2 week study was conducted to investigate the effects of Interferential Current(IC) and Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy(KEOMT) on functional constipation. Interventions were applied to spinal segments between T9-L2 which provides innerva˗ tions to the gastrointestinal tract. Subjects(n=24) were randomly allo˗ cated to two treatment groups: the IC group or the KEOMT group. Results for the IC therapy demonstrated significant decrease with the colonic transit time(CTT) as well as scores on the constipation assessment scale(CAS). The frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly(p<0.05). The KEOMT displayed decreased CTT in the left colon region. The scores on the CAS were reduced and frequency of defecations per week had increased significantly (p<0.05). This study not only showed that both modes of therapy improved symptoms of constipation, but also optimized gastrointesti˗ nal content movement, eventuating in a more normalized CTT. In conclusion, both the IC therapy and the Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy have shown to be effective interventions for improving functional constipation.

Spider mite is the most concerned pest in apple production. This study compared and analyzed the historical changes of two mite pests, Tetranychus urticae koch and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) in 16-30 representative apple orchards in the major apple production area; Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, and Jeonbuk province of Korea from 1992 to 2007. Monthly sampling of 100 leaves per orchard provided the basic data of population density of two mite species. Among those orchards, chemical spray history was also analyzed from four orchards, which could be representatives of IPM practitioners. It was found that overall population densities of T. urticae were higher than those of P. ulmi for 16 years. Before 2000, T. urticae was dominant over P. ulmi in most orchards. However since 2000, P. ulmi have occurred more than or as much as T. urticae.. Moreover, although there was large fluctuation of occurrences of two mite species over the years and localities, spider mite pressure appeared to decrease, in general. It seemed to relate the timing of ground cover management with pheromone-based IPM implementation nationwide from late 90s. Panonychus ulmi appeared to rise in April and July in general, fall in August, and go up again in the late season; September-October, while T. urticae appeared to begin to rise in June with July or August peak and sometime with late season second peak in October. Application frequency of acaricide has been dropped from four times in the late 1990s to 2.5 times in the late 2000s.

본 연구의 목적은 토종다래의 용매별 추출물에 따른 약리활성에 대한 검증 및 효능 평가로서 토종다래의 항산화, 항염증에 대한 효과를 확인하였다. 염증 반응은 자극이 가해지면 histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin과 같은 혈관 활성물질에 의해 혈관 투과성이 증대되어 염증을 유발하고 cytokine, free radical, lysosomal enzyme 등 다양한 매개 인자가 관여한다. 자극에 의한 macrophage cell의 염증반응은 tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β)와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 발현이 유도되고, inducible nitric oxide synthase(i-NOS)와cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)에 영향을 받는 유전자의 발현을 자극하게 되어 nitric oxide(NO) 등의 염증 인자가 생성된다. 이에 따라 토종다래 추출물의 항염증에 대한 연구를 위해 이에 영향을 주는 인자인 i-NOS, COX-2의 단백질 발현억제 작용을 확인하였다. 그 결과, HKE > HKA > HKW 순서로 높은 효능을 확인 할 수 있었다. 가장 효과가 좋은 HKE 처리군에서 다양한 염증성 인자의 mRNA 발현량을 확인하였다. 측정 결과, HKE(2,000 μg/mL)는 i–NOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α mRNA 발현이 각각 93.2%, 27.9%, 96.4%, 89.4%, 73.9% 억제되는 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, HKE의 nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) 단백질 발현에 농도의존적으로 유의미한 결과를 확인하였으며, 이에 토종다래의 항염증효과는 LPS에 의한 TLR4의 자극에서 NF-κB 경로의 완화로 나타는 것임을 검증하였다. 결론적으로 토종다래는 70% ethanol 추출물(HKE)의 항염증 효과가 가장 높았으며, HKE는 대식세포에서 NF-κB 염증관련 경로의 억제로 세포 내 mRNA 및 단백질 수준에서의 염증인자들의 생성을 저해하여 항염증 효과가 명백히 확인되었다. 향후 본 연구팀은 토종다래의 항염증과 관련된 유효성분의 분리정제 및 구조분석을 진행할 예정이다.

AUDIT-K(한국형 알코올 중독 간이선별 검사법)을 이용하여 일상적으로 생활하고 있는 상당수의 잠재적인 위험 음주자들을 선별 할 수 있었으며 연령, 종교, 결혼여부, 직업, 소득음주사망 가족력, 음주시작 연령, 흡연, BMI(체질량지수)는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 학력, 음주기간만 통계적으로 유의하였다. 이러한 결과는 교육을 더 받은 사람의 남성이 알코올 소비가 더 높다고 한 선행연구와 부합하는 결과를 나타내었으며 교육수준 또한 무엇을 어떻게 배웠는가에 따른 차이를 살펴 볼 필요가 있음을 시사하며, 교육에 따른 알코올 소비도 각각 다른 결과를 나타냄을 알 수 있다. 또한 나이가 적을수록 술을 많이 마시면 음주기간이 길어질 것이고 기존의 음주시작 연령에 대한 연구와 일치하는 결과가 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 음주 기간이 알코올 사용 장애의 가장 큰 요인이었으며 음주 기간을 단축하기 위한 방법으로는 음주 시작연령을 최대한 늦출 수 있는 국가 정부 제도의 대책 및 교육이 필요하다고 생각된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of a horticultural activity program applying REBT group counseling on female marriage immigrants’ self-expression and the degree of depression. The subjects that applied for the program are 14 persons. With them, 10 sessions in total were carried out for two hours per time on every Wednesday at the J. gun (County) Social Welfare Center from December 17, 2013 through February 25, 2014. To look into a result of a pre-test on homogeneity between the control group and the experimental group. For self-expression as a result of a t-test in the control group, there was no significant difference in the average (p=.825), t=0.42 (p>.05). For depression, in the control group, as a result of a t-test, there was no significant difference in the average (p=.142), t=-1.145 (p>.05). To look into the change of self-expression according to the process the program. As a result of a T-test in the control group, there was a very significant decrease, t=-7.675 (p<.001), it turned out that self-expression decreased during the program . As a result of a T-test in the experimental group there was a very significant increase, t=9.899 (p<.001), it turned out that self-expression increased during the program. To look into the change of self-expression according to the process the program. To look into the change of depression. As a result of Wilcoxon signed-rank test in the control, there was a significant increase (p=.016), z=-2.410 (p<.05), it turned out that their depression increased during the progress of the program. As a result of a T-test in the experimental group there was a very significant decrease, t=-7.175 (p<.001), it turned out that their depression decreased during the process of the program. As a result of a Pearson Correlation analysis on the factors of self-expression and factors of depression, their score of self-expression after the program had a significantly negative (-) correlation with their depression score (r=-0.705) after the program. Like the above results of the study, the horticultural activity applying REBT group counseling is effective for improving female marriage immigrants’ self-expression and reducing their depression.

The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in cell-based therapy has attracted extensive interest in the field of regenerative medicine, and it shows applications to numerous incurable diseases. hMSCs show several superior properties for therapeutic use compared to other types of stem cells. Different cell types are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, with focus on the characteristics of hMSCs. hMSCs can proliferate readily and produce differentiated cells that can substitute for the targeted affected tissue. To maximize the therapeutic effects of hMSCs, a substantial number of these cells are essential, requiring extensive ex vivo cell expansion. However, hMSCs have a limited lifespan in an in vitro culture condition. The senescence of hMSCs is a double-edged sword from the viewpoint of clinical applications. Although their limited cell proliferation potency protects them from malignant transformation after transplantation, senescence can alter various cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that are essential for their therapeutic efficacy. Numerous trials to overcome the limited lifespan of mesenchymal stem cells are discussed.

Background : Garlic is one of the important vegetables and a source of natural anti-oxidants. This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picr yl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reducing power (RP) and total polyphenol content (TPC) of A. ampel oprasum L. Methods and Results : DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, TPC, and RP were analyzed the extract of aerial plant part in 22 accessions of A. ampeloprasum by spectrophotometry mathod. A. tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. was used as a control. DPPH was ranged from 0.35 to 3.06 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw. ABTS and FRAP showed wide variation from 4.37 to 29.30 ㎍ Trolox ㎎-1 dw and 3.18 to 10.8 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, respectively. RP and TPC were ranged from 3.43 to 9.51 ㎍ GAE ㎎-1 dw, and 0.8 to 18.63 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, respectively. Cluster analysis of A. ampeloprasum germplasm was divided into two major groups. Group Ⅰ (7 accessions) characterized as higher antioxidant activities than the group Ⅱ (15 accessions) and had similar antioxidant activities with A. tuberosum as a control. FRAP value showed a significant strong positive correlation with DPPH (r = 0.868*) and ABTS activity (r = 0.826*). Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) cumulatively explained 85.64 % of total variation. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that A. ampeloprasum aerial parts might have useful as a new material for functional food.

Background : As the farmers who grow Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Miller) in rain-shelter greenhouses increase, it is necessary to develop a cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CBP06419-243 was selected from the cross between CBP03310-250(IT232705) and CBP05399-1 to breed the cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. These lines used for crossing was tetradilpoid induced by the colchicine treatment on bud. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2009 to 2011 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 18. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo from 2012, 2014, 2015 and Cheongyang 18 was registered as the new variety, Whasu, in 2015. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is semi-open type and the leaf is lanceolate. The flowers are distinctly larger. The fruit type is medium size, long oblong and yellowish red. The flowering was June 21 with medium flowering. Branching by pruning its sprout was generated less than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 7.7 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly severe compared to the check variety, but the infection rates in rain shelter greenhouses was similar. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 13 percent in open field, but increased 18 percent in rain shelter greenhouses. Conclusion : This variety ‘Whasu’ was suitable for cultivation in plastic film greenhouses because of self-compatibility and high-yielding. It is not necessary the companion variety.

Background : Amaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the species from Amaranthus are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweed. Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to green or gold. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus Celosia. Amaranthus shows a wide variety of morphological diversity among and even within certain species. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics and grain yield of Amaranthus under subalpine area(altitude 510m) Methods and Results : Six resources(GR-1∼6) were tested in this experiment. Its seedlings were sown at 21. March. and raised for 27 days in nursery bed. The days after sowing for emerging 80% seedlings was 14∼18 days and No. of leaves was 4.5∼5.2 ea./plant. Plant height of GR-4 was highest at 15.2㎝ in nursery period. These seedlings transplanted at 19. April in the planting density of 80×30㎝. The range of heading date was 25. May∼7. June. GR-1, 2 showed more early heading at 25. May but heading date of GR-6 was 7. June. The Flowering date of Amaranthus cultivated in subalpine area was 20∼28. June. Plant height at flowering time of GR-4 was significantly high at 152.7㎝ comparison with 95.2㎝ of GR-1 but No. of branches in GR-4 was lowest at 7.5 ea/plant. The length of ears was shortest 28.8 ㎝ in GR-5 compared 41.0㎝ of GR-4. Grain yield of Amaranthus harvested at 8. July showed significantly difference according to gene resources and the highest yield of grain was 556.8㎏ in GR-1 Conclusion : The growth and ripening characteristics of Amaranthus tricolor showed many difference under subalpine cultivation according to gene resources. The predictable grain yield of Amaranthus under subalpine cultivation was 240.0∼556.8㎏/10a according to gene resources and their cultivation period demanded 80 days.

Background : Liriope platyphylla Wang et. Tang belongs to the Liliaceae and herbal medicinal plants. It is usually grown as ground cover plants. But the farm is cultivated medicinal plants in order to harvest its tuberous root. The cultivated area is 95ha and the production is 588 ton(2014). Miryang and Cheongyang are the main producing areas. This experiment was carried out to select a cultivar that are well adapted in middle regions in Korea. Methods and Results : It were investigated the tuber characteristics in four cultivars of Liriope platyphylla Wang et. Tang. The ratios of roots and tubers a plant was ranged 18.6 - 21.6%. Maekmundong 1 have more in tubers per a plant but lower in the rate of marketable tubers and 100-tubers weight than other 3 cultivars. Cheongshim was heavier and larger in tuberous root than 3 other cultivars. The tuber’s distributions in less than 10 ㎝ soil depth at the surface was 48.6% in Cheongshim, 58.4% in Seungsu 50.6% in Maekmundong 1 and 58.1% in Cheongyang native’s line. So, Seungsu and Cheongyang native’s line are believed to be suitable for harvesting by machines. The tuber’s yield was highest in Seungsu and was 5% higher than Cheongyang native’s line. The spicatoside A extracted with 80% MeOH was analyzed by 0.01 – 1.83 ㎎/g and Maekmundong 1 have been contained much more than other cultivars. Conclusion : Considering the yield and medicinal ingredients, Maekmundong 1 have good quality than Cheongshim, Seungsu and Cheongyang natives’s lines in middle regions in Korea.

Background: We evaluated the effect of ulinastatin on paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), IL-6, and IL-10 in SD rats after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Methods: Group C received N/S and Group E received ulinastatin IV for three days following SNL. PWT, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Results: Group E showed higher PWT compared to group C. IL-6 was lower in group E than in group C. No differences in IL-10 were observed between group C and group E. Conclusion: Ulinastatin increased the PWT and its effect appears to be involved with IL-6, not IL-10.

High yield is the most important trait in various agricultural characteristics. Many approaches to improve yield have been tried in conventional agricultural practice and recently biotechnological tools employed for same goal. Genetic transformation of key genes to increase yield is one way to overcome current limitation in the field. We are producing transgenic soybean plants through high efficient transformation method by introducing all gene member with AT-hook binding domain, hoping to obtain manageable delay of senescence. Many transgenic soybean plants are growing in greenhouse and GMO field, and will be evaluated their senescence and any association with yield increase.

Soybean is a crop of importance economically and nutritionally in many parts of the world. Thanks to many new genes brought from genomic research, It is possible to introduce various candidate genes through genetic transformation to see the performance of the genes in field. In our lab, soybean transformations have been tried for last 10 years to probe the possibility of traits improvement by transformation of new gene into soybean. For this purpose, three different genes were transformed into Korean soybean variety, Kwangan. First, the gene that controls early flowering of plant was transformed into Kwangan. Second, a candidate gene for soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistance was transformed to produce transgenic plants. Third, another candidate gene for drought tolerance was transformed. All the transgenic plants from three genes transformation were produced for their gene insertion and their expression using PCR, qRT-PCR. Further analysis including harvesting seeds is currently undertaken.

Understanding the response of a crop to water deficiency is the first step towards breeding drought-tolerant varieties. In this study, inbred maize (Zea mays L.) lines KS140 and KS141 were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 10 days at the V5 or V6 leaf stage. Water-deficient plants experienced a decrease in relative leaf water content, stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate, and water use efficiency compared to well-watered plants. This was accompanied by a decrease in the relative leaf water content that resulted in severe growth retardation in KS140 and KS141. However, leaf chlorophyll content in KS140 was unchanged. To understand the proteome dynamics during the 10-day drought stress in maize leaves, comparative proteome analysis was carried out between the well-watered and water-withheld leaves. Differential expression was observed for 29 protein spots from KS140 and 14 protein spots from KS141, and these were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Among identified proteins, metabolism and stress related proteins were highly were increased by drought stress. This study provides a protein profile of a Korean maize inbred line during drought stress, which will be valuable for future studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying drought resistance and for development of selective breeding markers for drought tolerance in maize.

The isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly, in which both coronary arteries arise from a solitary ostium. Diagnosis of coronary anomalies and identification of the exact anatomy of coronary arteries has significant clinical importance, hence, myocardial ischemia or sudden cardiac death is usually related to its course of anomalous coronary artery. Most patients with a single coronary artery are asymptomatic and have normal electrocardiogram and negative stress tests. However, if the patient has other structural abnormalities, for example, ventricular hypertrophy, the exam is determined. This report describes a case of single coronary artery, where the right coronary artery originated from the distal left circumflex artery in a patient with hypertrophic ardiomyopathy.

xBrassicoraphanus, a new synthetic intergeneric hybrid between Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis and Raphanus sativus L., also locally known as ‘Baemoochae’, is an interesting subject for studying polyploidy and genome plasticity in the family Brassicaceae, but very few genomic and cytogenetic information. Here, we analysed the chromosome complements and pairing of the most fertile lines, BB1 and BB5, using dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to check their chromosomal segregation stability. The somatic chromosome complement of B. rapa was confirmed to be 2n=20 (2.8~4.8μm), of R.sativus, 2n=18 (2.0~3.3μm), and of xBrassicoraphanus, 2n=38 (2.2~5.0μm). There were eight, eight, and seventeen metacentric pairs and two, one, and two submetacentric pairs in B. rapa, R. sativus, and xBrassicoraphanus, respectively. Additionally, three, two, and five pairs of 5S rDNA and five, three, and eight pairs of 45S rDNA were observed in B. rapa, R. sativus, and xBrassicoraphanus, respectively. This suggests that both B. rapa (AA) and R. sativus (RR) genomes, particularly the rDNA arrays, co-exist in xBrassicoraphanus (AARR) genome. In meiosis I, nineteen bivalents were most frequent, and GISH analysis showed ten bivalents from the A genome. This study would provide a useful information for further genomic study of xBrassicoraphanus and its improvement as a new promising breeding variety.