The development of embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer is dependent upon numerous factors including the type of recipient cell, method of enucleation, the type of donor cell, method of reconstruction, activation, the cell cycle stage of both the donor nucleus and the recipient cytoplasm and the method of culture of the reconstructed embryos. Many of these points which have been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Sun and Moor, 1995; Colman, 1999; Oback and Wells, 2002; Renard et al., 2002; Galli et al., 2003b), here we will concentrate on main area, the production of suitable cytoplast and nuclear donor, nuclear-cytoplasmic coordination, oocyte activation, culture of reconstructed embryos, and the effects that this may have on development.

파나마의 농경지는 전체 국토면적 74,340 km2의 약 30%에 해당하는 22,300 km2이다. 파나마 전체인구 3,508천명의 약 25%에 해당하는 사람들이 농촌에 거주하고 있으며, 총 취업인구에서 농업부문이 차지하는 취업자 비중은 17.6%수준이다. 경제발전에 따라 전체 GDP에서 농업부문이 차지하는 비중은1995년 10.5%에서 2010년 4.6%로 감소하고 있으나 농식품수출이 파나마 전체 상품수출에서 차지하는 비중은 75%로 매우 높은 수준이다. 주요 수출 농산물은 멜론, 수박, 바나나, 파인애플 등 열대과일이다. 이들 주요 수출품이 전체 농산물 수출에서 차지하는 비중은 20%이상으로 높은 수준이며, 열대과일 수출의 90%이상이 유럽연합과 북아메리카지역의 소수 국가에 집중되어 수출되고 있다. 또한 파나마의 전략 수출 농산물인 열대과일은 주로 부가가치가 낮은 신선상태로 수출 중으로 연도별 수출도 안정적이지 못한 상황이다. 우선 아시아 신흥시장 등 다른 수출유망 지역과 국가로 수출선이 다변화되지않은 이유는 첫째, 긴 수송거리로 인한 운송비 등 유통비용문제, 둘째, 콜드체인시스템 등 저장유통기술과 표준화 부족으로 인한 고품질 유지의 어려움, 셋째, 달러가치의 상승으로 인한 수출경쟁력 저하, 넷째, 고부가가치 상품개발 미흡과 식품가공산업의 미발달 등이다. 파나마의 기후 등 농업환경을 고려할 때 열대과일은 생산력 증진과 지속적 품질 향상을 통해수출경쟁력 제고가 가능하고 수출산업화가 가능한 분야이다. 하지만 파나마가 이들 품목을 한국, 일본, 중국 등 동북아시아주요 수출시장에 수출하기 위해서는 무엇보다 해외시장 개척을 위한 더 많은 정책적 노력이 필요하다. 특히 파나마 정부가 성공적으로 파나마산 열대과일을 동북아시아 시장에 수출하기 위해서는 이들 대표적인 수출 품목을 안정적으로 해외시장에 수출할 수 있는 수출단지 육성을 적극적으로 고려하고,이들 품목과 단지를 중심으로 해외마케팅이나 수출지원 프로그램을 집중화해 나갈 필요가 있다.

Biomimetic apatite deposition behaviors and mechanical performance for as-rolled and annealed Ni-Ti plates were investigated . A good biomimetic apatite formation and excellent mechanical performance of Ni-Ti suggests that Ni-Ti can be an excellent candidate material as orthopedic implants.

Biomimetic apatite deposition behaviors on Zr-1Nb and Ti-6Al-4V plate with various surface conditions were examined. Both alloys were polished with abrasive papers to have different roughness and some of them were treated in NaOH before exposition in simulated body fluid. NaOH treatment was found to enhance the deposition rate of apatite on Ti-6Al-4V significantly. On the other hand, the deposition rate of Zr-1Nb was not influenced by NaOH treatment. Without NaOH treatment, the polished Zr-1Nb with abrasive paper was found to induce more apatite nucleation than the polished Zr-6Al-4V.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods, sheets and flower like structure were done by the sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide at with 12 hours refluxing time nanorods, in case of as synthesized powder, with diameter of 20-60nm. Annealing at higher temperature (300 and ,) in air ambient changes the morphology to sheet and flower like structure. The standard peak of zinc oxide was observed in IR at . The UV-VIS spectroscopy of zinc oxide shows a characteristic peak at 375nm.

1mm-thick BLT ceramics were sintered in accordance with a bulk ceramic fabrication process. All XRD peaks detected in the sintered ceramics were indexed as the Bi-layered perovskite structure without secondary phases. Density was increased with increasing the sintering temperature up to and the maximum value was about 98% of the theoretical density. The remanent polarization (2Pr) value of BLT ceramic sintered at was approximately at the applied voltage of 4.5kV. From these results, a BLT ceramic target for plused laser deposition (PLD) system was successfully fabricated.

nanoparticle was synthesized by the flame method, which was controlled by varying the ratio and flow rate of gas mixtures consisting of oxygen (oxidizer), methane (fuel) and nitrogen (carrier gas). The crystalline phases of nanoparticle depended strongly on the temperature distribution in the flame, whereas the morphology was not sensitive. We proved that the anatase phase formed without the phase transformation in the flame and the rutile phase generated through several phase transformations.

All-surface, all-tooth machining and roll forming of cast iron have been used to manufacture the crankshaft position sensor wheel (CPSW). However, these methods pose many problems such as difficult processing, high material cost, and low tooth precision. Thus, we developed a sintered CPSW with an improved detection ability in order to resolve the problems related with the previous methods of manufacturing CPSW by simplifying the process flow and improving tooth precision. The sintering process is introduced in this study. We conducted an experiment to compare the sintered and roll formed products and analyzed the results to evaluate the reliability of the sintering process. Furthermore, we compared and analyzed stress and displacement in the sintered and roll formed products through the "Finite Element Method(FEM)". According to the experimental and FEM results, the sintered product showed satisfactory mechanical properties. It was less expensive to process and lighter and showed better quality than the roll formed product. The results of this study could be applied to design an optimum CPSW using the sintering process.

To manufacture a flange for a compressor with a relief groove by using powder metallurgy in order to prevent deformation to the compressor in operation, powder material for the flange is charged into a mold; an ablative member having a melting point lower than that of the powder material is positioned at a place where a relief groove is to be formed; the flange is formed by compressing the powder material and the ablative member; and the formed flange is sintered at a temperature between the melting point of the powder material and the ablative member so as to melt and remove the ablative member. It made according to the new method has more excellent strength and airtight property than the conventional one. It is analyzed that the ablative member is melted and penetrated into the flange structure during the sintering process, which results in improvement of the airtight property and increase of the strength.

필리핀에 있는 국제미작연구소(國際米作硏究所) 논 포장(圃場)에서 이앙(移秧)후 일(日) 된 묘(苗)에서 Scirpophaga incertulas의 난(卵)을 1984년(年) 7월 부터 10월 까지 채집(採集)하여 난기생봉(卵寄生蜂)의 기생율(寄生率) 및 생태(生態)를 조사한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. ScirpoPhaga incertulas 의 난(卵)에서 나온 벌목 천적(天敵)으로 Tetrasticus schoenobii, Telenomus rowani, Trichogramma japonicum 3종(三種)이 발견(發見)되었고 기생봉(寄生蜂)의 생물적(生物的)인 습성(習性)에 기초(基礎)를 둔 기생율(寄生率) 계산(計算)방법을 소개하였다. 난기생봉(卵寄生蜂) 3종(三種)의 공기생(共寄生) 조합(組合)은 T. rowani+T. japonicum 조합(組合)이 가장 많았고 T. rowani 는 단기생성(單寄生性) 천적(天敵)으로 우화성충(羽化成蟲) 수(數)가 가장 많았지만 3종(三種)의 기생봉중(寄生蜂中) T. schoenobii 는 유충기간(幼蟲期間) 중 Scirpophaga incertulas 의 난(卵)을 개(個) 소모(消耗)시키므로 가장 유용(有用)한 천적(天敵)이었으며 이 천적(天敵)의 1세대기간(世代期間)은 일(日) 이었다.

Two kinds of Angelica belong to Umbelliferae collected, the one is Angelica gigas that is inhabitant in Korea and the other is Angelica acutiloba that is indigenous in Japan at the field of Snyder Research and Extension Farm Rutgers University, New Jersey and was analyszed by GC and GC/MS. The composition of the essential oil of the different aerial parts of the Angelica has been studied. The oil yields obtained upon hydrodistillation were 0.18% (v/w) in Korean Angelica and 0.44% (v/w) in Japanese Angelica on dry root weight basis. By the growing stage in the Rutgers greenhouse condition, leaf and root of essential oil content a little decreased on 9 months later than 4 months later except for Angelica gigas leaf. Both of Angelica showed that amounts of essential oil content presented in order of leaf > petiole > root according to different plant part. The analysis of the essential oil from Angelica root led to the identification of 14 constituents totaling 64% in Korean Angelica and 13 constituents totaling 68% in Japanese Angelica. The major constituents of the Angelica root essential oil were ligustilide (47 %) and gamma terpi (14 %) in Korean Angelica, and alpha pinei (32 %) and nonane (25 %) in Japanese Angelica