본 연구에서는 부산광역시 내 서어나무류 군락의 식생 특성을 파악하기 위해 부산 지역 내에서 서어나무류가 출현한 조사구(면적 100㎡) 56개를 설정하여 조사를 실시하였다. TWINSPAN과 DCA 분석을 통해 군락을 분리한 결과, 서어나무류-졸참나무(1) 군락, 서어나무류-졸참나무(2) 군락, 곰솔-서어나무류 군락, 서어나무류-굴피나무 군락으로 총 4개의 군락으로 나타났다. 군락Ⅰ과 군락Ⅱ는 서어나무류-졸참나무 군락으로 주로 북동사면의 내륙 산지 계곡부 일대에 넓게 분포하며, 서어나무류가 아교목층과 관목층에서도 높은 상대우점치를 보여 향후 서어나뮤류의 세력이 증가할 것으로 보인다. 군락Ⅲ은 곰솔-서어나무류 군락이며 고도가 낮은 해안가에 주로 분포한다. 해안가에 위치한 지리적 특성상 해안지역에 주로 분포하는 수종으로 구성되어 있었고, 산림천이 양상을 고려하였을 때 곰솔은 점차 쇠퇴하고 향후 극상수종인 서어나무류가 우점하는 식생으로 천이될 것으로 예상한다. 군락Ⅳ는 서어나무류-굴피나무 군락으로 해안 지역에 위치한 산지에 주로 분포한다. 서어나무류와 함께 굴피나무, 팥배나무 등 다양한 종류의 낙엽활엽 수가 분포하고 있다. 부산광역시 서어나무류 군락은 주로 해발고도가 낮은 계곡부 일대를 중심으로 지엽적으로 분포하 고 있으며 향후 극상림으로 발달할 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we developed a technology that can measure key evaluation items in the field for various rehabilitation methods and evaluated its performance. The results are as follows. First, when the spray-on lining adhesion strength is measured after drying at high temperature (60℃) for 4 hours and cooling for 2 hours, the results are equivalent to or higher than the adhesion strength measured at room temperature after 48 hours. Therefore, the time required for measuring the adhesion strength in the field can be shortened to 1/8, and it is expected to be helpful in evaluating the condition of the spray-on lining. Second, depending on close or adhesive to existing pipe of the liner of the close-fit lining or CIPP lining, and the grouting condition of the slip lining, the sound frequency generation pattern, the vibration magnitude, and duration using the impact echo showed different characteristics. Therefore, it is thought that it is possible to evaluate liner lifting or grouting failure through analysis of the acoustic frequency, vibration magnitude, and duration. Third, when water penetrates the back of the liner of the close-fit lining or CIPP lining, it was found that the water penetrated between the liner and the existing pipe acts as a couplant, and a signal is repeatedly generated in which ultrasonic energy is transmitted and reflected to the steel pipe after the liner. Therefore, it is judged that it is possible to check whether water has penetrated the back of the liner using ultrasonic waves. Fourth, the liner tensile strength of the close-fit, CIPP lining was compared with the tensile test and the instrumented indentation test, and it was found that the tensile strength was similar. So it was judged that it will be helpful in evaluating the mechanical strength change without the liner specimen in the future.

This study aims to prepare bamboo-based activated carbons with surface modifications, focusing on carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in public indoor spaces. The surface of the activated carbon adsorbents was chemically modified through three steps: carbonization, steam activation, and chemical treatment using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium sulfamate (KSO3NH2). The specific surface area and pore volume of the obtained adsorbent (BSAC-KN) were 1,246 m2/g and 0.74 cm3/g, respectively. The surface modification resulted in an adsorption capacity of up to 3.79 mmol-CO2/ g-AC for carbon dioxide. In addition, the expansion of the specific surface area and the enhanced physico-chemical interaction between the weak acidic CO2 molecules and the basic AC surface improved adsorption capacity.

We conducted a study on excessive doping of the Cr and In elements in Bi-Sb-Te materials satisfying the Hume- Rothery rule, and investigated the resulting electrical and thermal properties. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, we confirmed the formation of a single phase even with excessive doping. Through analysis of electrical properties, we observed the highest enhancement in electrical characteristics at y = 0.2, suggesting that the appropriate ratio of Bi-Sb significantly influences this enhancement. Using the Callaway-von Baeyer (CvB) model to assess scattering due to point defects, we calculated the experimental point defect scattering factor (ΓCvB.exp), which was notably high due to the substantial differences in volume and atomic weight between the substituted (Cr, In) and original (Bi, Sb) elements. Additionally, we conducted a single parabolic band (SPB) modeling analysis of materials with compositions y = 0.1 and 0.2, where, despite a decrease in densityof- states effective mass (md *) during the enhancement process from y = 0.1 to 0.2, a sharp increase in non-degenerate mobility (μ0) led to an 88 % increase in weighted mobility (μw). Furthermore, analyzing zT with respect to nH revealed a 51 % increase in zT at a composition of y = 0.2. This study confirmed a significant reduction in lattice thermal conductivity with the co-doping strategy, and with further compositional studies to improve electrical properties, we anticipate achieving high zT.

본 연구는 2024년 상반기 기준 국내 공영동물원에서 시행 중인 교육프로그램 현황조 사를 통하여 『동물원 및 수족관의 관리에 관한 법률』의 개정(2022) 이후 동물원 교육 프로그램의 현황을 살펴보고 동물원 교육의 개선방안을 제시하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 이 를 위해 국내의 공영동물원을 대상으로 교육프로그램 현황조사를 수행하였으며, 조사 결 과를 바탕으로 국내 동물원 교육의 개선방안을 제시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 현재 국내의 공영동물원 18개소 중 총 11개소의 공영동물원만이 교육프로그램을 운영하며 ‘동물과 인 간’을 주제로 관람식, 체험식 형태의 교육프로그램이 가장 많이 운영됨을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 동물원 교육이 개선되기 위해서는 다양한 대상으로 동물원 교육프로그램이 운영되 어야 하고, 동물복지를 기반으로 동물원 교육이 이루어져야 하며, 효과있는 교육을 위해 연속형 프로그램이 늘어나야 할 필요성을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 국내 공영동물원 교육프로그램에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고, 국내 동물원 교 육의 개선방안을 제시했다는 것에 의의를 가진다.

본 연구에서는 인천광역시에서 유통 중인 한약재의 안 전성을 확인하기 위해 24품목의 50건을 대상으로 345종 의 잔류농약을 분석하였다. 잔류농약은 미량으로도 인체 의 건강에 해를 가할 수 있는 유해 물질로 주의가 필요하 다. 기준 규격외 다양한 잔류농약 확인을 위해, QuEChERS 법으로 전처리후 분석한 결과, 7품목 24건(48%)의 한약재 에서 총 22종의 잔류농약이 검출되었으며, 농약이 검출된 한약재는 천궁, 택사, 당귀, 백지 순으로 많았다. 검출 농 약 중 2건을 제외하고는 모두 기준이 설정되어 있지 않은 농약이었으나, 위해 평가 결과 안전한 수준으로 확인되었 다. 또한, 동일 품목에서 다빈도로 검출되는 농약을 확인 하여, 해당 품목의 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링의 필요성 을 시사하였으며, 대한약전의 전처리법에 따른 비교분석 에서도 동일한 농약이 검출되어, QuEChERS법을 이용한 생약의 잔류농약 분석 가능성을 제시하였다. 결과적으로, 소비자 안전을 위해서 기준규격 잔류농약 항목 외에도, 생 약에 대한 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링과 신뢰성 높은 고 효율 분석법 개발 연구가 계속 필요할 것이다.

본 연구는 도로 노면의 결빙을 방지하기 위해 열적 특성을 갖는 콘크리트를 개발했습니다. 팽창 점 토에 상변화 물질(PCM)을 함침 시키고, 고열 전도성 에폭시와 실리카 흄으로 이중코팅을 하여 PCM 물질의 유출 방지, 골재의 부착성 개선, 열적 성능 개선을 하였으며 이를 DSC를 통해 열적 성능 평가 를 진행하여 확인했습니다. 또한 상변화 물질과 경량골재의 사용으로 인한 강도 감소 개선을 위한 CNT 혼합으로 강도 감소를 25% 개선하였습니다.

PURPOSES : This study aims to propose drone-command standard operating procedure (SOP) guidelines and Analyze their potential application to increase the use and utility of drones in urban disaster situations. Although the effectiveness and efficiency of obtaining disaster-situation information through drones have been verified by previous studies and practical experience, a survey of actual drone usability indicated a utilization rate of only approximately 4.13%. METHODS : To provide guidance for improving drone command SOPs, prior research and relevant literature were reviewed to identify commonalities between disaster-response command and control and drone use. A sample of 73 active-duty firefighters, including incident commanders (ICs) and drone pilots, were surveyed and interviewed. The data were analyzed and categorized to establish the reasons why drones are not actively used in urban disaster-response procedures. RESULTS : The primary reasons identified for not actively utilizing drones in urban disaster areas were the lack of a drone command and control system and the lack of clear criteria for when to use drones in disaster situations. In addition, many problems were found in drone-operation procedures, including emergency flight approval, securing takeoff and landing sites, and accident burden due to urban flight obstacles. To address the issues identified, standards were proposed for the type, size, and scope of urban disasters requiring drone response; for accident-prevention on basic missions and through flight safety procedures; and for installing a video transmission and reception system to easily share drone video information with ICs. CONCLUSIONS : Application of the drone-command SOP guidelines to actual urban disaster situations by disaster type will help to improve the efficiency of information acquisition and flight safety. This is expected to enable increased drone utilization. In future, extension of the research reported in this paper beyond the Seoul metropolitan area via additional follow-up studies has the potential to establish applicability of the proposed SOP guidelines to a wide variety of environments and organizational characteristics.

Captive breeding and reintroduction are crucial strategies for conserving endangered species populations. However, fish raised in predator-free environments, show a lack of recognition of predationrelated stimuli such as chemical and visual signals. It is critical to recognize chemical signals from injured conspecifics, also known as alarm signals, and the order or shape of predators to indicate the spread of predation risk in the habitat. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine and adjust the optimal exposure period to induce appropriate anti-predator behavior response to different types of stimuli (Chemical, Visual and Chemical+Visual) for the endangered species Microphysogobio rapidus. Our results demonstrate that predator avoidance behavior varies depending on the types of stimuli and the duration of predation risk exposure. First, the results showed captive-breed M. rapidus show lack of response against conspecific alarm signal (Chemical cue) before the predation risk exposure period and tend to increase response over predation risk exposure time. Second, response to predator (visual cue) tend to peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, but show dramatic decrease after 72 hours cumulative exposure. Finally, response to the mixed cue (Chemical+visual) tend to peak prior to the predation risk exposure period and show reduced response during subsequent exposure periods. This experiment confirms the lack of responsiveness to conspecific alarm signals in captive-bred M. rapidus and the need for an optimal nature behavior enhancement program prior to release of endangered species. Furthermore, responsiveness to predator visual signal peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, suggest an optimal predation risk exposure period of up to 48 hours. Key words: predator cognition, captive breeding, chemical signal, visual signal, endangered

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a key component in the biogeochemical cycling in freshwater ecosystem. However, it has been rarely explored, particularly complex river watershed dominated by natural and anthropogenic sources, such as various effluent facility and livestock. The current research developed a new analytical method for TOC/TN (Total Organic Carbon/Total Nitrogen) stable isotope ratio, and distinguish DOM source using stable isotope value (δ13C-DOC) and spectroscopic indices (fluorescence index [FI] and biological index [BIX]). The TOC/TN-IR/MS analytical system was optimized and precision and accuracy were secured using two international standards (IAEA-600 Caffein, IAEA-CH-6 Sucrose). As a result of controlling the instrumental conditions to enable TOC stable isotope analysis even in low-concentration environmental samples (<1 mgC L-1), the minimum detection limit was improved. The 12 potential DOM source were collected from watershed, which includes top-soils, groundwater, plant group (fallen leaves, riparian plants, suspended algae) and effluent group (pig and cow livestock, agricultural land, urban, industry facility, swine facility and wastewater treatment facilities). As a result of comparing characteristics between 12 sources using spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC values, it were divided into four groups according to their characteristics as a respective DOM sources. The current study established the TOC/TN stable isotope analyses system for the first time in Korea, and found that spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC are very useful tool to trace the origin of organic matter in the aquatic environments through library database.

고문읽기와 쓰기는 우수한 중국 전통 문화의 계승과 발전을 위한 기초 능력이다. 현재 고문 교육은 학습 효율이 낮고, 문턱이 높으며, 목적성이 부족하다는 세 가지 문제점이 존재한다. 고문읽기와 고문자에 대한 두려움은 많은 청소년들이 맞닥뜨리고 있는 실제 문제이다. 본 연구는 고대 중국어 교육의 특징과 실제에 근거하여 대규모 고적 코퍼스의 통계 작업을 통해 1,000개의 한자를 선정하였다. 한자의 자형, 자음, 자의, 용자 네 가지 측면에서 각 등급별 기준을 설정하고, 한자 학습의 우선순위를 반영하여 ｢고적한자등급자표古籍汉字分级字表｣를 개발하였다. 이 표 에는 1급 105자, 2급 340자, 3급 555자를 수록되어 있다. 청소년에게 고문 학습을 위해 한자학습 자료를 제공하는 것은 고적 한자의 점진적 학습을 도울 뿐 아니라 청소년이 가지고 있는 고문 학습에 대한 부담감을 줄여주고 고문 읽기 능력을 향상시켜 줄 것이다. 더 나아가 중국의 우수한 전통 문화를 계승하고 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

To investigate residual pesticide levels in agricultural products contained in Meal-kits, 27 Meal-kit products were collected from marts, Meal-kit shops, and online stores in Incheon City, South Korea. Seventy-six vegetable and thirty-seven mushroom products were analyzed for residual levels of 339 pesticides. Residual pesticides were detected in 23 out of 76 vegetables and were not present in the 37 mushroom products. The residual pesticide detection rate was 20.4% (23/ 113 cases). The pesticides famoxadone 0.034 mg/kg (standard: 0.01 mg/kg or less, PLS) and fenpyroximate 0.302 mg/kg (standard: 0.01 mg/kg or less, PLS) exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRL). This survey revealed that various types of pesticides remain in agricultural products in Meal-kits. Due to the nature of Meal-kit products, there is no separate standard for residual pesticides in agricultural products. Therefore, continuous monitoring of residual pesticides is necessary.