Lentinus giganteus is a edible mushroom cultivated in Asian countries. The present study was initiated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-α-glucosidase, and free radical scavenging activities from fruiting bodies of L. giganteus extracted with methanol and hot water. The free radical scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 92.26% and 90.17% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, respectively and comparable with positive control, BHT. The chelating activities of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than the positive control tested. The reducing power of methanol and hot water extracts showed lower activities compared to positive control, BHT. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of hot water extract were 1.56 μg/mg and 24.35 μg/mg, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were significantly inhibited by treatment of methanol and hot water extracts. The methanol extract inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 91.19% at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80%. The hot water extracts inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities by 78.86% and 80.78%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the activities by 89.91% and 81.81%, respectively at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of L. giganteus contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic substances, which can be used for natural health food for promoting human health.

Polyporus umbellatus (Syn. Grifola umbellata) is a sclerotium forming mushroom belongs to family Poly-poraceae of Polyphorales, Basidiomycota. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus have long been used for traditional medicinesin China, Korea and Japan. This study was initiated to obtain the basic data for artificial sclerotial production of P. umbel-latus. Here, we investigated the favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus and its symbiotic fungus Armill-aria mellea. We also evaluate the favorable carbon and nitrogen sources for sclerotial formation in dual culture betweenP. umbellatus and A. mellea. The favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were 20°C and pH 4, whileoptimal conditions for mycelial growth of A. mellea were 25°C and pH 6. The carbon sources for optimal mycelial growthof P. umbellatus were fructose and glucose, while carbon sources for favorable mycelial growth of A. mellea were alsofructose and glucose. The nitrogen sources for favorable mycelial growth P. umbellatus were peptone and yeast extract,while optimal mycelial growth of A. mellea were obtained in peptone and yeast extract. When P. umbellatus and A. melleawere dual cultured on carbon sources, sclerotia were induced on basal media supplemented with glucose, fructose andmaltose at pH 4~6, while nitrogen sources inducing sclerotia were basal media supplemented with peptone and yeastextract for 60 days at 20°C under dark condition.

Recently, there had been reports on ethanol fermentation from mono-saccharide and disaccharide by mushroom mycelia. This experiment was conducted to study ethanol production from xylose by mycelila of mushrooms isolated from Korea. The cultures used in this study were obtained from Culture Collection and DNA Bank of Mushrooms in the Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University. The results showed that Neolentinus lepideus, Trametes hirsuta and Cerrena unicolor produced ethanol from xylose contained media. The ethanol concentration produced in the xylose contained media ranged from 2.5∼3.8%. The highest ethanol concentration(3.8%) was obtained from fermentation of xylose by Neolentinus lepideus mycelia. All of the mushroom mycelia used in this study showed a good ability of ethanol fermentation from glucose, fructose, mannose, cellobiose and maltose.

Recently, there had been many reports on ethanol fermentation by mushrooms. This study was initiated to screening of ethanol fermentation by mushroom mycelilal cultures preserved in Culture Collection and DNA Bank of Mushrooms in the Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University. The experimental results showed that ethanol concentration produced by Cerrena unicolor, Trametes pubescens and Daedalea dickinsii, Microporus vernicipes and Perenniporia fraxinea in the glucose medium ranged from 2.3∼4.7%. The highest ethanol concentration was obtained from fermentation of glucose by Cerrena unicolor (4.7%). Some of the mushrooms used in this study have a good ability to efficiently ferment arabinose, fructose, mannose, cellobiose, maltose and sucrose . The highest ethanol concentration was obtained under semi-aerobic condition compared with aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The media used for ethanol fermentation by T. pubescens and P. fraxinea. contained small amounts of β -D-glucan, which is known to have anti-tumor activity.

The bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has played an important role as one of the alternative pollinators since the outbreak of honeybee collapse disorder. Recently, pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria and mites, which affect the life span and fecundity of their host, have been discovered in B. terristris. In order to detect the microsporidian pathogen, Nosema Spp. in the field populations of B. terristris, we collected adults and isolated their genomic DNA for diagnostic PCR. The PCR primers specific for Nosema Spp. were newly designed and applied to gene amplification for cloning. Only small subunit ribosomal RNA(SSU rRNA) gene of N. ceranae was successfully amplified and sequenced among examined genes, which indicates that N. ceranae mainly infects the examined field population of B. terristris. To detect of SSU rRNA gene, two regions of SSU rRNA gene were selected by primary PCR analysis and further analyzed in quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that SSU rRNA of N. ceranae was detected at concentrations as low as 0.85 ng/μl genomic DNA. This result suggests that the detection via qRT-PCR can be applied for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of N. ceranae infection in the field population as well as risk assessment of B. terristris.

The purpose of this study is to analysis of muscle fatigue in the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles according to therapy table height variation. The subjects were consisted of 15 healthy adults(10 males, 5 females) who had no medical history of neurological and musculoskeletal problems. In experiment, wireless electrode EMG system was measured for each the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles during the treatment performed on table. the differences in the muscle fatigue was compared for 4 types of table height(-6cm, -3cm, 0, +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position). Muscle fatigue according to therapy table height were significant difference except for left upper trapezius. And muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis showed significant decrease in +3cm table height compared to -6cm table height(p<.05). Muscle fatigue of right upper trapezius and splenius capitis were the highest in -6cm table height, but those were the lowest in +3cm table height. This study propose to change therapy table height higher than +3cm from elbow in 90° flexion position, if you hope to reduce muscle fatigue.

Sappanchalcone, a biologically active compound isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L., is reported to exert a variety of biological activities, such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory actions and inhibitory effect on antigen-induced beta hexosaminidase release. However, the vascular protective effects of this compound are not fully understood. The present study examined the effects of sappanchalcone in suppressing cell adhesion molecules expression in high glucose stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Sappanchalcone significantly decreased 25 mM high glucose-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Sappanchalcone also significantly inhibited the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we found that the vascular protective effects of sappanchalcone were linked to the up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression in HUVEC. The effects of sappanchalcone on the high glucose-induced expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were partially reversed by treatment of the cells with an inhibitor of HO-1, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). Based on these results, these findings suggest that sappanchalcone-induced HO-1 expression plays a key role in the vascular protective effects of sappanchalcone in HUVEC.

The present study purposed to examine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, self-stretching and functional massage on the recovery of muscle contraction force for muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction. The subjects of this study were 45 healthy students. They were divided into transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group(n=15), self-stretching group(n=15) and functional massage group(n=15), and using Primus RS. We observed the pattern of changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force(MVIC) after causing muscle fatigue in quadriceps femoris muscle through sustained isotonic contraction. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction force(MVIC) were greatly increased after transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, self-stretching and functional massage. In the comparison of recovery rate of muscle contraction force for muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction among the treatment groups, it did not show any significant differences. However, it showed that each treatment may be effective in recovery of muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction.

The purpose of this study is to identify which width of the base of support(BOS) is safer and more effective in lifting by comparing muscle activations and body sways when lifting objects under the width variation of the BOS. A total of fifteen healthy adults participated in this study. For the width variation of the BOS, the participants changed the width between their feet into three different types(10cm, 32cm, 45cm) and lifted a 10kg four times in each type after going up on a force plate. In order to measure body sways according to the width variation of the BOS, a motion analysis system was used. In addition, in order to measure the muscle activations of lower extremities, including the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior, an electromyogram(EMG) analysis was employed. In addition, the Borg's scale was drawn by quantifying the subjective discomfort levels felt from each width of the BOS. In conclusion, no statistically significant differences according to the width variation of the BOS were observed(p=.295, .308)(p>.05). However, a statistically significant difference was exhibited between the Borg's scale, which indicates the discomfort levels from lifting performances, and the width variation of the BOS (p=.000*).

The purpose of this study effectiveness of core strengthening exercise programs on symmetric double limb support and balance ability for elderly. The subjects that 30 persons between the ages of 65~80 elderly participated were divided into two groups randomly for 8 weeks. Tetrax interactive balance system and Berg's balance scale were used to assess support and stability. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate the changes before and after intervention. The difference between the groups was compared using an independent t-test. The experimental group showed significantly increase weight support, stability, balance(p<.05). However, the control group not showed significantly increase weight support, stability, balance(p>.05). In a variation, experimental and control groups showed significantly increased rate of weight support, stability, balance(p<.05). Consequently, core strengthening exercise program should be considered as a therapeutic method for the elderly to improve the balance ability and effectiveness on falls.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gait training using functional electrical stimulation on the improvement of hemiplegic patients' functions for balance and gait velocity. The subjects of the experiment were determined to be 10 each hemiplegic patients who had been diagnosed with stroke or brain damage six months or longer earlier assigned to an experimental group and a control group respectively. The subjects were evaluated before the experiment using Tetrax and 10M gait tests, received gait training five times a week for four weeks using functional electrical stimulation and were evaluated after the experiment in the same method as used in the evaluation before the experiment. In order to examine differences between the experimental group that received gait training using functional electrical stimulation and the control group that was treated by functional electrical stimulation and received gait training thereafter, differences between before and after the experiment were analyzed using paired sample t-tests and differences in changes after the experiment between the experimental group and the control group were analyzed using independent sample t-tests in order to compare the two groups with each other. Experimental results showed significant differences in weight bearing, balance and gait velocity between before and after the experiment in the experimental group(p<.05). In the control group, whereas weight bearing and gait velocity did not show any significant difference between before and after the experiment(p>.05), balance showed significant differences(p<.05). Weight bearing, balance and gait velocity change rates showed significant differences between the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In conclusion, it was indicated that gait training using functional electrical stimulation is effective for enhancing stroke patients' weight bearing rates, balance abilities and gait velocity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of meditation music with lumbar stabilization exercise on balance, concentration and muscle activation. Participants are divided into Group A and Group B. Group A listened to meditation music while doing 4 sets of lumbar stabilization exercise. Group B did not listen to meditation music while doing 4 sets of lumbar stabilization exercise. Surface EMG data was obtained rectus abdominis, external oblique, erector spinae, multifidus muscle during lumbar stabilization exercise. To examine the effect of before-after experiment for concentration and balance, paired t-test was adopted. Changes in EMG data of each muscles were analyzed by independence t-test. There were statistically significant increasing at concentration level and balance level in Group A. But significant difference was not shown in muscle activation. The clinical effect of the meditation music with lumbar stabilization exercise was investigated in this study with more excellent results in concentration and balance. In conclusion, these results suggest that meditation music and lumbar stabilization exercise may be useful in elderly people.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and reveal the effects that the complex exercise training consisting of aerobic exercise and strength training(sit up, push up) that everyone can easily practice regardless of a time and a place in order to manage practically the physical strength of the aged affects the difference on their body composition and the change of physical fitness level. Looking into the change of body composition of an experimental group, the weight of 2.5kg was reduced after applying complex training for 12 weeks and the body fat mass of 2.65kg was reduced. Also, the abdominal fat of 0.13% was decreased and the muscle mass of 1.56kg was increased. For the change factors of physical fitness, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, balance and flexibility excluding agility showed significant improvement after applying complex exercise training. The improvement of health fitness of the aged under this study was significantly effective to improve specified body functions which had been lowered by aging and insufficient physical activities. So, it is regarded that their health fitness is the important factor to improve the activity competence required for daily life and to lead healthy living by the improved activity competence. Henceforth, it needs to study more the complex composition of several sports, exercise intensity and the frequency based on the previous researches and studies. In addition, it needs to develop the complex exercise training in accordance with various characteristics such as a sex of the aged, an age, a physical fitness level, environment, a disease and the program in consideration of the efficacy and safety during training.

This study aims to reveal how EA affects BAX and NF-kB involved in cell deaths from global ischemia, and to do this, observes the changes of BAX and NF-kB caused by EA application after transient global ischemia. The experimental method is to give rise to global ischemia and apply EA to 27 SD rats with the particulars of being six-week-old, male, around-300 gram-weighing, and adapted to laboratory environment for more than a week, and divide them into three groups, that is, GV20 EA group(n=9), L14 EA group(n=9), no-treatment GI group(n=9), and then observe their changes of BAX and NF-kB at the time lapse of 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours after ischemia, using western blotting. The numerical decrease of BAX expression at the time lapse of 9 hours after EA application, though not statistically significant, was observed in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, and the NF-kB expression appeared statistically significant decrease in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, but the expression was higher in the group with EA application. Therefore, EA application at the early phase of global ischemia is considered to affect BAX and NF-kB and play a positive role in decreasing apoptosis and cell deaths by inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of heat appli˗ cation on the immune activities of the human body. To exam, further˗ more, the immune effect from the healthy volunteer(male:15, female:15) by monitoring changes of immune substances such as various leukocytes[total white blood cell(WBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte], a comparative study with warm water immersion(40.8±0.3℃) and infrared(250W) was carried out. The plasma analysis showed that the count of white blood cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil were elevated in warm water immersion- or infrared˗ stimulated group compared with control group. However, the count of basophil was decreased in both warm water immersion- and infrared-stimulated group than control group. Therefore, these results suggest that the thermostimulation improved immune activity.

The most effective methods against pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWD), black pine bast scale (Matsucoccus thunbergianae), pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) is the trunk injection of insecticides. The period of trunk injection that was considered with ecology and physiology of pests such as pine wilt disease, black pine bast scale and pine needle gall midge, was applied from Dec. to next Feb. and June, Dec. respectively. And there are differences in quantities of being injected chemicals to pine trees by the period of trunk injection. Thus, we investigated to prevent the effect of insecticides, to estimate the effect under the trunk injection of insecticides for pine trees against pests by the injecting period and time, boring site, opening and shutting of injection site. On Pinuns thunbergii, it was examined to figure out the effect of insecticides by the injecting period, twice a month on a sunny day around 10 AM from January to September. Injecting of insecticides was tested at a dose of 5ml per cm dbh of a pine tree after boring with hand drill at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, abmectin 1.8% EC and phospamidon 50% SL were injected over 90% of mortalities from the end of January to the middle of March but as time goes by, injecting insecticides tended to decrease. To compare the volume of injecting insecticides in a day, between 10 AM and 2 PM on February 23rd, abamectin 1.8% EC was injected at a dose of 5ml per pine trees with micro pipette after boring with a drill machine at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, injecting insecticide of a pine which was injected around 10 AM was completely injected and about 90% of the insecticide was injected in case of a pine that was injected around 2 PM. Trunk injection of insecticides was examined to figure out differences of the volume of injected insecticides before and after rain. There was no difference not only the rainfall but also the bored direction.

Trunk injection of nematicides is applied to prevent pine wilt disease(PWD). Although the trunk injection of nematicides is effective to PWD prevention, it is not effective to vector insects such as adults of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius. Thus, This study was investigated for the insecticidal activity and the effect of feeding deterrence by injecting to pine trees with acetamiprid. For screening effective nematicides, some insecticides were injected to pines on December 30th, 2008 and their insecticidal activities and feeding areas of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius were investigated in the insects breeding dishes (100× 40mm) where put on 1 to 2-year-old twig which was selected from injected pine trees in early June. As a result, insecticidal activity and feeding deterrence of acetamicprid were most effective. Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, were 170.3±107.0 mm2 and 258.0±123.2 mm2 respectively. And Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pines injected at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were 57.7±72.3 mm2 and 65.7±51.2 mm2 respectively and their mortalities also were 0%, 28.6%. The feeding areas of M. alterantus adults tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pine trees injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it and the mortalities were 28.0%, 57.1% respectively. In case of the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, it was 112.±35.1 mm2 and 159.2±65.2 mm2 respectively. And the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of injected pine trees at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid were 0.61±0.0 mm2 and 8.1±12.4 mm2 and both mortalities were 23.1%. Although M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig of a pine tree injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it but M. saltuarius adults tested with 2-year-old twig of the same pine tree were 2.0±3.7 mm2 and their mortalities were 53.8%, 61.5% respectively. We investigated insecticidal activities, the effects of feeding deterrence of acetamiprid for vector insects where fed twigs of injected pines by stop up hole with a cork or not, and the trunk injection to pine trees at a dose of 0.5, 1 ㎖ per ㎝ dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid on the early June. As a result, all of the vector insects were not fed and the feeding area was within 11 ㎟ and the mortality of M. alternatus was 70%.

Nonylphenol (NP) is known to be an endocrine disruptor with estrogen-like activity. In this study, we tested low dose of NP and its alternative candidate Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (OG) on F1 female mice (n=10) from parents (P) generation to postnatal days(PND) 56. Animals [Control (tap water), NP-50 (50ug/L, drinking water), OG-50(50ug/L, drinking water)] were fed with normal chow and drinking water. ad libitum. Body weights and tissue weights were measured after sacrifice, and sera were measured using creatinine assay (n=8) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ELISA kit (n=8). Histopathology of kidney was used Hematoxylin & Eosin staining method and Periodic Acid-Schiff(PAS) staining method. NP treatment significantly increased body weight and kidney weight of F1 female(p<0.05). The serum levels of creatinine in NP-50 and OG-50 significantly decreased(p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to the control group. In histopathological study, renal tubules spaces were increased and severe glomerular anomalies were found in NP-50 and OG-50. In NP-50, the thickened basal membrane was observed. The present study demonstrated that NP and OG has renal toxicity, and this toxicity due to long-term low dose treatment seems to be occurred in the next generation and female-specific.

This study histologically describes the intersexuality of Scomberomorus niphonius collected from the coastal area near Jeju Island. A total of 126 S. niphonius, collected from March to July 2012 with a total length of 62.4 cm (±17.5) and a total weight of 1,701.9 g (±1,528.9) were used for analyses. From a histological perspective, two types of intersex were confirmed. One type had scattered germ cells from the opposite sex within the gonad. The second type developed germ cells from the opposite sex in the connective tissue of the outer gonadal membrane. The intersexuality was 14.3% (n=18/126), with females (21.3%; n=16/75) exhibiting a higher rate than males (3.9%; n=2/51). There was no displayed correlation between intersexuality and the total length and weight.