensory evaluation, which parameter were taste, flavor, mouthfeel and overall acceptability, Pressure impregnation were scored highest and Vacuum impregnation were second. In the texture analyze, Hardness of “pickled garlic shoots” which were manufactured using Impregnation technology were 4.3 × 105±784.271 N/m2. This was possible to manufacture “pickled garlic shoots” in a short time which were Universal Design food (UDF) 1 class.

In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

목 적 : 가입한 (±)구면렌즈 굴절력에 대응하는 조절력의 변화를 비교하여 렌즈의 적응효과를 알아보았다. 방 법 : 평균연령 21.76±1.76세의 51명(남자 26명, 여자 25명)을 대상으로 하였다. 대상자들의 완전교정 된 눈 앞에 S+1.00 D, S+2.00 D, S+3.00 D, S-1.00 D, S-2.00 D, S-3.00 D를 순서대로 가입하여, 가입 직 후, 15분 후, 그리고 30분 후에 각 단안조절력을 측정하였다. 측정값들은 완전교정 상태의 조절력과 비교 하였고, 렌즈 가입 전·후 측정된 단안조절력의 변화값은 가입한 굴절력 값에 대한 상대 비율로 계산하였다. 결 과 : S+1.00 D, S+2.00 D, S+3.00 D 가입 후 조절력은 완전교정 조절력보다 모두 유의하게 (p<0.001) 증가되었지만, 가입된 렌즈굴절력의 약 55~68% 수준이었다. S-1.00 D, S-2.00 D, S-3.00 D 가입 후 조절력은 완전교정 조절력보다 모두 유의하게(p<0.001) 감소되었고, 가입된 굴절력의 약 72~105% 수준이었다. 결 론 : 조절변화를 목적으로 구면렌즈를 처방할 때, 임상전문가들은 렌즈적응으로 인해 더해준 구면굴절 력 값보다 조절변화량이 대부분 감소될 것이라는 점을 고려해야 한다.

Rubus coreanus is known to have diverse biological properties, such as free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. In the present study, Rubus coreanus leaf and stem extract (RLSE) was used in boar semen preservation whether it has a beneficial effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in mammals. Boar spermatozoa were preserved in Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) in the presence of varying concentrations of RLSE (0-10 μg/mL). Sperm motility, sperm viability, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined after 2 days of preservation. The percentage of total motile spermatozoa and progressive motile spermatozoa improved in the spermatozoa preserved with 0.5 μg/mL RLSE. Higher proportions of viable spermatozoa were seen in the presence of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL RLSE than in the control. Intracellular ROS levels decreased when the spermatozoa were preserved in BTS with 0.1–1 μg/mL RLSE. In order to examine the bacterial growth, E. coli was added to liquid semen diluted with antibiotics-free BTS in the presence or absence of RLSE. No anti-bacterial activity of RLSE against E. coli was observed during liquid semen preservation. Although there was no inhibition of E. coli growth, the addition of RLSE might help improve sperm motility and viability during boar semen preservation, suggesting it as a potential reagent for ART in mammals.

The high quality contact between graphene and the metal electrode is a crucial factor in achieving the high performance of graphene transistors. However, there is not sufficient research about contact resistance reduction methods to improve the junction of metal-graphene. In this paper, we propose a new method to decrease the contact resistance between graphene and metal using directly grown graphene over a metal surface. The study found that the grown graphene over copper, as an intermediate layer between the copper and the transferred graphene, reduces contact resistance, and that the adhesion strength between graphene and metal becomes stronger. The results confirmed the contact resistance of the metal-graphene of the proposed structure is nearly half that of the conventional contact structure.

The performance of graphene-based electronic devices is critically affected by the quality of the graphene-metal contact. The understanding of graphene-metal is therefore critical for the successful development of graphene-based electronic devices, especially field-effect-transistors. Here, we provide a review of the peculiar properties of graphene-metal contacts, including work function pinning, the charge transport mechanism, the impact of the process on the contract resistance, and other factors.

The green pale plant bug, Apolygus spinolae was one of the main insect pests that damaged leaves and fruit in grapes and its damage status was firstly reported in 2000 in grape orchards. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rate depending in management type of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs export farm) in the export complex area of Korea (Hwangsung in Gyeonggii, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. Damage by A. spinolae occurred in all 62 survey farms and damage rate differed depending on locality and individual farms in the same area. Damage rate was lower in export farms than in domestic sale farms, and damage rate of leaves was highly correlated with damage rate of new shoots. 15 species of hemipteran insect were attracted to sticky traps and A. spinolae was the dominant species. The attracted number of A. spinolae in the sticky traps differed depending on locality, and more occurred in domestic sale farms than expert farms. A. spinolae was continually attracted to sticky traps in the harvest period in grapevine orchards.

This report is a part of research on pests occurring in grapevine orchards in export complexes (Hwangsung in Gyeonggi, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rates depending on management types of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs. export farm). Damage by Arbordia spp. occurred only in 2010 and differed depending on localities and individual farms in the same area. Numbers of orchards damaged by Arbordia spp. were one, two and four in Hwasung, Namwon and Sangju, respectively, and the damage rate was below 6.2%. There was no damage in the orchards in 2011 and 2012, however, Arbordia spp. were collected on sticky traps in the orchards. A. nigrigena and A. kakogawana were the dominant species in Yeongcheon and Yeongdong, respectively, in 2011. A. kakogawana, A. maculifrons and A. nigrigena were collected on sticky traps in 2012. Collected numbers of Arbordia spp. were different depending on localities and management types of the orchards (domestic sale vs. export). A. kakogawana was the dominant species in all the survey sites and the densities were higher in the domestic sale farms than in the export farms.

The mushrooms have been used as traditional medicines and food resources in many countries. The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant compounds and to evoluate tyrosinase inhibitory activity of extracts from Hypsizigus marmoreus. The pileus and stipe of Hypsizigus marmoreus were extracted with methanol and water, separately. The methanol extract of Hypsizigus marmoreus were fractioned by hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and buthanol. The concentrations of total polyphenolics and flavonoids in methanol extracts were investigated by colorimetric methods. The concentrations of total polyphenolics and flavonoids in methanol extract of the pileus was higher than methanol extract of the stipe. The DPPH redical scavenging activity of the pileus extract was also higher than stipe extract in methanol extract. The IC50 of DPPH redical scavenging activity of the pileus and stipe in methanol extract were 18 mg/ml and 1 10 mg/ml, respectively. The IC50 of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the pileus and stipe in methanol extract were 500 mg/ml and 1,000 mg/ml in methanol extract. These results suggest that Hypsizigus marmoreus can be potentially used as a source of natural antioxidant agent in the cosmetic industry as well as the food, pharmaceutical and medicinal industry.

With the help of KLTER/ME and KLPS in Woraksan, we have surveyed monthly diversity and seasonal prevalence of Macrolepidoptera in Wol-ak-san [Mt.] for the period of five months from May to September since 2005. Since 2007, to reduce variation, we chose two monitoring points, instead of one, for each of the three representative vegetations: Quercus mongolica-, Quercus variabilis- and Pinus densiflora-formations, abbreviated as QM, QV and PD, respectively, and collected exclusively larger moths with bucket-type of light traps for quantified survey. In 2009, as a result, QV showed higher species diversity and specimen number than QM or PD although the differences between QV and QM are subtle. The number of individuals collected may not be a good indicator, e.g., Idaea biselata collected in QM in June was over 200 in 2007, which is more than twice the number of specimens in all other sites per month, while the number in 2008 was dropped to only 10 specimens. In 2009, they became a dominant species again, showing biennial dominancy trend. It also seems that we are experiencing major decline of specimen numbers: 651 specimens collected in 2009 while 874 specimens collected in 2008, which was already a big reduction compared to over 2500 specimens in 2007

The potato tuber moth (PTM, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the field in regions with warm temperate to tropical climates, and of tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. Although PTM can be a minor to serious pest depending on the area and year, this pest is getting more and more serious to potato fields in Korea according to accidental surveys. Son (1979) represented 12.5℃ of average annual temperature as northern limit of distribution where corresponding to Youngdeog, Dalseong, Boseong and Jindo regions. Soon after, Choi and Park (1980) reported that the northern limit of PTM distribution coincided with -8℃ isotherm for average annual minimum temperature of January. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. We carried out an extensive survey of PTM distribution using sex pheromone traps at 24 sites across the nation in 2009. As a result, we confirmed that the northern limit of PTM distribution climbed to southern Gyeonggi and middle Gangwon regions from Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk regions indicated by Choi and Park (1980). Hereafter, we are trying to investigate why drastic going northward of PTM happened in Korea. Here is one presumption that a sudden rise in average temperature has occurred during 30 years, from 6.34℃ in 1973 to 7.62℃ in 2007, especially around Daegwallyeong area where is a typical highland with 800 m high.

A recent study on Neuroptera brought us an attention to a newly found group, Coniopterygidae, dustywings. As we reported for the first time this year, this family has not been taxonomically reported in South Korea while it has been reported in North Korea before. In fact, this is known to be found in Japan and China, which means this probably have been around us for a long time. However, we found there was one species of which the name was once mentioned in a paper in 1978. It was reported by Kim, H.S. et al. in 1978 in a study of citrus red mite and its natural enemies (Kim et al., 1978). Although the spelling of the species was wrong even as a synonym, the species was found to be a natural enemy of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri in Jeju-do. We here report this taxonomically undescribed species for the first time in South Korea. The species is superficially similar to white flies but, unlike white flies, it is on our side as a natural enemy.

Lycorma delicatula, once mistakenly reported its occurrence in Korea, is now suddenly common in western Korea, due to its recent arrival from China and their subsequent settlement. A history of name changes in two fulgorid species, Lycorma delicatula and Limois emelianovi is reviewed. We propose to use 꽃매미 instead of its temporary name, 주홍날개꽃매미 for Lycorma delicatula, and, based on the ICZN code 32.5.1, to use Limois emelianovi instead of Limois emeljanovi for 희조꽃매미.

With the help of KLTER/ME and KLPS in Woraksan, we have surveyed monthly diversity and seasonal prevalence of Macrolepidoptera in Wol-ak-san [Mt.], Jecheon for the period of five months from May to September since 2005. In 2007, to reduce variation, we chose two monitoring points from each of three representative vegetations in the area: Quercus mongolica-, Quercus variabilis- and Pinus densiflora-formations, abbreviated as QM, QV and PD, respectively, and collected exclusively larger moths with bucket-type of light traps for quantified survey. As a result, 1) QM and QV showed the much higher species diversity than PD; 2) in number of individuals collected, QM was the highest, almost twice that of QV, and nearly 8 times that of PD; 3) in Noctuidae and Geometridae collected, QM was the highest, while in Pyralidae and Arctiidae collected, QV was the highest; 4) June was the highest in species diversity, then July was a deep drop, probably due to a storm occurred in July; 5) the number of individuals collected may not be a good indicator as one species may be dominant too much in number of individuals: e.g., Idaea biselata collected in QM in June was over 200, changing the average number of individuals per species to 6.92, which more than twice that of all other sites per month.

The biosensor technology, which makes it possible to detect biomaterial such as protein, pathogen, and small molecules, is useful in such areas as diagnosis, bioprocessing, and food analysis or safety. For the development of a highly sensitive biosensor, immobilization techniques of organic/bio films on solid substrate, and detection methods of protein-protein reactions appearing in a few nanometers region from the sensor surface should be established. In this review, several immobilization techniques and detection methods are reviewed based on the articles reported recently.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a significant public health problem in Korea. In many cases, it is not easy to diagnose TB. A 13-year-old male patient was admitted for left chest pain for 6 months period. Chest radiography done two months ago during the school screening revealed a pleural effusion in the left lung. All cultures were negative, and 3 sputum samples and his pleural fluid sample tested negative for Acid-fast bacilli. There was no evidence of a malignant effusion. A pleural fluid examination revealed features suggestive of an empyema. Thick and yellowish pus was drawn out. Pleural fluid analysis presented White blood cell 5,200/mm3, and neutrophil-dominant with 60% of neutrophil. In an effort to attain a diagnosis, a video-assisted thoracoscopy procedure was performed with pleural drainage and biopsies. Active chronic granulomatous pleuritis was found through pleural biopsies. He was responsive to treatment and received 6 months of anti-TB therapy with complete clinical resolution. If the clinical picture is in confusion, pleural biopsy is occasionally indicated to diagnose TB pleuritis.

Background : This study analyzes changes in DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol contents, and total flavonoid contents of six different kinds of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves which are identified as herbaceous plants, and are living in the subtropics. The data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on two different lengths of growth period.. Methods and Results : The six different kinds of cultivars ; Jangdae in Korea, and El-1, R, G-1, Ef-1, Ef-2 in the State of Israel were collected on the 43th and 62nd day from when they have planted. The collected cultivars were dried at 70℃, and 80% of methanol concentration was applied to each ground specimen. Extraction was made by immersion and filtering process at room temperature. Samples were classified into two groups, one for cultivars that were collected on the 43th day, and the other for the collection of the 62nd day. We measured the rate of DPPH radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol contents, and total flavonoid contents for every Samples. For the group of the 43th day collection, Jangdae showed the highest rate of radical scavenging activity as well as the highest polyphenol contents, and El-1had the highest flavonoid contents. For the group ofthe 62nd day collection, R demonstrated not only the highest contents of polyphenol and flavonoid, but alsothe highest rate of antioxidant activity. When we compared each cultivar from another regardless its date of collection, R resulted biggest increase in all of functional components. Conclusion : Based on the test results, useful components and antioxidant activity of kenaf leaves increase in proportion to longer growing period. Particularly, the study indicates that R can be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient crop, as the rate of increase in polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest among the six cultivars.

This study deals with the design of a spring backboned soft arm, which will be employed for generation of human gesture as an effective means of Human‐Robot interaction. The special features of the proposed mechanism are the light weight and the flexibility of the whole mechanism by using a spring backbone. Thus, even in the case of collision with human, this device is able to absorb the impact structurally. The kinematics and the design for the soft arm are introduced. The performance of this mechanism was shown through experiment emulating several human gestures expressing human emotion and some service contents. Finally, this soft arm was implemented as the wing mechanism of a penguin robot.