Teaching is often regarded as a profession with a high probability of job burnout. Research has shown a close relationship between teachers’ motivation and their burnout, but it has not been closely explored among EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers in Chinese contexts. Considering the large number of college English teachers in Chinese universities and recent changes in their role, the study explores the relationship between their motivation and burnout, as well as the factors that affect teacher burnout among Chinese college English teachers. For this purpose, a total of 261 college English teachers from ten Chinese universities participated in the survey. Among them, 68 teachers submitted their narratives on teacher burnout using the narrative frame. The results showed that high mastery and relational goals and a low level of work avoidance goals contributed to higher motivation and less teacher burnout. The demand for research, lack of autonomy, and guanxi-based practices influenced Chinese teachers’ burnout. The results show that teacher burnout is highly context-dependent and affected by the organizational structure and cultural practices. An organizational support needs to be provided for teachers to maintain their mastery goal orientations and increase their autonomy as professional teachers.

아시아에서 인구가 많고 영향력이 있는 두 국가인 중국과 인도의 관계는 지역 평화의 안정뿐만 아니라 세계적 국제정치차원에서도 중요한 역할을 한다. 2019년말 COVID-19 전염병 시작한 후 전 세계는 펜데믹의 영향을 크게 받았으며 이로 인해 인도의 경제도 역시 불안정해졌다. 인도의 국내 정치 및 경제도 크게 나빠졌으며, Narendra Modi 정부의 통치 기반도 크게 흔들고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 인도는 중국에 대한 태도를 바꿨다. 국내정치의 모순을 해결하기 위해 일부 인도정치 단체는 중국을 그 표적으로 삼았다. 2020년 5-6월에 중국군과 인도군이 Galavan Valley 경계 지역에서 충돌하면서 사상자가 발생하였고 이 사건으로 중국-인도 관계는 다시 악화되었다. 현재 중국과 인도는 잠시 Zero-Sum 게임에 빠졌지만, 전염병에 맞서기 위해 양국은 서로 협력이 필요한 파트너가 되어야 한다. 이 논문은 코로나 19 확산 이후 인도의 대중국 사고방식의 변화를 분석하고 중국-인도 관계 증진을 위해 몇 가지 의견을 제시하고자 한다.

The changes of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) are inevitable in all areas of daily life, from government to healthcare and commerce, including the educational field. Education 4.0 brings potential challenges to schools around the globe, such as digital technology, personalized data, and a connected world. Thus, this paper presents a Mexican case study about a classroom enhanced with digital technology to study the challenges that both students and teachers face to acquire and transmit the skills and competencies that Industry 4.0 requires. As a preliminary result, we found that the probability of students accepting this technology for learning is very high.

광펄스 살균은 제품에 열을 발생시키지 않고 포장된 상태로 제품을 살균할 수 있어 신선제품의 유통기한을 연장시킬 수 있는 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 포장재질로 많이 사용되고 있는 PP, OPP, PE, 그리고 PET 등 포장 필름 재질에 따른 광펄스 살균효과에 대해 알아보았다. PP의 경우에는 20 μm 두께에서 20초 처리시 6 log 정도의 사멸 효과를 보였으며, 60초 처리 후에는 모든 균이 사멸되었고, 두께에 따라 사멸율에 큰 차이는 없었으나 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. OPP와 PE의 경우에는 30 μm 두께에서 30초 처리시 6 log, 60초 후에는 모든 균이 사멸하였다. PET의 경우에는 다른 포장 재질에 비해 낮은 살균 효과를 나타내었다. 필름 재질별 빛의 투과율은 PET를 제외하고는 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나, PP가 가장 높은 투과율을 나타내었다. 포장재질의 두께가 두꺼워짐에 따라 빛의 투과율은 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보였으나 PET를 제외하고는 큰 차이를 보이지는 않는 것으로 나타났다.

The freezing process of the freeze-drying procedure is important to optimize the physic-chemical properties of agricultural product. Therefore, our study was carried out to study the effect of freezing methods on the properties of freeze-dried apples. The sliced apples was frozen at -18°C as a general refrigerator (GR), -30°C with a individual quick freezing machine (IQF), and -80°C with deep freezer (DF), and subsequently, each sample was sublimated under 0.1 mbar for 24 hours. The samples were characterized by determination of color, texture properties, sugar contents, and morphology observation. The quality of color (L*, a* and b*) did not show significant discoloration. The hardness and sugar contents of IQF samples showed the greater value than GR and DF one. The morphology of IQF samples displayed the uniform and relatively small pore size as compared to GR and DF samples. From the sensory test, the IQF samples obtained the high score for overall acceptability, and consumer preference. From our results, the IQF treated apples are best results to produce good quality of freeze-dried apples.

The paper’s proposition is that Mexican public universities potentiate social oriented activity for gsed purposes while agents in Knowledge and Innovation Networking. But they must comply with the structural restrictions of communicative action. The aim is to present communication principles for Knowledge and Innovation Networking (KIN) that promotes Green Sustainable Economic Development (gsed) in Latin American societies, characterized by heterogeneous cultural traits and varied levels of economic and political development, within countries themselves and between them. Prime gsed issues are the preservation of natural resources considering their use and enjoyment by the coming generations, the right to material progress of developing countries as well as the obligation of developed economies to reduce their energy consumption (raw energy and processed commodities). However, the validity of any gsed model is questionable unless it is coherent in terms of what gsed is considered both locally and globally, thus the relevance of networking for knowledge and innovation (see Hidalgo 2011), integrated with regional, national and international innovation systems. How can Knowledge and Innovation Networking (kin) increase university participation in the promotion of gsed? This is a question that this paper aims to answer and provide some strategies to increase participation and contribution to gsed. Knowledge and innovation networks are environments for participation of key social groups where concurrence protocols ease both lawfulness and transparency regarding market issues (global, regional and local) and sustainable development. On-line kin interactions implementation are insufficient for gsed, but will provide participants (state, business, universities and individuals) favorable environments for coordinated actions that represent added value to each and all participants with a reduced hierarchical control because the overall purpose is redefinition of gsed principles that meaningful taking into consideration each participant’s condition.

The consumption of “ready-to-eat” agricultural products is recently increasing and the safety of these agricultural products is forefront of public concerns. The 120 samples of paprikas, strawberries and tomatoes, which are the representative exported agricultural products, were purchased at the department stores and discount stores in Daejeon. And we determined the microbiological and parasitological contamination level of these agricultural products using culture media, multiplex PCR, commercial bacterial detection kit and microscopy, and also evaluated the decontamination method. Mean counts of total aerobic bacteria from these agricultural products ranged from 1.3×104 CFU/g to 1.8×105 CFU/g, and mean counts of coliforms ranged from 1.4×103 CFU/g to 9.6×103 CFU/g. There was no significant difference in the level of bacterial contamination between the agricultural products from department stores and the ones from discount stores. Strawberry showed the highest contamination level for the bacteria and we also found the unidentified parasite eggs. Enterobacter cloacae was the most frequently isolated bacteria strain, but no food poisoning pathogenic bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the products by multiplex PCR. Compared to unwashed products, tab water-washed ones showed 80% decrease of the counts of total aerobic bacteria on the agricultural products, and the rates decreased more by incorporating detergent or ultrasonic wave treatment. We concluded that the biological contamination levels among paprikas, strawberries and tomatoes were the highest in strawberries, but there were not significant difference according to distribution systems.

arched for standards in teacher competency for the different economies in the Asia-Pacific region. We found information about them in several documents contained in the UNESCO and in the Ministry of Education of each economy. After that, we looked for common strategies to propose a model for teacher training with ICT and in the use and introduction of ICT in schools. We found that there are a lot of commonalities, specifically that teachers should be competent in a variety of software and technological tools appropriated to the topic they teach and the students 'age, assess the software and technological tools relevant to the topic they teach and their potential to be used in class, use the computers in a constructive way and to prepare and utilize work plans that incorporate the use of technology. But despite all the advances and recommendations about ICT introduction in teacher training, we still lack a common model that allows us to exchange and share information regarding this issue, even within the Asia-Pacific region. We tried to put these competencies in one single place so that people can access and consider them in developing a teacher training or ICT introduction to classrooms programs.

Refractory materials, such as W and Mo, are very useful elements for use in high-temperature applications. But it is not easy to fabricat pure W and Mo with very high density and retaining very fine grain size because of their high melting point. In this paper, a newly developed method named as resistance sintering under ultra high pressure was use to fabricate pure fine-grained W and Mo. The microstructure was analysis by SEM. The sintering mechanism is primary analyzed. Basic physical property of these sintered pure W and Mo, such as hardness, bend strength, are tested.

In the viewpoint of engineering, materials problem is a key problem, which determines whether the exploitation of fusion energy will be success. The most important class of fusion materials is plasma-facing materials (PFM). W, as high Z high melting-point metal is one of the most important candidate materials due to its high plasma erosion resistance. Improving the ductility of W and W based alloy, lowering its ductile-brittleness transition temperature for meeting the requirements of fusion application is an important task. In this paper, severalpowder meatllurgy methods of fabricating W and W based materials are being investigated.

Tungsten coatings with different interlayers onto the oxygen-free copper substrates were fabricated by atmosphere plasma spraying. The effects of different interlayers of NiCrAl, NiAl and W/Cu on bonding strength were studied. SEM, EDS and XRD were used to investigate the photographs and compositions of these coatings. The tungsten coatings with different initial particle sizes resulted in different microstructures. Oxidation was not detected in the tungsten coating, but in the interlayer, it was found by both XRD and EDS. The tungsten coating deposited directly onto the copper substrate presented higher bonding strength than those with different interlayers.

Cheonsu is a new japonica rice cultivar tolerant to drought. This cultivar was developed from the cross Ilmibyeo// Juanbyeo/Salshare, where the parent Ilmibyeo is a japonica cultivar with high eating quality, Juanbyeo is a japonica for direct-seeding cultivation, and Salshare is a japonica weedy rice from Korea. The preliminary and replicated yield trail on Cheonsu was carried out at Yeungnam University in 2001, 2002 and 2003, and the local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO), Korea, in 2004 and 2005. This cultivar was registered to NSMO, Korea, as variety Cheonsu in 2006. Cheonsu has about 122 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting. This cultivar has stature with 81cm of culm length. The milled rice yield of Cheonsu is about 5.10 MT/ha under standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. Amylose content of this cultivar is 18.3%.

Sanho is a new japonica rice cultivar with brown pericarp color (Fig. 1). This cultivar was developed from the cross Ilmibyeo//Ilmibyeo/Pyeongtaekaengmi 4, where the recurrent parent Ilmibyeo is a japonica cultivar with high eating quality, and the donor