We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from two overlapping fragments and subsequent sub fragments. The 15,592-bp long C. fulgidissima mitogenome contains gene arrangement and content identical to the most common arrangement found in insects. Most individual C. fulgidissima mitochondrial (mt) genes were well within the range found in the respective genes of other insects. The 875-bp A+T-rich region is shortest among the coleopteran mitogenomes sequenced in their entirety. The region is interesting in that it contains several stem-and-loop structures and tRNA-like structure found in the A+T-rich regions of other insect mitogenomes. As seen in other insect motogenomes the start codon of C. fulgidissima COI gene also is unusual because no typical start codon is available. Three of the 13 protein-coding genes have incomplete termination codon T or TA. All tRNA formed stable stem-and-loop structure, except for tRNASer(AGN), the DHU arm of which formed a simple loop as seen in many other metazoan mt tRNASer(AGN).

Experiments were performed using sweet potato starch-wheat composite flours to study the rheology and baking properties of bread with composite flours and to test sensory characteristics. Doughs were prepared from mixtures containing wheat flour and 10, 20, and 30% of sweet potato starch(SPS). Standard methods were used to evaluate the rheology and characteristics of wheat composite flour. The results were as follows : 1. The water absorption, developing time and stability measured by farinograph tended to decrease as SPS contents increased. 2. As the contents of SPS increased, the maximum viscosity of the composite flour by amylograph increased, yet gelatinization temperature was slightly low. 3. In the extensograph, extensibility decreased but the ratio of resistence to extensibility increased in proportion to the contents of SPS. 4. In the quality scoring of the bread, WF, WF + SPS 10%, WF + SPS 20% and WF SPS 30% were 84, 80, 77, 73, respectively. Specific volume and crumb characteristics of bread became inferior as SPS contents increased.

Background : Heat stress induced from high temperature are known to crucially affecting on physiological properties and yield in Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : The effect of foliar application of mixture including a urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on high temperature injury of Cnidium officinale. Photosynthesis and leaf temperature in Cnidium officinale were investigated after cultivating for 24 hours at 35℃. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and leaf temperature was analyzed by thermal image. Net photosyntheis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in mixture traetment were 2 times of higher than in control. Water use efficience was not different significantly. Leaf temperature was lower in mixture treatment (25.3℃) than in control (29.0℃). Conclusion : This result show that foliar application of urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was reducing a high temperature injury through a improving photosynthetical capacity and decreasing leaf temperature of Cnidium officinale.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

Background : Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker, Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz and Peucedanum japonicum Thumberg　are a major medicinal plant in north Geungbuk province. Using medicinal plants are impotant it`s ingredient. Dry condition and stroage method are not standard manual. The ingredient variation of dry condition and stroage method were not researched. Methods and Results : Using plant material were cutivated on Gyongsangbukdo Bonghwa area. It were studied ingredient variation after dry and storage condition by HPLC methods. Major ingredient of Angelica gigas Nakai are decurusin, decurusinangelate. Heated air bulk dry get more decursin than natuarl dry and decurusinangelate of natural bulk dry was higher than heated air bulk dry. Major ingredient of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz are imperatorin and isoimperatorin.. Imperatorin of Ostericum koreanum was highest peak on 50℃ heated-air dry after plastic bag sorage and isoimperatorin was highest peak on 40℃ heated-air dry after mountain cultivation. Imperatorin is a major ingredient Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker. Heated air bulk dry get more decursin and decursinangelate than natuarl dry and small heated-air dry. Peucedanol-7o_glucoside is a major ingredient Peucedanum japonicum Thumberg. Natural bulk dry get more peucedanol-7o_glucoside than heated-air bulk dry. Conclusion : Ingredient of Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker, Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz are different under various cutivation, drying method, storage. Diffent Ingedients of Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz were not accord it’s optical conditon.

Background: Many Taraxacum spp. plants are widely used in medicine, but some of them have propagation problems, such as strong dormancy and poor germination rates. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid (GA3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results: The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were 4.54 ± 0.032㎜ and 0.97 ± 0.029㎜, respectively. Various germination temperatures were tested (15, 20, 25, and 30℃), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be 20℃ (31.3%). High temperature (30℃) resulted in non-typical seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, with a restricted root system). To increase the germination capacity, GA3 (200, 500, and 1,000 ㎎/ℓ ) or KNO3 (20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 ㎎/ℓ ) solutions were used as pre-soaking solutions instead of water. The GA3 treatments increased the germination percentage and rate, but germination percentage was higher with the KNO3 treatments. Under the 50 - 200 ㎎/ℓ KNO3 treatments, the germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, and 50 ㎎/ℓ KNO3 was notably effective (91.2% after 15 days). Conclusions: T. ohwianum seeds showed improved germination at low temperatures. The best method for germination was presoaking in 50 ㎎/ℓ KNO3 for 24 h, in the dark at 4℃, and then incubating the germinated seed at 20℃ for 15 days.

Background : Plants of Taraxacum spp. are widely used in medicine, but some of them have some problems related to propagation, such as strong dormancy and inactive germination. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid (GA3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results : The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were 4.25 ± 0.118 mm and 0.89 ± 0.062 mm, respectively. Among various temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30℃), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be 20℃ (31.3%). High temperature (30℃) induced off-type in seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, and restricted root system). GA3 treatments increased germination percentage and speed, but germination percentage was higher with KNO3 treatment. Under KNO3 treatments (50 to 200 mg·L-1), germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, with 50 mg·L-1 KNO3 being notably effective (91.2%, after 15 days). Conclusion : Seeds of T. ohwianum showed germination ability at low temperature. The best method for germination was pre-soaking in 50 mg·L-1 KNO3 (4℃, dark, 24 h) and incubating at 20℃ for 15 days.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions of growth medium, temperature, and light quality for efficient propagation of Pyrrosia petiolosa spores. Methods and Results : P. petiolosa spores were collected from Andong-si area in February 2015, and the spores were subjected to a careful selection process. The selected spores were stored at the Korea National Wild Plant Seed Bank (4℃, RH 40%) and used as our experimental materials (GR0000182302). The spore germination rate and prothalium development were high in Knop media (24.5%), which had low mineral content. The germination rate increased with the increase in temperature and reached its maximum, 24.5%, at 25°C. The germination rate was also measured under different light conditions, and the highest rate of 28.7% was observed under LED blue light compared to fluorescent lights (24.5%). The germinated spores developed into heart-shaped prothallia under LED blue light; however, 3 weeks after sowing, prothallium development decreased compared to fluorescent lights. Conclusion : In conclusion, the optimal P. petiolosa In vitro propagation method include spore germination on Knop medium at 25°C under LED blue light, and the change in light source to fluorescent light 3 weeks after sowing for prothallium formation and proliferation.

Unfavorable environmental stresses are major limiting factors that affect plant productivity. Plants perceive and respond adaptively to an abiotic stress condition, and the adaptive process is controlled mainly by phytohormone, consequently, changing in gene expression pattern. Transcriptional regulator ABF3 (Abscisic acid response element Binding Factor 3) mediating the ABA-responsive gene expression plays important roles in drought and temperature tolerance. Here, we report an event of drought tolerant GM gourd in which abf3 was inserted in the genome. For drought stress experiment, T0 plants were self-pollinated and back-crossed to select cultivars for drought stress experiment. The drought tolerant GM gourds were selected for last 3 years and have been crossed to get the several BC and T generation consecutively. In this year, BC3T1, F1 (Bak x GM gourd), BC1F1 and control plants were subjected to drought stress, that is no watering for 12 days and rehydration afterwards. The GM gourds showed high tolerance to drought while the non-transformed plants were totally dried. When the plants were subjected to rehydration, the GM bottle gourds were completely revived and recovered from the drought stress. Tolerance levels to drought of BC3T1, F1 (Bak x GM gourd) and BC1F1 were 92.5%, 50.0% and 65.0%, respectively.

Korean soybean variety Kwangan was transformed with coat protein (CP), helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), and ABRE binding factor 3 (ABF3) genes using highly efficient soybean transformation system. Among these genes, CP and HC-Pro were transformed using RNAi technology. Transgenic plants with CP were confirmed for gene introduction and their expression using PCR, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, Southern blot, and Northern blot. To investigate the response of viral infection with CP, T1 plants were inoculated with SMV-infected leaves and confirmed the existence of mosaic symptom in both leaves and seeds. Two transgenic lines with CP were highly resistant to SMV with clear leaves and seeds while SMV-susceptible lines showed mosaic symptom with seed mottling. The transcript levels of T1 plants with CP were also determined by northern blot, suggesting that SMV-resistant T1 plants did not show viral RNA expression whereas SMV-susceptible T1 plants showed viral RNA expression. Currently, the response of viral infection with HC-Pro is investigating to produce SMV-resistant soybean transgenic plants, and the physiological experiment with ABF3 is also carrying out to produce drought-tolerant soybean transgenic plants.

During the last decade, considerable progress has been made to understand the molecular mechanisms of M. grisea infection in rice plants and 10 rice blast R genes have been identified and characterized via map-based cloning methods. In case of rice germplasm, the genetic backgrounds of each germplasm accessions are not uniform and the evaluation for pathogenicity is difficult. To solve these problems, we applied the single resistance gene markers to rice germplasm accessions. A molecular survey was conducted to identify the presence of major blast resistance (R) gene in 363 accessions of Korea landrace rice germplasm. The results revealed that the resistance gene Pik-p (100%), Pib (98%), Pi-d(t)2 (98%) and Piz (76%) were widely observed in tested rice germplasm, but Pita-2, Pik and Pi39 gene were identified in less than 10 accessions. Most of landrace contain the four or five different resistant genes, but these results was not consist of field nursery screening. 13 accessions were shown the blast resistance in field nursery screening and Pik-p, Pib, Pi-d(t)2 and Piz genes were observed in these accessions. The evaluation results of blast resistance genes in rice germplasm will help in breeding of multi disease resistant varieties.

“Shinmichal1”, a waxy red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Alchan”/“Chal2”during 1997. “Alchan” is a soft red winter wheat with high yield and good noodle quality. “Chal2” is a waxy wheat line crossed by “Kanto107” (Wx-A1b and Wx-B1b) and “BaiHuo” (Wx-D1b). “Shinmichal1” was evaluated as “Suwon306” in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2002. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2003 and 2006. “Shinmichal1” is an awned, semi dwarf and soft red winter wheat, similar to “Uri” (check cultivar). The Heading and maturing date of “Shinmichal1” were similar to “Uri”. Culm and spike length of “Shinmichal1“ were 79 cm and 7.8 cm. “Shinmichal1“ had greater test weight (802 g) and lower 1,000-grain weight (31.8 g) than “Uri” (782 g and 35.2 g, respectively). It has resistance to winter hardiness, wet-soil tolerance, lodging tolerance and moderate post-harvest sprouting damage. “Shinmichal1” had higher flour yield (66.2%), ash (0.73%), protein (10.9%) and SDS sedimentation volume (40.7 ml) than “Uri” (64.7%, 0.53%, 9.3%, and 32.5 ml, respectively) and similar flour color to “Uri”. “Shinmichal1” had higher dough extensibility and lower dough strength than “Uri”. It is 5.2% of amylose content and had typical waxy starch pasting properties. Average yield of “Shnmichal1” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.24 MT ha-1 in upland and 5.58 MT ha-1 in paddy field, which was 3% and 8% lower than those of “Uri” (5.39 MT ha-1 and 6.09 MT ha-1, respectively). “Shinmichal1” would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -10℃ in January in Korean peninsula.