1. 국내에서 수집한 수수의 성숙기 간장이 250 cm 이상되는자원은 5 종으로 전체 62 수집종의 8.1 %를 차지하였다. 2. 수형 특성 조사에서는 3개 분얼수를 가지는 자원은 전체수집종의 56.6%를 나타낸 것으로 보아, 평균 분얼수는 3개 인것으로 나타났다. 3. 잎의 특성조사에서 엽장이 90 cm 이상되는 자원은 14.5%로 분류되었다. 4. 분얼형에 있어서는 반밀수타원형이 전체 수수 수집종의32.3%를 차지하였다. 5. 전체 수집종 수장의 평균값은 29.2 cm로 나타났다.

Toxicities of 10 insecticides were examined against late third instars of Culex tritaeniorhynchus using the direct-contact mortality bioassay. Six geospatially distant field mosquitoes were collected from Chuncheon-si (designated CC-CT), Hwaseong (HS-CT), Seosan (SS-CT) Jeonju (JJ-CT), Daegu (DG-CT), and Busan (BS-CT) in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Marked regional variations of insecticide susceptibility were observed. Field populations of SS-CT, JJ-CT and DG-CT from agricultural areas showed higher to extremely higher insecticide susceptibility to pyrethroids than those of CC-CT, HS-CT and BS-CT strains from none agricultural areas. Extremely high to low levels of susceptibility were measured: bifenthrin, susceptible ratio (SR) = 2.7–896.3; β-cyfluthrin, SR = 1.8–633.3; α-cypermethrin, SR = 1.2–1,051.9; deltamethrin, SR = 1.3–711.1; permethrin, SR = 1.5–1,053.4 etofenprox, SR = 2.2–29.3; chlorfenapyr, SR = 5.1–103.6; chlorpyrifos, SR = 2.3–337.0; fenitrothion, SR = 2.0–142.3 and fenthion, SR = 1.4–186.2. Culex tritaeniorhynchus populations from rice paddies had been under heavy selection pressure due to the agricultural insecticides and that’s why the mosquito species demonstrated high resistance to pyrethroids which were used for a long time to control agricultural pests in the localities. These results indicate that careful selection and rotational use of these insecticides mayresult in continued satisfactory control against field populations of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a C4 crop with high photosynthetic efficiency and is known as a representative cellulose-based bio-energy crop originating in East Asia such as Korea, Japan, and China. It also has a high resistance to environmental conditions such as low temperature and drying and pests. However, many studies on the antioxidant activity of the M. sinensis have not been conducted. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the M. sinensis accessions collected from some countries and to select the M. sinensis accessions with rich total phenol and total flavonoid contents. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : This study carried out the total phenol and total flavonoid contents analysis of M. sinensis collected from different country to preserve genetic resources. Total 205 accessions of M. sinensis were collected from the USA, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand and Zambia. Their leaves were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine total phenol and total flavonoid contents, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic conten t(81.04 ± 0.02 ㎎·GAE/g) showed in the accession (PMS-178) from China. The highest total flavonoid content (32.66 ± 0.01 ㎎·QE/g) showed in the accession (KMS104) from Korea. On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content (1.11 ± 0.00 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content (0.81 ± 0.00 ㎎·QE/g) were obtained from the accession (M. sinensis ‘Super Stripe’) from USA. Conclusion : In this study, we analysed the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by country of origin.

Background : Miscanthus is a species of flowering plant in the family poaceae, native to Eastern Asia throughout most of China, Japan, Taiwan and Korea. It is diploid hybrid grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality of cellulose and ethanol production. It is an herbaceous perennial grass, growing up to 0.8 - 3.0 m tall, rarely 4.0 m, forming dense clumps from an underground rhizome. Recently, Studies on Miscanthus have been carried out on the growth characteristics and to see the antioxidant difference of Miscanthus for functional materials in various regions. Methods and Results : This study carried out the antioxidant activities of Miscanthus collected from different countries of origin. Two hundred one accessions of Miscanthus were collected in 7 countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, U.S.A, Zambia). Initially, each leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol to determine actioxidant activty. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession [M. sinensis ‘Kleine Silberspinne (little silver spider)’] from U.S.A (RC50: 10.66 ± 15.46 ㎍/㎖) and the lowest showed in the accession (M. sinensis ‘Supr Stripe’) from U.S.A (RC50: 188.03 ± 0.86 ㎍/㎖). The ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the highest in the accession (No.401: JM0310.002) from Japan (RC50: 17.97 ± 3.26 ㎍/㎖) and the lowest showed in the accession (M. sinensis ‘Supr Stripe’) from U.S.A (RC50: 416.88 ± 10.05 ㎍/㎖). Conclusion : The antioxidant activity of Miscanthus showed in average DPPH radical scavenging activity (RC50: 74.05 ± 3.74 ㎍/㎖) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (RC50: 81.46 ± 3.95 ㎍/㎖). In this study, it may be used for feed crops or food crops as a functional material.

Background : Oplopanax elatus Nakai. is distributed in Korea and China. In this study, we have used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare the internal standards contents [uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin (eleutheroside B) and scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin)], and compared the antioxidant activity. Methods and Results : Samples were prepared two different temperature conditions (90℃ and 100℃). Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were analyzed while gallic acid and quercetin were used as standard. Anti-oxidant activities were measured by determination of DPPH and reducing power assay. HPLC was reported as five standard compounds equivalent using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve. According to the results, the anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than that of Chinese in DPPH assay. However, the amount of internal compounds was higher in Chinese O. elatus Nakai.. The anti-oxidant effects of Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 90℃ water showed more activity than Korean O. elatus Nakai. stem extracts in 100℃ water in DPPH assay. In this study, we had found that, at over the 100℃ temperature all the anti-oxidant effects of O. elatus Nakai. extracts were reduced. However, all five standard compounds were detected at similar value. Conclusion : These results suggests that Korean O. elatus Nakai. has higher anti-oxidant activities which can be use for bioactivity assay.

Background : Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a perennial plant of the Gramineae, followed by rice, wheat, corn and barley, the fifth major food crop in the world. Sorghum is mostly used in Korea for cereals using seeds or for making food directly. However, sorghum is not directly used for food in foreign countries, but plays an important role in the development of cosmetic and pharmaceutical materials and as a bio-energy crop. Most of the sorghum cultivated in Korea does not use the remainder after harvesting seeds, so research on other uses is needed. Therefore, we carried out this experiment in order to identify the characteristics of domestic genetic resources and to select the genetic resources with excellent growth. Methods and Results : Samples were tested for their growth characteristics by the Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Growth characteristics of heading, total length, stem length, stem width, leaf length, leaf width, length of ears and width of ears were investigated. After 10 weeks of sowing, 45% of the outbreaks occurred and showed a quick heading. The total length of the sorghum ranged from 65.7 ㎝ to 341.0 ㎝, and the stem width ranged from 0.2 ㎝ to 2.6 ㎝. Leaf length ranged from 33.3 ㎝ to 92.4 ㎝ and leaf width ranged from 3.8 ㎝ to 12.2 ㎝. The length of the ears was in the range of 8.0 ㎝ - 52.7 ㎝, and the width of the ears was in the range of 5.2 ㎝ - 27.0 ㎝. K131301, K178840, K258654 and K255198, which are expected to bear a large number of seeds with high biomass content and large size of leaves and plants, were selected. Conclusion : Through this study, we can understand the growth characteristics of the sorghum in Korea and select excellent genetic resources.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of packaging material on the growth of rootstock of Liriope platyphylla. Methods and Results: This study examined the effects of two types of packaging material, LDPE (low density polyethylene) and functional film on the growth of the tubers of L. platyphylla, at 5℃. During the 16-weeks of storage period, the ratio of loss and decay of the tubers was examined at intervals of 4, 8, and 16 weeks to detect the quality of the plant. After 16 weeks of storage, the treated tubers were own. Subsequently, plant height and the number of leaves were recorded. The results revealed that functional film at 5℃ was the ideal material for the storage of L. platyphylla tubers. The rate of loss was the highest (57.42%) with a onion net and the lowest (22.12%) with a functional film. Similarly, the rate of tuber decay was highest (8.20%) using onion net and the least (4.60%) when the functional film was used. Conclusions: Thus, the use of the functional film proved to be the most effective in the storage of L. platyphylla tubers when compared with the LDPE.

Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinal plant corresponding to 'raw materials for food use' in Korean food standards codex, and it is known that it has the same origin although it is classified into wild ginseng, cultured ginseng and red ginseng. It varies morphologically, molecularly, depending on the cultivation or habitat environment. In this study, we carried out experiments for the morphological differentiation of cultured ginseng (Hongcheon, Gunsan, Miryang) and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng (by company). Methods and Results : Morphological observations were made with resin sectioning method (RSM). The test method was sampled, preprocessed, embedded, segmented, slid and then observed with an optical microscope. The epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues were identified in the inner cross section of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Phloem was formed at the center, and xylem was formed at the side. In cultured ginseng, the organs of the vascular tissues were differentiated into two, whereas in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, one vascular tissue was formed due to the thin adventitious. Conclusion : Plant resources have the diversity of using the same or different origins depending on their distribution. The morphological differentiation method of ginseng and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is expected to be based on domestic fair trade to prevent discrimination.

Background : The major components in Astragalus membranaceus are isoflavonoids, triterpene and polysaccharides. Also, isoflavonoids was composed to aglycon and glucoside derivatives. In this study, we performed fermentation process (enzyme treatment) and steam processing (high temperature and pressure) to increase aglycon such as formononetin and calycosin. Methods and Results : The steam processing was performed at a lot of conditions, such as temperature (80, 100, 120℃) and time (30, 60 and 120 min). Fermentation processing carried out by A. membranaceus extract fermented with microorganisms which have high β -glucosidase activity (selection by esculin agar method) for detached glucose from isoflavonoids, converted to algycon. The isoflavonoids were analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in fermentation product of A. membranaceu extract by treated with steam processing at various conditions. As a result of β-glucosidase activity by pNP assay, we selected three strains, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella cibaria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isoflavone aglycon was the highest in fermentation product by S. cerevisiae for 3 days, but change of isoflavonoids was not observed in steam processing. The calycosin-glucoside and ononin were reduced in fermentation product of A. membranaceus extract, whereas calycosin and formononetin was increased. Conclusion : This results showed that isoflavone glycoside converted to isoflavone aglycon in A. membranaceus by fermentation process, it seems to be available for industrial use.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity and active ingredients of Glehenia littoralis through purification process. Methods and Results : Above-ground and below-ground parts of Glehenia littoralis, dried in Gangneung, were purchased, crushed, sonicated for 2 hours in 100% ethanol, filtered and concentrated. Above-ground part of G.littoralis which is more effective higher antioxidant effect than below-ground part in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Was used to extract the above-ground part of the solvent fraction according to polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, water) and HP20 column separation (0, 30, 60, 100% EtOH). Using the fraction was the DPPH assay with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Comparing the antioxidant efficacy with that of fraction isolated from Glehenia littoralis extract. Hexane, water layer and 100% EtOH fraction showed lower efficacy than Glehenia littoralis extract. 60% EtOH fraction showed more than 8 times higher efficacy. In order to compare the components according to their efficacy, HPLC analysis was carried out. The fraction (hexane, water layer, 100% EtOH fraction) which showed low antioxidative activity confirmed imperatoin and nonpolar compound, the fraction (ethyl acetate, 60% EtOH fraction) showed a higher antioxidant activity was confirmed 2 flavonoid and scopoletin. Conclusion : Glehenia littoralis extract showed low antioxidant activity of 893 ㎍/㎖ with IC50 of DPPH assay. However, it showed an increase of antioxidant activity by IC50 of 115㎍ /㎖ of DPPH assay of 60% EtOH fraction by fractionation and separation. Through HPLC analysis, the active ingredient, scopoletin and two flavonoids were identified.

Background : Recently, wild ginseng cultured ginseng cultured in a bioreactor is mass produced using biotechnological tissue culture technology. PgTRx1 gene which is involved in the production of useful substances in fermented wild ginseng cultured root was selected and introduced into a model plant (Nicotiana benthamiana) to investigate transformation useful gene expression and possible production of useful substances. Methods and Results : The PgTRx1 gene was amplified and isolated from fermented wild ginseng cultured root. Isolated PgTRx1 gene was ligated to the plant expression vector pMBP1. Overexpression genes were recombined and cloned into E. coli. Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 was transformed, cultured A. tumefaciens LBA4404 was agro-infiltrated into a model plant for transient assay. Agro-infiltration model plants were sampled on days 0, 1, 2, and 3, and cDNA synthesis was performed after total RNA extraction. The expression level of PgTRx1 gene increased with time, and NbNR, NbHSR, NbAPx, NbSIP, NbPAL, NbPR1a and NbNOA1 genes showed a decrease in the expression level. The samples were taken to determine antioxidant activity, acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitory activity and glutamate content at 0 h, 12 h, 14 h, and 36 h. The highest antioxidant activity was observed at 24 h of sample, acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitory activity at 12 h, and glutamate at 36 h. Conclusion : The possibility of introducing the model plant of the PgTRx1 gene derived from fermented wild ginseng cultured root was confirmed. The results showed that various activities were increased with time of agro-infiltration.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a diploid hybrid and a temperate, perennial, cross-pollinating grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality cellulose and ethanol production. This study was to carried out to investigate the expression of MsCOMT gene and the variation of lignocellulosic component and phenolic compounds contents in transgenic plants. Methods and Results : Multiple bands were detected from the homologous region of the COMT gene in PCR analysis. In order to obtain more detailed results, putative transgenic lines were estimated by RT-PCR analysis to confirm the expression of mRNA. Also, analysis of the lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and phenolic compound contents of transgenic Miscanthus plants were performed. Total lignin content of transgenic plants was lower than that of the control plant due to reduced caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene expression related to lignin production. Cellulose and hemicellulose contents in transgenic plants were not increased. Variation in cellulose and hemicellulose contents had no correlation with variation in lignin content of transgenic plants. Conclusion : In conclusion, transgenic M. sinensis was obtained with down-regulated COMT gene. Lignin synthesis was decreased what offers possibility of crop modification for facilitated biofuel production.

Background : Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important crop in the world. Although it is known as a crop with many medicinal action, Studies on sorghum breeding are inferior to other crop. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate excellent varieties of sorghum which is stable and has excellent physiological activity. So, this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the sorghum accessions to select the sorghum accessions with rich antioxidants. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : The seeds for study were supplied from the Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The seeds were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine antioxidant, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 155552 (55600.34 ± 17.78 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the highest in IT No. 143716 (116563.20 ± 149.39 ㎎·QE/g). On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 135777 (20.14 ± 4.29 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the lowest in IT No. 152910 (701.25 ± 5.53 ㎎·QE/g). Conclusion : Among 300 sorghum accessions, we analysed the total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents.

Background : Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important crop in the world. Although it is known as a crop with many medicinal action, Studies on sorghum breeding are inferior to other crop. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate excellent varieties of sorghum which is stable and has excellent physiological activity. So, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity of the sorghum species and to select the sorghum species with high antioxidant activity. The results of this study could be used as basic data for high-function breeding. Methods and Results : The seeds for study were supplied from the Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The seeds were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine antioxidant activity, we measured the DPPH radical scavenging ability and ABTS radical scavenging ability. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession from IT No. 158264 (RC50 : 5968.71 ± 4986.24 ㎍/㎖) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the highest in IT No. 143744 (RC50 : 1558.47 ± 273.21 ㎍/㎖). On the other hand the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession from IT No. 155497 (RC50 : 3.26 ± 20.06 ㎍/㎖) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the lowest in IT No. 152910 (RC50 : 3.31 ± 20.10 ㎍/㎖). Conclusion : Among 300 sorghum accessions, we analysed the antioxidant activities of DPPH and ABTS.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.

Background : Natural substance extracted from plant is going increased to apply for agricultural industry to improve crop product. Thus, hydrosols of lavender used to cosmetic materials was treated in plant to investigate growth effect. Methods and Results : The young plants grown for 7 days from seed were transferred to pot. They have foliage dressed with lavender hydrosols diluted to 500 × at intervals of 2 days. The results of N. benthamiana grown by foliage dressing for 2 weeks were 11.37 ± 0.31 ㎝ of leaves length, 11.07 ± 0.47 ㎝ of leaves width, 14.43 ± 0.90 ㎝ of plant length. These values were investigated to more increase than control. In the results measuring plant length at 4 weeks, there had no difference in two treatments. The activities of DPPH scavenging and SOD were checked to examine the antioxidant activity in two treatments. The DPPH scavenging activity was not shown a difference in two treatments. However, SOD activity displayed at high to level of 2 times in extracts from 100% ethanol of N. benthamiana treated with lavender hydrosols in compared to control. The RT-PCR preceeded to investigate the transcriptional changes of genes related to antioxidant activity using the respective primers for 5 genes such as NbNOA1, NbNR, NbPAL, NbAPX, NbSOD. These 5 genes were known to detect as a high level in N. benthamiana treated with lavender hydrosols in transcriptionl expression. Conclusion : The influence on plant growth through lavender hydrosol treatment was represented as a promoting effect in early growth stage.