Ground depression/cave-ins due to subsurface cavities have been occasionally occurred in urban area. To prevent the ground cave-ins, a ground penetrating radar (GPR) method was applied and more than 2,000 subsurface cavities were found in Seoul. For each cavity, excavation was carried out to investigate main cause of the cavity and then the site was restored permanently. It was found that this excavation-and-restoration method was not efficient to repair small size cavities. Instead, grouting methods was used to repair the small cavities temporarily. This study evaluated the field applicability of grouting methods on restoring small cavities. Three types of grouting materials were applied on 12 sections and two non-destructive tests were conducted in field. A falling weight deflectometer(FWD) test was conducted to assess the bearing capacity of the site before and after grouting. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to evaluate the extent of the grouting materials to a cavity. From the FWD test results, the bearing capacity of the Section A and B was enhanced by 7.5% and 13.5% while the bearing capacity of the section C was reduced by 11.5%. It was found from the GPR tests that the grouting materials used in the Section B and C could fill the cavity well and also extended to surrounded area due to injection pressure or selfexpansion. In common, the small cavities could be restored quickly, less than 30 minutes per a cavity by the grouting methods. Hence it can be concluded that the grouting methods can be applicable to restore small cavities. However, it needs to consider the application of grouting methods carefully because the grouting methods can be lost through a pipe link to a cavity. Also, excavations can be conducted occasionally in urban roads so that the stiffness of grouting materials needs to soft enough to be excavated and strong enough to support traffic loads.

Probiotics are defined as advantageous microorganisms to human when they are ingested. However, without any protection, the viability of microbes and their adhesive ability to surface of colon decreases through acidic condition such as stomach and intestines. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to figure out to enhance not only the viability of probiotics, but also its adhesion for increasing effect of probiotics. In this study, extrusion method was conducted to encapsulate Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium-alginate solution was injected to CaCl2 solution with regular side air injection. To prevent coagulation of beads, stirring was conducted in CaCl2 solution and encapsulated alginate-Ca2+ microspheres were produced. For optimal encapsulation condition, air pressure was 100 mbar, flow rate of E. faecium solution was 0.02 ml/h and stirring rate was 200 rpm. For mucoadhesive ability, Monolayer of HT-29 cells used as a colon cell and encapsulated cells were inoculated and incubated in 37℃, 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere for 1 h. Encapsulation efficiency of the encapsulation method used in this study was 98.2%. For mucoadhesive test, the concentration of inoculated E. faecium was 9.9×108 CFU/ml and the concentration of adhered E. faecium was 1.6×106 CFU/ml. In conclusion, encapsulation efficiency of extrusion method was high enough to be accepted for this study, however, alginate-Ca2+ microspheres revealed lower adhesive ability compared to expectation. Therefore, it needs further studies to increase adhesive ability with other polymers.

Calcium is widely used for calcium supplement, additives. In the case of oyster shell which is intaked for calcium supplement have caused serious problems including environmental pollution because almost of it is thrown out so that is demanded expanding of using. However, there is no examples that develop a high value product available for food industry from oyster shell. In advanced research, It is confirmed that fired oyster shell has Anti-microbial effect and therefore, this study apply the anti-microbial effect of fired oyster shell to rice cake. Control is made by rice flour 300g, water 150mL. Experimental group are made by rice flour 300g, water150mL and Sample A (fired oyster shell), Sample B (fibrous calcium carbonate), Sample C (calcium + citric acid) and Sample D (coral calcium) 0.5wt% respectively. Texture properties are measured by texture analyzer (TA-XT, MHK corp. Korea) 5kg load cell. Rice cake added sample A, B, C had anti-microbial effect and rice cake added sample D had not anti-microbial effect.

본 연구는 서양종꿀벌 여왕벌을 택배나 차량 등으로 이동 시킬 때, 여왕벌의 폐사, 훼손 등을 줄이고 농가의 벌통에 잘 유입하여 여왕벌이 정상적으로 산란할 수 있는 최적의 방법을 찾고자, 2013년 5월 25일부터 8월 2일까지 경북 예천군 소재 2개 양봉농가에서 여왕벌 60마리를 대상으로 총 3회에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 여왕벌 이동기구는 양봉농가 및 국외 연구소에서 주로 사용하고 있는 소형왕롱과 소형벌통 2종류를 대상으로 시험 하였다. 시험 결과, 1~2일 정도의 짧은 기간에는 이동왕롱의 종류에 따라 여왕벌의 생존율 및 산란일에서 차이가 없었다. 유입 성공율을 보면, 소형왕롱으로 이동시킨 여왕벌은 30% 정도의 유입에 실패 하였으나, 소형벌통은 유입실패율이 10% 이하로 나타났다. 산란능력 검사를 위한 봉개된 육아방수 조사에서는, 소형벌통을 이용한 여왕벌 유입군이 소형왕롱을 이용한 여왕벌 유입군 보다 봉개된 육아방수가 4~75%까지 많게 나타났다. 한편 소형벌통은 소비 1매를 그대로 무왕군에 합봉하여 모두 여왕벌 유입이 잘 되었으나, 소형왕롱을 이용한 여왕벌의 직접 소문유입의 경우 여왕벌이 일벌의 공격을 여러 마리가 죽었다. 따라서 소형왕롱을 저밀소비에 하루 정도 부착하여 두어다가 여왕벌을 풀어주는 간접유입이 더 효과적이며, 유밀기, 봉충소비의 발췌, 먹이의 풍부, 무왕군의 벌세력 등이 유입 성공율에 영향을 미쳤다.

우리나라는 1996년 WTO/SPS(동식물검역협정)에 따라 검역병해충제도를 정비하였으며, 해외병해충의 위험으로부 터 자국내 생물자원과 자연환경을 보호하기 위하여 다양한 노력을 하고 있다. 현재까지의 수입식물 검역과정에서 검출된 병해충을 분석한 결과 병해충 검출건수는 수입량이 늘어나면서 증가하는 추세이다(00년 6,233건 → 17년 12,749건). 하지만 식물의 수입 유형에 따라 곡류, 사료류 등 비재식용 식물의 경우 병해충 검출률은 07년 이후 감소하고 있으며(07년 9.8% → 17년 3.3%), 묘목류, 종자류 등 재식용 식물의 경우 11년 이후로 지속적으로 증가하고 있어(11년 7.9% → 17년 22.0%) 재식용 식물을 통한 해외 병해충의 유입 위험도가 가증되고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 우리는 검역본부에서 운영하고 있는 자체 전산시스템인 병해충정보시스템(PIS)을 이용하여 2000년 이후 식물검역과 정에서 발견된 병해충 검출동향과 수입 유형에 따른 검출동향을 비교분석하고, 2016년 대비 2017년 병해충 검출동향을 파악하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the thoracic spine manipulation on spinal alignment (Cobb angle), pain, and trunk range of motion (ROM) in a patient with mild thoracic scoliosis. The Cobb angle was 11.0° and there was a right deviation of the thoracic spine. The subject had thoracic and lumbar pain, and had felt stiffness during turning of the trunk for about 3 years. Thoracic manipulation was applied at the upper thoracic spine as a therapeutic intervention three times per week for 5 weeks. After intervention, the Cobb angle decreased from 11.0° to 5.5° and the pain score decreased from 4.0 to 1.5, and the trunk left rotation ROM increased from 30.0° to 41.5°, and trunk right rotation ROM increased from 26.0° to 39.0°. These results suggest that the thrust thoracic manipulation technique had a positive effect on the spinal alignment, pain and trunk rotation ROM in patients with mild scoliosis.

커피와 다류에 대한 소비는 전 세계적으로 해마다 증가 하는 추세이며, 한국을 포함하여 아시아권에도 물 다음으로 가장 많은 소비가 이루어지는 음료는 커피와 차(녹차, 케모마일차, 페퍼민트차, 둥글레차, 보이차, 홍차, 대추차) 이다. 본 연구는 국내에서 시판되는 커피전문점의 브랜드 커피 5종과 침출차 20종(녹차 4종, 홍차 3종, 보이차 3종, 케모마일차 3종, 페퍼민트차 3종, 둥글레차 3종, 대추차 1 종), 고형차 2종(대추차 2종)에 대하여 각 음료 1잔에 함유되어 있는 비타민C, 카페인, 총폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 를 분석하였고, 이들의 항산화활성을 측정하여 서로의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 추가적으로 항산화활성이 높은 커 피와 다류 총 4종을 대상으로 과산화수소(H2O2)로 유도된 산화적 스트레스로부터 세포 보호효과를 평가하여 시판 커피와 다류의 항산화 연구를 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 녹차와 홍차 각각 1잔당 비타민 C 함량은 0.04~ 1.58 mg 이었고 커피와 나머지 차는 비타민 C가 검출되지 않았다. 카페인 함량은 브랜드 커피가 1잔당 150.17~ 202.75 mg으로 다른 종류의 음료보다 높았다. 음료에 함 유된 총 폴리페놀 함량은 gallic acid의 등량값(GAE)으로 표시할 때 브랜드 커피 A(BCA)가 265.54 mg / serving size 으로 가장 높았고, 플라보노이드 함량은 quercetin 등량값 (QE)으로 브랜드 커피 B(BCB)가 12.14 mg / serving size 으로 가장 높았다. 음료 4종(브랜드 커피 A, C 그리고 녹 차 D, 홍차 A) 시료의 농도가 높아질수록 HeLa 세포 내 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 생성 억제효과 및 H2O2의 소거활성이 증가하였다. 본 연구결과 브랜드 커피 및 홍차, 녹차는 각각 1잔당 비타민 C의 등량값으로 590, 330, 300 mg의 항산화능을 가지며, HeLa 세포 내에 서도 활성산소 감소효과가 확인되는 우수한 항산화 음료로 평가되었다.

The prevalence of chronic diseases has increased steadily over the last 20 years. The side effects of drugs used to treat chronic disease have always been a problem, owing to the need for long-term medication. Many studies have attempted to discover drugs from natural sources with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using jujube leaf as a potential anti-diabetic drug source or food supplement. The IC50 values of acarbose and jujube leaf extract on a-glucosidase were 2.59 and 0.37 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro tests showed that the inhibition of a-glucosidase was maintained after the jujube extract was passed through a simulated digestive system, but no inhibition of a-amylase was observed either before or after the in vitro digestion. The jujube leaf extract showed mixed non-competitive inhibition. Jujube leaf extract is expected to be safer and cheaper than synthetic inhibitors.

The exosomes are the most studied nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles (40-100 nm) in eukaryotic cell. Exosomeharbors various molecular components of their cell origin, including nucleic acids and proteins, and it is involved in intraand intercellular communication. These characteristics make exosomes to be a prospective biomarkers, therapeutic agents,or drug delivery vehicles. Edible insect industry is rapidly growing up in Korea. The insect exosomes were isolated fromthe larvae of Korean rhinoceros beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, and White-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis, sothat they can be used for diagnosis of insect disease. The stable preservation of exosome is very important for diagnosisand research, especially for long term storage. Here, the stable recovery of exosome isolated from hemolymph of A. dichotomalarva was evaluated by analyzing exosomal protein and RNA after storage in -70°C for three months.

Insects are attracting the attention of alternative sources of protein. In order to produce high quality insects, studieson the development of safe and nutritious feed sources are needed. Given the cost of rearing insects, agricultural andindustrial by-products were good materials of insect feed. In the current study, Citrus unshiu peel (CP), soybean curdcake (SCC), soybean oil meal (SOM), and brewers dried grain (BDG) were investigated for their effects on larval growthand development of Protaetia brevitarsis. Interestingly, larvae fed on 10% SCC increased their weight by 3.5 times. Forthe larval period, they were significantly shorter than the control. Furthermore, minerals and amino acids were recordedto be high in them. The heavy metals were not detected in any of the investigated groups. These findings provided ascientific basis for the utilization of soybean curd cake as a nutritional feed source to promote larval growth and producequality insects.

Under natural conditions, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), colonizes in warm temperateregions. Information on black soldier fly rearing, which is affected by seasonal factors in Korea, is limited. Ovipositionby black soldier flies is dependent on light intensity and wavelength. Therefore, continuous mass rearing of this fly requiresdetermination of optimal artificial conditions of illumination. In this study, we compared the number of eggs laid underan artificial light source (750 watt HPL lamp) versus nature sunlight. Our results showed that compared to ovipositionunder natural sunlight, the use of one or two lamps for 7 hours, resulted in only 43 and 76%, of the total number ofeggs laid under natural sunlight, respectively. The hatching rate under the former was much significantly lower than underthe latter.

The ability of plants to endure environmental stress factors, which are going to be more severe due to global warming, is important especially for forest plants. Because obtain trait of resistance to temperature using conventional breeding for woody plants is a time consuming way. In this study, chloroplast-localized OsHSP26 gene was overexpressed in Populus alba L. to breed tolerant transgenic poplar to temperature stress. The plantlets of OsHSP26-overexpressed transgenic poplar showed more heathy phenotypic response than wild-type plants under both prolonged low- and high-temperature stress. While the SPAD value, which refers chlorophyll content, in wild-type plants decreased depending on the exposure time to the temperature stress, higher SPAD value were shown in the transgenic plants. The contents of total phenolic compounds in the transgenic plants were lower than those of the wild-type plants, and not significantly changed except in the treatment of prolonged low-temperature. However, the total flavonoids contents of the transgenic plants were dramatically increased under prolonged temperature stress. The DPPH scavenging activities of the transgenic plants were higher than those of the wild-type plants under temperature stress. Consequently, it was revealed that overexpressing OsHSP26 allow for P. alba to be tolerant to temperature stress.

Purpose: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (Type I diabetes) or when the body does not effectively use the insulin (Type II diabetes). One of the most common complication of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy(DR). DR is a time-dependent disease and induces blindness. DR produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide is mainly made from mitochondria electron chain and it is harmful to eyes. Methods: In this study, eyes were enucleated from glucose-immersed zebrafish which is good model to generate diabetes and then mitochondria were isolated to evaluate activities of mitochondria electron transfer complex. Activity of mitochondrial electron transfer complex in eyes was measured by UV-vis spectrometer. Results: After the glucose immersion, the amount of mitochondria in eyes was increased compared to non-glucose-immersed zebrafish. Mitochondrial complex I, II, III, and IV activities of glucose-immersed zebrafish was improved compared to non-glucose-immersed zebrafish. Conclusions: These results indicated that 3 days or 7 days glucose immersion on zebrafish to induce the early stage of diabetes on zebrafish. Zebrafish might contribute to metabolic compensatory mechanisms in eyes to restore their mitochondrial homeostasis on the early stage of diabetes.

Recently, Gryllus bimaculatus and the larva of Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis, and Allomyrina dichotoma were enlisted as general food ingredients by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. As the interest in these insects is growing, the detailed investigation is needed for the standardization of suitable and safe rearing techniques. This survey was conducted via personal interviews about edible insect rearing farms in Korea. The basic feed is fermented oak sawdust for P. brevitarsis and A. dichotoma and wheat bran for T. molitor. The various feed additives are blended with each farm’s own recipes. It seems that larval weight was correlated with the rearing density and duration of the larval period. The heavy metal contents were analyzed after 48 hour starvation and they were very small amount or not detected. We believe that the present data will contribute to develop and standardize the safe rearing techniques of edible insects in Korea.