This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of cookies supplemented with 1-4% (w/w) persimmon leaf powder (PLP). pH and density of cookie dough increased significantly but moisture content decreased significantly with increasing levels of PLP (p<0.05). The spread ratio and loss rate of cookies decreased significantly with increasing levels of PLP (p<0.05). Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased significantly with higher amount of PLP (p<0.05). The use of PLP significantly increased the hardness of cookies while 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were significantly elevated (p<0.05). The consumer acceptance test indicated that the addition of PLP up to 2% had a favorable effect on the consumer preferences in most attributes. Based on the overall observations, cookies with 2% PLP can take advantage of the functional properties of PLP without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

Both Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Laodelphax striatellus Fallén has been known as the major rice pests which were irregularly migrated into Korea by wind current from China. We re-arranged and compared the resistance profiles to detect the existence convergent adaptation by using the previously published dataset (N. lugens at 2014, 17:711-716 and L. Striatellus at 2016, 19:247-252 in J. Asia Pac. Entomol., respectively). Both species commonly exhibited the high level of resistance to imidacloprids. Especially, the immigrant populations of L. Striatellus exhibited higher resistance level to indigenous populations, suggesting that they would settle down in Korea with insecticide resistance traits being predisposed. To detect the convergent adaptation to insecticide, pearson correlation analysis were employed by comparing mean dosage of LD50 and resistance ratio to nine insecticides. Strikingly, high and similar dosage responses were observed between the two species with high correlation coefficients of 0.928 (df=7, P <0.001) and 0.950 (df=7, P <0.001), respectively, in the comparison of LD50 vs. resistance ratio. This finding indicates that convergent adaption has occurred in both species through consistent selection by insecticides with similar usage patterns.

울릉 만병초(Rhododendron brachycarpum)를 5월 27일부 터 9월 27일까지 매월 삽목에 따른 삽수의 발근율은 5월 은 63.3%, 6월은 53.3%, 9월은 41.8%로 높았으나, 8월은 19.8%로 낮았다. 발근율이 높은 처리는 근장 및 근폭 의 생장도 양호하였다. 발근촉진제 처리에 따른 삽수의 발근율은 무처리 23.3%에 비하여 IBA 250mg • L−1는 46.7%와 NAA 125mg • L−1는 53.3%로 양호하였다. 차광 및 LED 보광처리에 따른 삽수의 발근율은 대조구 23.3% 에 비하여 LED 보광이 66.7%로 가장 높았고, 30% 차광이 43.3%, 60% 차광은 30.0%이었다. 근장과 근폭도 발근율이 양호한 LED 보광 및 30% 차광처리는 양호하 게 생장하였다.

만병초의 종자는 20οC에서 발아율이 69.1%로 가장 높았고, 25οC는 63.0%이고, 상온에서는 발아율이 52.9%로낮았다. 광 조건에 따른 발아특성은 LED 보광 및 자연광에서 60% 이상 발아되었으나 차광 시에는 발아율이40% 이하로 현저하게 낮았다. 만병초 종자를 인공배양토에 vermiculite 또는 peatmoss를 50% 혼합하여 파종한결과, 발아율은 큰 차이 없이 51.6~58.2%로 나타났다.복토 깊이에 따른 발아율은 무 복토가 62.3%, 2mm 복토는 60.2%에 비하여 6mm복토는 3.5%로서 복토의 깊이가 깊어질수록 발아율이 현저하게 낮아졌다. 관수 방법에 따른 발아율은 1일 2회 관수와 1일 1회 관수하였을 때 58~63%로 발아율이 양호하였으며, 3일 1회관수 시 발아율이 10.6%로 현저하게 떨어졌다. GA325ppm에서 GA3 100ppm까지 20οC와 25οC에서 처리 농도가 증가할수록 발아율이 증가하는 경향이었다. GA3 100과 200ppm을 처리한 종자의 발아율은 농도간 차이 없이97.3~98.6%로 높았고, 50ppm 처리에서는 80%이상의 발아율을 보였으나 25ppm 처리는 73.0%를, 무처리는 64.0%이였다.

The Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis is a newly emerging insect-bacterium symbiotic system. This symbiosis system has a good merit as an experimental model system to produce the non-symbiotic (apo) and symbiotic (sym) host insect. In recent reported papers, the symbionts play important biological roles for the host insects. Meanwhile, juvenile hormone (JH) is one of major hormone synthesized corpora allata(CA) to control many physiology of insect. However, the study for cross-talk mechanism between symbionts and host hormones to control important physiological phenomenon of insects is almost none. In this study, we found that Riptortus speed up adult emerging and increase egg laying on presence of symbiont Burkholderia. Also we found that hexamerin proteins, which were controlled the expression by JH, were accumulated in sym-Riptortus hemolymph compare with apo-Riptortus. According as combined results, we hypothesized that the gut symbiont Burkholderia can control JH titer to conclude out beneficial effects such as development and reproduction of R. pedestris. To verify this hypothesis, we examined measurement of JH titer, expression of hexamerins as JH response genes and RNAi for hexamerin protein during whole Riptortus life on presence or absence of symbiont Burkholderia. All results demonstrated that gut symbiont controlled JH titer of Riptortus. Controlled JH amount by symbiont Burkholderia in host midgut regulated hexamerin protein expression for speeding up adult emerging and increasing egg production.

The bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has played an important role as one of the alternative pollinators since the outbreak of honeybee collapse disorder. Recently, pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria and mites, which affect the life span and fecundity of their host, have been discovered in B. terristris. In order to detect the microsporidian pathogen, Nosema Spp. in the field populations of B. terristris, we collected adults and isolated their genomic DNA for diagnostic PCR. The PCR primers specific for Nosema Spp. were newly designed and applied to gene amplification for cloning. Only small subunit ribosomal RNA(SSU rRNA) gene of N. ceranae was successfully amplified and sequenced among examined genes, which indicates that N. ceranae mainly infects the examined field population of B. terristris. To detect of SSU rRNA gene, two regions of SSU rRNA gene were selected by primary PCR analysis and further analyzed in quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that SSU rRNA of N. ceranae was detected at concentrations as low as 0.85 ng/μl genomic DNA. This result suggests that the detection via qRT-PCR can be applied for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of N. ceranae infection in the field population as well as risk assessment of B. terristris.

The first commercial bioinsecticide in Korea was registered in 2003 to control diamond back moth and beet armyworm in Chinese cabbage using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. Currently, fourteen microbial pesticides have registered in Korean market. The Korean government is aiming for 40% reduction (from the 2004 value) in the use of chemical pesticides by 2013. To increase the use of microbial pesticides as an alternative of chemicals, we conducted in vitro bioassay with Bt products. Bt products were treated alone and in combination against larvae of beet armyworm, diamond back moth and tobacco cutworm. Five Bt products shown high mortality against diamond back moth in recommended concentration, but had low control effects against beet armyworm and tobacco cutworm. Mixed Bt products had no synergic effects against the tested three moths. When Bt products were sprayed with higher concentration than recommended dose, those mortality was similar with lower concentration.

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood is a newly advent pest on citrus in Jeju. Both larvae and adult attack the new shoots and young and matured fruits of citrus. S. dorsalis is highly polyphagous with over 100 recorded species, but not known in Jeju. As a result from investigating the host plants in and/or around citrus orchards in Jeju during 2009 to 2010, they were 25 families 39 species. The total thrips examined on those plants were 13 species, and the richness thrips among them was S. dorsalis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci and Thrips hawaiiensis. The widespread host plants of S. dorsalis were Mallotus japonicus, Paederia scandens, Hedera rhombea, Cayratia japonica and Clematis apiifolia and they can be also used for monitoring plants. On early May, the larvae of S. dorsalis were first investigated on the shoots of Mallotus japonicus, Lonicera japonica, Paederia scandens, Viburnum awabukira, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Celtis sinensis. The other thrips species except S. dorsalis and T. tabaci, especially F. intonsa, T. hawaiiensis, T. flavus and T. coloratus were just found on flower stalks during the blooming season.

The males of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, were attracted on trap baited with or without a synthetic sex pheromone. The attractiveness of sex pheromone trap was higher than yellow-color sticky trap, but both phenologies were similar. There was a positive relationship between mean density of 2nd nymph to adult cryptic mealybug and the density of the male caught on trap. The density of cryptic mealybug per tree was higher correlated with yellow-color sticky trap than sex pheromone trap. The pattern of cryptic mealybug male occurrence had two to three cohorts in a generation resulted from overwintering stage. The maximum occurring time of 1st to 2nd nymph stage could be estimated from the peak time of trap catch by effective temperature accumulation. The higher and lower threshold temperature was estimated as 10.9 and 32.6℃, respectively and its thermal constant was 360 degree-day. The cryptic mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sp., which was first recovered in Jeju in 2009, was well attracted on yellow-color sticky trap. There was a high correlation between the density of Anagyrus sp. and of cryptic mealybug males caught on trap.

Strawberry, Fragaria ananassa Duchesne, is one of the important horticultural crops cultivated in greenhouses. Tetranychus urticae is one of major strawberry pests, and Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis have been used as biological control agents for control of T. urticae. The interactions between T. urticae and N. californicus and between T. urticae and P. persimilis were investigated to compare their control efficiency for T. urticae on a spatially-structured strawberry leaf disc area at different temperatures and on different treatments. The experimental arena was an array of leaf discs (3 cm diameter) placed upside down on a water-saturated cotton pad in an aluminum pan (17.4 x 21.5 cm). Twenty leaf discs (4 x 5) were placed adjacent each other for allowing dispersal of T. urticae and its predatory mites. The temperature conditions were 20, 25, and 30°C and there were six different treatments. The overall population densities of T. urticae were influenced by temperature (20, 25, and 30°C) in N. californicus treatment. In the same temperature condition, P.persimilis was more effective than N. californicus to control T. uritcae. Two predator systems were better than one predator systems to suppress the population density of T. urticae at 25°C. Some results of this study could be used to understand the spatial association of T. urticae and its predatory mites in greenhouse crops and fields.

The damage of citrus fruit by yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was first confirmed in 2008, and has since been one of the serious pests of citrus in Jeju. This was reported on damage symptom on tangor cultivar, Setoka (Tangor Norin No. 8) fruits cultivated in a greenhouse and the characteristic of spatial disttribution of S. dorsalis caught on yellow sticky traps was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards. The feeding habits by S. dorsalis cause rind blemishes on the navel part of fruit. The damage is characterized by being scarped and figure like covered cloud on satsum mandarine fruit, but on by a brown ring of rough russeting that occurs on navel part of Setoka fruit. The season of damage occurrence was from middle of June to late of July. There was a highly significant relationship between the average number of thrips per trap and the maximum number caught on a trap. The overall differences between the linear regression models obtained from mean-variance relationship for each surveyed fields were tested by type Ⅲ error and contrast method. The characteristic of spatial distribution of S. dorsalis was better described by Taylor's power law than Iwao's patchiness regression, and the dispersion index which is the slope (=1.72) of linear regression model showed the aggregated distribution pattern. The sequential sampling stop lines at fixed precision level of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 were calculated.

Some responses of cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, for a sex pheromone, [(1R,3R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl]methyl 3-methyl-3-butenoate, were studied to develop the applying strategy of sex pheromone trap for efficient monitoring and control-time decision in citrus orchards grown in greenhouse for 2 years (2007-2008). The optimal concentration of a sex pheromone was 1.0㎎ per hexane 100㎕ in a using pheromone lure. There was no significant effect of the attraction of male adults among different colours (white, blue and yellow) of plate-type trap baited with sex pheromone. The more male adults were attracted, as the distance of a pheromone trap form a citrus tree infested with cryptic mealybug was closer. The male adults were caught to sex pheromone trap from middle April to late November, and its peak period was the middle of July. The thermal constant for the next attraction was about 640 degree-days (lower threshold temperature=12℃) after confirmed the first attraction of male adults. The optimum control time for cryptic mealybug after the first attraction of male adults were confirmed was estimated as 450 to 500 degree-days.

The study was conducted to explore whether environmental differences, in this case the physical characteristics of abaxial leaf surfaces of strawberry cultivars ('Maehyang' and 'Sulhyang' cultivars), affect the functional response of adult female N. californicus preying on immature stages (egg, larva and nymph) of T. urticae. We also evaluated the functional response of N. californicus to eggs of T. urticae at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃). We conducted a logistic regression of the proportion of prey consumed as a function of initial prey density to identify functional response types, and used nonlinear squares regression and the random predator equation to estimate attack rates and handling times. The functional response of adult female N. californicus to T. urticae was not influenced by non-glandular trichomes and epicuticular waxes on the abaxial leaf but was affected by temperature. Overall, the functional response of adult female N. californicus exhibited a type 2 functional response to T.urticae. The handling time of N. californicus was highest (1.9970) against T. urticae nymphs. The attack rate did not change much at 15-30℃, but the handling time decreased linearly with increasing temperature. At 35℃, the attack rate was highest (0.1876) and the handling time was lowest (0.9296). The results of this study may be used to evaluate the potential of N. californicus to suppress T. urticae and to estimate parameters for relevant prey-predator models.