Endemic species are defined as taxa that naturally inhabit and grow within a specific area. Because they easily face regional extinction, continuous management is required. In this study, stable isotope analysis, length-weight relationships (LWRs), and condition factor (K) estimation were applied to oily bitterling Acheilognathus koreensis inhabiting three representative rivers including the Geum River basin, Seomjin River basin, and Tamjin River basin to compare ecological property and related biological conditions. Based on the corrected isotope value to account for difference in carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of POM, Δδ13CA.koreensis-POM, estimated isotope niche areas of A. koreensis between Geum and Tamjin River populations were highly overlapped while those of the Seomjin River population were discriminated from other habitats, indicating differences in major diet sources among habitats. In addition, LWRs for the Seomjin River population showed a good growth with a b value of 3.155 compared to Geum and Tamjin River populations which showed relatively low growth rates of 2.888 and 2.968, respectively. Fluctuation of the K value of the A. koreensis tended to decrease with growth in the Geum River while that of the Seomjin River population exhibited the highest increasing trend. This study confirmed differences in diet resources among habitats for A. koreensis, which resulted growth and fatness variations for each population. Our results can be used as basic information for effective conservation and management strategies of A. koreensis populations.

Broccoli and cabbage are known to have antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer effects due to their high bioactive component levels. This study applied 70% ethanol and hydrothermal extraction to separate bioactive components from broccoli and cabbage. 30oBrix extracts were freeze-dried and then diluted in various concentrations with distilled water for analysis. Total polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were analyzed. The diverse antioxidant assays, except DPPH radical scavenging activity, showed that hydrothermal extracts had significantly higher activity than the 70% ethanol extracts (p<0.05). In this study, it suggested that hydrothermal extraction is relatively effective in producing broccoli and cabbage extracts. Moreover, hydrothermal extraction conditions could be low-cost and environmentally friendly.

This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and variation in main traits by comparing the growth of individuals of Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under an aquaculture environment. This survey was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 at the aquafarm in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do (South coast of Korea). To classify the morphology of individuals in the aquaculture farm of E. cava, we investigated fourteen morphological characteristics and calculated four ratios between the measured values. Juvenile individuals showed a simple or oblong lanceolate, and at 3-4 months, a short stipe and holdfast developed, along with a bladelet that developed into the secondary blade form. At 5-7 months, secondary blades were found to develop irregularly on the primary blade. At 8-10 months, the primary blade expanded and secondary blades elongated. At 11-12 months, the secondary blades became oblong. At 13-14 months, the thallus area expanded. At 15-16 months, tertiary blades were formed, the thallus became more complex, the stipe thickened, and the holdfast widened. At 17-18 months, secondary blades clearly developed along with lobes. At 19-20 months, tertiary blades developed and became similar to mature natural blades. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the monthly population of the first year (Q1) and that of the second year (Q2) of the cultured population were divided along PC1, which is related to secondary blade morphological characteristics and the holdfast width. Q2 and natural populations are distributed in descending order of volume in Jeju (J), East Coast (E), and South Coast (S) along PC2, which is related to primary blade and stipe morphological characteristics. The results of this study were judged to offer important criteria for the development of different varieties of E. cava.

PURPOSES : This study aims to propose drone-command standard operating procedure (SOP) guidelines and Analyze their potential application to increase the use and utility of drones in urban disaster situations. Although the effectiveness and efficiency of obtaining disaster-situation information through drones have been verified by previous studies and practical experience, a survey of actual drone usability indicated a utilization rate of only approximately 4.13%. METHODS : To provide guidance for improving drone command SOPs, prior research and relevant literature were reviewed to identify commonalities between disaster-response command and control and drone use. A sample of 73 active-duty firefighters, including incident commanders (ICs) and drone pilots, were surveyed and interviewed. The data were analyzed and categorized to establish the reasons why drones are not actively used in urban disaster-response procedures. RESULTS : The primary reasons identified for not actively utilizing drones in urban disaster areas were the lack of a drone command and control system and the lack of clear criteria for when to use drones in disaster situations. In addition, many problems were found in drone-operation procedures, including emergency flight approval, securing takeoff and landing sites, and accident burden due to urban flight obstacles. To address the issues identified, standards were proposed for the type, size, and scope of urban disasters requiring drone response; for accident-prevention on basic missions and through flight safety procedures; and for installing a video transmission and reception system to easily share drone video information with ICs. CONCLUSIONS : Application of the drone-command SOP guidelines to actual urban disaster situations by disaster type will help to improve the efficiency of information acquisition and flight safety. This is expected to enable increased drone utilization. In future, extension of the research reported in this paper beyond the Seoul metropolitan area via additional follow-up studies has the potential to establish applicability of the proposed SOP guidelines to a wide variety of environments and organizational characteristics.

본 연구는 아그니와 효소의 종류와 기능을 고찰하고 활성화를 위한 섭생 요법에 대해 소개하였다. 음식 소화에 있어서 아그니와 효소의 불균형은 인체의 신진대사에 악영향을 주어 질병에 노출을 증 가시킨다. 섭생 요법은 소화와 대사를 촉진하고, 독소를 제거하고, 면역력을 높이는 기초이며 건강하 기 위한 중요한 요법이다. 아유르베다 의학의 섭생 요법은 개인의 도샤(doṣa)에 따라 다른 효과를 나 타낼 수 있으며, 일상생활의 규칙성, 식사 시간이나 양, 조리방법 등을 고려해 도샤에 맞는 음식을 섭 취해야 한다. 현대 의학 효소는 화학적인 분자이며 과학적인 근거를 바탕으로 수치화되고 정밀화되고 있다. 효소 활성화를 통해 음식의 칼로리와 영양소가 인체에 흡수되는 정도를 파악할 수 있고 다양한 조리방법으로 흡수 효율을 높이기 위해 노력하고 있다. 또한 세계보건기구(WHO)는 건강한 식사와 생 활 방식을 통해 만성 질환과 감염병을 예방하고 건강을 증진하기 위해 섭생 요법을 권장하고 있다. 이 논문을 통해 우리는 아유르베다 의학과 현대 의학이 공통적으로 강조하고 있는 섭생 요법이 건강 을 유지하는 기본임을 알 수 있을 것이다.

미역(Undaria pinnatifida) 포자를 사용한 생태독성 시험법은 연중 상시 이용하기에 어렵다. 미역 의 암배우체는 실험실에서 배양할 수 있기 때문에, 포자의 단점을 보완하고 상시 생태독성 시 험에 사용할 수 있다. 따라서 미역의 암배우체를 생태독성 시험에 활용하기 위해 다양한 환경 조건에 노출된 미역의 암배우체 생존율과 상대성장률의 변화를 분석하였다. 미역 암배우체는 염분(5~40 psu), 온도(5~30℃), pH (2~10), 광량(0~120 μmol photon m-2 s-1)에 노출되었다. 암배 우체의 생존율은 최고 평균값을 기준으로 온도 20℃, 염분 27.5 psu, pH 8, 광량 30 μmol photon m-2 s-1에서 가장 높았다. 상대성장률은 최고 평균값을 기준으로 온도 15℃, 염문 35 psu, pH 9, 광량 60 μmol photon m-2 s-1에서 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과를 통해 미역 암배우체의 생존율과 상대성장률을 활용하여 연안환경을 상시 신속하게 평가하기 위한 효율적인 방법으로 활용이 기대된다.

Anthropogenic disturbances on freshwater ecosystem are known to degrade biodiversity, especially on fish assemblage. In this study, we have conducted fish surveys to identify impact of a bridge construction on fish assemblages. A total of eight study sites were surveyed in the Danjang and the Dong Stream in southern part of South Korea from June to November in 2021. The fish samplings were carried out five times, using cast-nets (10×10 mm mesh size), scoop-nets (4×4 mm, 5×5 mm mesh size), set-nets (10×10 mm mesh size), and fish traps (3×3 mm mesh size), along with the Stream/River Ecosystem Survey and Health Assessment by the Ministry of Environment of Korea and basic water quality measurement. Also, we applied the species diversity index and length-weight relationship regressions on certain species to identify interspecific growth rate differences in accordance with study sites. As a result, a total of 782 individuals, 23 species and 10 families were collected. The dominant species was Zacco Koreanus and relative abundance was 50.89%. When applying the length-weight relationship regressions on certain species, the ‘b’ value for Z. Koreanus was lower at the downstream points than at the upstream points of the construction site. In addition, when comparing to the results of the past survey, relative density of demersal fish at the upstream and downstream points decreased from 26% to 1.4%, and from 18% to 6.3%, respectively. In conclusion, it is considered that bridge construction negatively affects the habitat of fishes, especially on demersal fishes. Therefore, appropriate conservation efforts such as installation of silt protector and sand sedimentation pond are needed to alleviate the disturbance in habitat such as occurrence of turbidity and destruction of micro-habitats.

This study demonstrates the effect of the compaction pressure on the microstructure and properties of pressureless-sintered W bodies. W powders are synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrogen reduction using ammonium metatungstate hydrate as a precursor. Microstructural investigation reveals that a spherical powder in the form of agglomerated nanosized W particles is successfully synthesized. The W powder synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis exhibits a relative density of approximately 94% regardless of the compaction pressure, whereas the commercial powder exhibits a relative density of 64% under the same sintering conditions. This change in the relative density of the sintered compact can be explained by the difference in the sizes of the raw powder and the densities of the compacted green body. The grain size increases as the compaction pressure increases, and the sintered compact uniaxially pressed to 50 MPa and then isostatically pressed to 300 MPa exhibits a size of 0.71 m. The Vickers hardness of the sintered W exhibits a high value of 4.7 GPa, mainly due to grain refinement.

This study investigated the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) wall-slab frames with masonry infills. Four RC wall-slab frames with or without masonry infill were tested under cyclic loading. The RC frames were composed of in-plane and out-of-plane walls and top and bottom slabs. For masonry infill walls, cement bricks were stacked applying mortar paste only at the bed joints, and, at the top, a gap of 50 mm was intentionally left between the masonry wall and top RC slab. Both sides of the masonry walls were finished by applying ordinary or fiber-reinforced mortars. The tests showed that despite the gap on top of the masonry walls, the strength and stiffness of the infilled frames were significantly increased and were different depending on the direction of loading and the finishing mortars. During repeated loading, the masonry walls underwent horizontal and diagonal cracking and corner crushing/spalling, showing a rocking mode inside the RC wall-slab frame. Interestingly, this rocking mode delayed loss of strength, and as a result, the ductility of the infilled frames increased to the same level as the bare frame. The interaction of masonry infill and adjacent RC walls, depending on the direction of loading, was further investigated based on test observations.

The synthesis of porous W by freeze-casting and vacuum drying is investigated. Ball-milled WO3 powders and tert-butyl alcohol were used as the starting materials. The tert-butyl alcohol slurry is frozen at –25oC and dried under vacuum at –25 and –10oC. The dried bodies are hydrogen-reduced at 800oC and sintered at 1000oC. The XRD analysis shows that WO3 is completely reduced to W without any reaction phases. SEM observations reveal that the struts and pores aligned in the tert-butyl alcohol growth direction, and the change in the powder content and drying temperature affects the pore structure. Furthermore, the struts of the porous body fabricated under vacuum are thinner than those fabricated under atmospheric pressure. This behavior is explained by the growth mechanism of tert-butyl alcohol and rearrangement of the powders during solidification. These results suggest that the pore structure of a porous body can be controlled by the powder content, drying temperature, and pressure.

본 연구에서는 과불화합물 PFOA와 PFOS potassium salt가 Mesocentrotus nudus의 10 min-수 정률과 48 h-정상유생발생률에 미치는 독성영향을 반수영향농도, 무영향농도, 최소영향농도 등 의 독성값 계산을 통해 확인하였다. PFOA와 PFOS potassium salt에 대한 10 min-수정률의 EC50 값은 각각 1346.43 mg/l와 536.18 mg/l로 나타났으며, 48 h-정상유생발생률의 EC50 값은 각각 42.67 mg/l와 17.81 mg/l로 나타났다. 최근 연구에 의하면, 환경 내의 PFOA와 PFOS의 농도는 지속적으로 감소하였으며, 성게류에게 급성독성을 나타낼 정도는 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 하지 만 생물체내에서는 여전히 높은 농도로 관측되고 있다. 결국, PFOA와 PFOS는 생물체의 생애 전주기에 걸쳐 체내 축적이 가능하기 때문에, 연안환경에 서식하는 해양생물을 이용한 생애 전주기적 만성독성 연구가 필요할 것이다.

본 연구는 인공지능 연구개발과정에 많은 인적자원이 필요함을 인지하고 현 개발방식 고려할 사항에 대해 논의한다. 결론적으로 인공지능 개발의 효율성 향상을 위해서는 소수의 관리자와 많은 일반작업자들의 분업화가 이루어져야 가능하며, 이는 마치 일종의 경공업의 형태와 유사하다고 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구진은 컴퓨터라는 기계장치로 데이터라는 디지털 자원을 다루어 생산의 효율성 을 높이는 인공지능 개발과정을 4차산업시대의 디지털 경공업이라고 명명한다. 이전 산업혁명시대에서 경험한 것과 마찬가지로 인 적자원을 효율적으로 배분화하고 활용한다면 디지털 경공업은 2차산업혁명 못 지 않는 발전을 기대할 수 있을 것이며, 이를 위한 인 력양성이 시급하다고 판단된다.

본 연구는 고온기 원예작물의 안정 생산을 위해 대형 단동하우스 ‘사계절하우스’를 파프리카 재배에 활용 시 시설 내부 기상 환경 및 파프리카 품종별 생육, 수량, 품질 등을 분석하고 근권냉방 효과 등을 구명하여 파프리카 재배환경 조건을 최적화 하기 위한 기초자료로 사용하고자 수행하였다. 정식 후부터 재배 종료 시점(2020년 5－11월)까지 시설내 평균 적산광량은 12.7MJ·m -2 d -1로, 온실외부의 평균 광량인 14.1MJ·m -2 d -1의 90% 수준으로 나타났다. 일 년중 가장 기온이 높은 7－8월의 온실내 24시간 평균온도는 외기보다 3.04℃ 낮았고, 장마가 끝난 8월 12일 이후에는 평균 4.07℃ 낮게 나타났다. 시설 내 포그 냉방 가동(6월 13일) 이전 일평균 상대습도는 최저 40% (주간 20%) 수준까지 떨어져 작물재배에 적합하지 않은 상태였으나 포그를 가동한 이후 주간 상대습도는 70－85% 수준으로 증가된 것으로 나타났다. 평균 수분부족분(humidity deficit)은 포그 공급전에는 최고 12.7g/m 3 까지 상승하여 매우 건조한 조건이었으나, 포그 공급 후 고온기(7－8월)에 평 균 3.7g/m 3으로 감소하였고, 저온기(10－11월)로 갈수록 다시 증가되는 경향이었다. 주간 잔존 CO2 농도는 전체 재배기 간동안 평균 707ppm으로 나타났다. ’20년 7월 27일부터 11월 23일까지 수확한 파프리카의 품종별 상품수량(kg/10a)은 주황색 품종 ‘DSP-7054’과 황색 품종 ‘Allrounder’이 각각 14,255kg/10a와 14,161kg/10a로 다른 품종에 비해 높았고, 다음으로 주황색 ‘K-Gloria orange’, 황색 ‘Volante’, 적색 ‘Nagano’ 품종 순으로 나타났다. 사계절하우스에서 고온기(8 월)에 생산된 대과종 파프리카의 품종별 과실품질 특성을 조사한 결과, 과고, 과폭, 과실당도, 과육두께에서 품종 간 유의성이 인정되었다. 당도는 주황색 품종인 ‘DSP-7054’와 ‘Naarangi’에서 높게 나타났고, 과육두께는 황색과 주황색 품종인 ‘K-Gloria orange’와 ‘Allrounder’에서 높게 나타났다. 근권 냉방처리 기간 동안 배지내 일평균 온도는 20.7℃로 나타났고, 근권 난방처리 기간 동안 배지내 일평균 온도는 23. 4℃로 나타났다. 근권부 냉난방 처리를 통해 상품수량은 무처리구에 비해 비해 ‘Nagano’ 16.5%, ‘Allrounder’ 1.3%, ‘Naarangi’ 20.2%, 및 ‘Raon red’ 17.3% 증가하였고, 품종 전체로는 16.1% 증가하였다. 근권 냉난방처리에 의해 과실의 경도는 4개 품종 평균 5.7% 증가하였으나 다른 품질 지표에서는 유의성있는 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

어류 치어기의 주요 먹이로 생물로 사용되는 해산 로티퍼 (Brachionus plicatilis)의 생존율 및 개체군 성장률을 이용하여, 국내 연안에 잔류하고 있는 것으로 알려진 신방 오물질인 chlorothalonil의 독성을 평가하고자 하였다. B. plicatilis의 생존율은 0.039 mg L-1에서 유의하게 감소하기 시작하여, chlorothalonil의 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 농도의존성을 나타냈다. 생존율의 무영향농도는 0.020 mg L-1, 최소영향농도는 0.039 mg L-1, 반수영향농도는 0.057 mg L-1로 나타났다. 개체군 성장률 또한 생존율과 마찬가지로 0.313 mg L-1에서부터 농도의존적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 개체군 성장률의 무영향농도는 0.156 mg L-1, 최소영향농도는 0.313 mg L-1, 반수영향농도는 0.506 mg L-1 로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 해양 생태계 내에서 신방오물질인 chlorothalonil의 잔류 농도가 0.039 mg L-1 이상일 경우 B. plicatilis에게 독성영향을 줄 것으로 예상되며, 본 연구의 생태독성 시험결과를 바탕으로 해양환경 내 chlorothalonil 의 독성을 평가하기 위한 기초연구자료 및 다른 방오물질과의 독성영향을 비교평가할 수 있는 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.