Glutamine has been used to treat canine patients with parvoviral enteritis. However, little is known about the effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) supplementation in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The objective of this study was to determine whether Ala-Gln supplementation can improve dog survival and ameliorate clinical signs without adverse effects. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 39 client-owned dogs. The dogs were randomly assigned to two groups and administered either an Ala-Gln solution (Dipeptiven, 0.4 g/kg, n = 20) or an equivalent volume of placebo (n = 19) orally twice daily. Of the 39 dogs, 17 were vaccinated (n = 9 in the Ala-Gln-treated group and n – 9 in the placebo group). All dogs received standard treatment while hospitalized. The dogs were monitored according to a clinical scoring system and evaluated diagnostically daily for 11 days. Survival rates in both groups were quantified using Kaplan‒Meier survival curves and statistically compared using the log-rank test. The total score for clinical signs did not differ between the groups, except on day 2. The survival rates differed significantly (p=0.038). Three Ala-Gln-treated dogs (15.0%) died during the study, whereas eight dogs in the placebo group died (42.1%). No adverse effects were found to be associated with Ala-Gln treatment. Oral administration of Ala-Gln improves survival in dogs with parvoviral enteritis without causing adverse effects.

목적: 안경사 직무를 분석하여 국가시험 교과목과의 연계성을 확인하고 대학의 시험과목 비율과 교육과정 개발에 기초자료를 제공한다. 방법 : 안경사 872명과 안경광학과 교수 99명을 대상으로 5개의 직무영역과 18개의 일로 구성된 설문을 조사하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 안경사 직무분석에서 작업의 중요도와 필요도가 모두 높은 영역에서 필요능력인 지식과 기술을 도출하여 안경조제가공(39.1%), 시력검사(27.5%) 및 콘택트렌즈(14.8%), 기타(18.6%)의 비중을 통해 안경사 1차 직무 분석(2000년)과 비교해 검안안경사 분야로 안경사의 직무가 이동된 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 안경사 직무에서의 변화는 안경사 국가시험과 대학의 교육과정에 적절히 반영되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

The study investigates whether differences in metalinguistic information contained in written corrective feedback (CF) mediate its effectiveness for second language (L2) development. To address this, metalinguistic CF was distinguished into three types in terms of how specific its metalinguistic information was. They were then compared among themselves and with non-metalinguistic direct CF in their efficacy for short- and long-term development of explicit and implicit L2 knowledge. The target features for written CF were the English articles, and explicit and implicit knowledge were measured by the error correction test and dictogloss writings by 93 EFL learners respectively. The results suggest that, for both explicit and implicit L2 knowledge, metalinguistic CF was beneficial for short-term development only when it had high levels of specific information while it was effective for long-term development regardless of its type. The findings are discussed from the perspective of SLA theory, and their pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are put forth.

Fast service access involves keeping track of the location of mobile users, while they are moving around the mobile network for a satisfactory level of QoS (Quality of Service) in a cost-effective manner. The location databases are used to keep track of Mobile Terminals (MT) so that incoming calls can be directed to requested mobile terminals at all times. MT reporting cell system used in location management is to designate each cell in the network as a reporting cell or a non-reporting cell. Determination of an optimal number of reporting cells (or reporting cell configuration) for a given network is reporting cell planning (RCP) problem. This is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem which has an exponential complexity. We can see that a cell in a network is either a reporting cell or a non-reporting cell. Hence, for a given network with N cells, the number of possible solutions is  . We propose a biogeography based optimization (BBO) for design of mobile station location management system in wireless communication network. The number and locations of reporting cells should be determined to balance the registration for location update and paging operations for search the mobile stations to minimize the cost of system. Experimental results show that our proposed BBO is a fairly effective and competitive approach with respect to solution quality for optimally designing location management system because BBO is suitable for combinatorial optimization and multi-functional problems.

A wireless sensor network is emerging technology and intelligent wireless communication paradigm that is dynamically aware of its surrounding environment. It is also able to respond to it in order to achieve reliable and efficient communication. The dynamical cognition capability and environmental adaptability rely on organizing dynamical networks effectively. However, optimally clustering the cognitive wireless sensor networks is an NP-complete problem. The objective of this paper is to develop an optimal sensor network design for maximizing the performance. This proposed Ranking Artificial Bee Colony (RABC) is developed based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) with ranking strategy. The ranking strategy can make the much better solutions by combining the best solutions so far and add these solutions in the solution population when applying ABC. RABC is designed to adapt to topological changes to any network graph in a time. We can minimize the total energy dissipation of sensors to prolong the lifetime of a network to balance the energy consumption of all nodes with robust optimal solution. Simulation results show that the performance of our proposed RABC is better than those of previous methods (LEACH, LEACH-C, and etc.) in wireless sensor networks. Our proposed method is the best for the 100 node-network example when the Sink node is centrally located.

K-means algorithm is one of the most popular and widely used clustering method because it is easy to implement and very efficient. However, this method has the limitation to be used with fixed number of clusters because of only considering the intra-cluster distance to evaluate the data clustering solutions. Silhouette is useful and stable valid index to decide the data clustering solution with number of clusters to consider the intra and inter cluster distance for unsupervised data. However, this valid index has high computational burden because of considering quality measure for each data object. The objective of this paper is to propose the fast and simple speed-up method to overcome this limitation to use silhouette for the effective large-scale data clustering. In the first step, the proposed method calculates and saves the distance for each data once. In the second step, this distance matrix is used to calculate the relative distance rate (Vｊ) of each data j and this rate is used to choose the suitable number of clusters without much computation time. In the third step, the proposed efficient heuristic algorithm (Group search optimization, GSO, in this paper) can search the global optimum with saving computational capacity with good initial solutions using Vｊ probabilistically for the data clustering. The performance of our proposed method is validated to save significantly computation time against the original silhouette only using Ruspini, Iris, Wine and Breast cancer in UCI machine learning repository datasets by experiment and analysis. Especially, the performance of our proposed method is much better than previous method for the larger size of data.

This study examines whether revision mediates the effects of its preceding written corrective feedback (CF) in developing second language (L2) knowledge. For this purpose, effects of direct CF and three sub-types of metalinguistic CF with and without revision were compared in the quasi-experiment with 197 EFL university students. They formed 9 groups (i.e., 4 revision groups, 4 non-revision groups, and 1 control group) and completed 4 dictogloss writings. Written CF and revision were implemented after the first two writings. English articles were the target structure for the written CF. The first, third and fourth writings were measured for the accuracy of article use as the pre-test, the immediate post-test and the delayed post-test, respectively. The results reveal that revision did not affect the efficacy of direct CF while it enhanced that of metalinguistic CF to varying degrees with its subtypes. These findings indicate that, if revision is conducted following written CF with particular metalinguistic information, it may facilitate learning new L2 knowledge beyond manifesting existing L2 knowledge.

The advancement of industry and science in modern society has facilitated the inherent growth of humanity due to the provisions of large amounts of information and knowledge. Deconstructionism originated from the desire for self-expression rooted in the inherent growth of humanity and desires to express various characteristics through deconstruction and not be classified and constrained by existing dichotomous structures and forms. Deconstructism (an idea to resist dichotomous ideas and existing structuralism) seeks androgyny as well as the deconstruction of sex vis-à-vis human desire. Human androgyny, inherent in history and ancient Greek myths (Kwon, 2002), is now being adapted by modern society, psychology, culture, and art (Han & Kim, 2012). Androgyny, adapted by literature, sculpture, and painting, is now being used by the production of various images as well as modern fashion costumes. It is necessary to study androgyny to provide an aesthetic value for modern fashion design that can also deeply analyze the ideas and philosophies of fashion designers. This study considers androgyny with a focus on deconstructive fashion, understanding the tendency of androgyny in modern fashion, and providing a reference material for future fashion designs as well as for the direction and development of various fashion accessories and hair accessories. This study uses internet resources and previous research from professional journals and books about deconstructionism and androgyny for a literature review. It adapts an empirical method based on visual images from the design collections of designers defined as deconstructive fashion designers by researchers and professional editors. The androgyny of deconstructive fashion is classified in this study as follows. The first are ambiguous designs that show no clear distinction between sexes. The designers show designs unconstrained by sexes and which seek human instinct through wearing fashion items of the opposite sex that use masks and express sexual ambiguity with makeup and costumes. The second is integration shown in designs with both masculine and feminine characteristics. The designers integrates the lines and details of the opposite sex with costumes and patterns to escape existing ideas and show a silhouette that eliminate sexual stereotypes. The third is deconstructivity as shown in designs with no sexual characteristic and no sexual concept. It is a trend that originated from the interpretative view that adapts the super realism of deconstructionism and is free from an existing aesthetic consciousness to deconstruct a sex role for existing costumes and refuse all standardized ideas; consequently, the roles of costumes and items are eliminated and a new fashion style emerges from the individual values and ideas of designers. The androgyny of modern fashion from deconstructionism diverges from traditional form, integrates with aesthetic factors, and becomes one of a modern style that also provides more creative design motifs for fashion designers.

The species status of Oeneis urda (Eversmann) and O. mongolica (Oberthür) has been argued based on morphological characters. Reexamination of their major morphological characters has shown a slight differentiation in the two species. Sequences of three mitochondrial genes (COI, ND6, and ND1) and one nuclear region (internal transcribed spacer 2, ITS2) from two O. urda populations (Yangyang and Mt. Hanla) and one O. mongolica population (Uljin) were performed for phylogenetic and population genetic inferences. Sharing of identical sequences in the ND6 gene and ITS2, minimal sequence divergence in the COI and ND1 genes, and phylogenetically undividable sequence types in all mitochondrial genes and ITS2 suggest genetic continuity between the two species. Nevertheless, significant FST estimates (p < 0.05) were found for the COI gene in comparisons between Yangyang (O. urda) and Uljin (O. mongolica), between Yangyang (O. urda) and Mt. Hanla (O. urda), and between Uljin (O. mongolica) and Mt. Hanla (O. urda) populations. These FST estimates, along with other gene-based analyses collectively suggest isolation of the two species at some point in the past, but incomplete separation between the two species on the mainland (Yangyang and Uljin) and biogeographically forced isolation of the O. urda population on Mt. Hanla collectively appear to complicate species status of these two species that were once further clearly separated.

제주지역을 중심으로 실시한 나방류 조사결과 포충나방과의 2종(Daulia afralis Walker, Herpetogramma cynaralis Walker)이 우리나라에서는 처음으로 발견되었기에 보고한다. 본 연구에서는 이들 종의 외부형태 및 암수생식기의 특징을 검경하여 도해하고 간략히 재기재하였다. 또한 각 종별로 분류학적 정보 및 국내외 분포범위에 대하여 정리하여 보고한다.

Thi s study investi gates whether the effect of written corrective feedback (CF) on learners' acquisition of English art icle usage is mediated by the type of information CF provides. To tap into this issue, four types of informat ion on error were identifi ed: its existence, location, correct form and nature. Written CF was categorized into three types according to the sorts of information it contained: indirect CF that supplies informat ion on existence and location, direct CF that provides information on ex istence, location and correct form, and metalinguistic CF that includes metalinguistic explanation on error nature and all the other infornlation types. Three CF groups were accord ingly formed along with a control group in a quasi-experiment, where the groups engaged in three narrative-writing tasks. Error correction and narrati ve writing tests were administered to measure the acquisition of explicit and implicit knowledge of English articles respectively. The results revealed that written CF was beneficial to acquisition of both L2 exp licit and im plicit knowledge and that such positive effects emerged only in the metalinguistic CF group. The findings added counterevidence to Truscott's (1996) argument against written CF utility and suggested that metalinguistic explanation on error may playa pivotal role in written CF-triggered L2 acqui sition.

This experimental study investigated whether language anxiety differentially influences the extent to which two corrective feedback (CF) techniques of recasts and prompts affect the L2 learning process and its outcome. Four experimental groups were formed according to their anxiety level and the type of CF received during question recall tasks they completed: the high-anxiety recasts-receiving group, the low-anxiety recasts-receiving group, the high-anxiety prompts-receiving group, and the low-anxiety prompts-receiving group. Two high- and low-anxiety control groups were additionally formed, who did not engage in the tasks. Learners’ anxiety level was judged based on their responses to a language anxiety questionnaire. CF efficacy in processing L2 was measured by examining the extent to which CF induced modified output and repair. Learners’ L2 knowledge was assessed at explicit and implicit levels on pretests, immediate posttests, and delayed posttests. Results revealed that language anxiety had no impact on prompts’ efficacy but displayed some influence on recasts’ efficacy. Recasts were more effective in promoting repair and L2 explicit knowledge for low-anxiety learners. It was also found that the differential effects of learner language anxiety were closely related to the level of anxiety aroused by the way the tasks were implemented. The finding highlights the significance of considering both learner language anxiety and task anxiety in providing CF.

Bae et al. (2008) made a illustrated catalogue of the family Pyralidae in Korea, including 349 known species up to date. During the survey of the lepidopterous insects in Jeju island, we found two unrecorded species, Daulia afralis Walker and Herpetogramma cynaralis Walker, from Korea. In this study, we report the two newly recorded species with illustration of adult and genitalia, including available information on distributional range and synonymy. The material examined is now deposited in the Natural History Museum, Hannam University. The genitalia of the species were mounted in Euparal media and photographed with a AxioCam MRc 5 digital camera attached to a Carl Zeiss microscope, with an Axio Imager A1. The color standard for the re-description of adults was based on the Methuen Handbook of Colour.

The present investigation has attemped to optimize hydrogen reduction process for the mass production of Fe-8wt%Ni nanoalloy powder from ball milled powder. In-situ hygrometry study was performed to monitor the reduction behavior in real time through measurement of water vapor outflowing rate. It was found that the reduction process can be optimized by taking into account the apparent influence of water vapor trap in the reactor on reduction kinetics which strongly depends on gas flow rate, reactor volume and reduction.

Drawing upon Schmidt’s (1990, 1993, 1995) claim that attention to form is necessary for acquisition, this study examines how NS-initiated negotiation draws attention to and facilitates acquisition effectively. The study compares two types of negotiation indicators (i.e., clarification requests and recasts) in terms of their effects on attention and acquisition of English question forms in connection with NNSs’ proficiency level. Data from an experiment where 31 Korean college NNSs engaged in information-gap tasks with NSs were analyzed. Results revealed that clarification requests were more effective in drawing attention while recasts were more beneficial in acquisition. This is ascribed to different characteristics of the indicator types and shows that the provision of correctly reformulated form is a key condition for enhancing negotiation’s effects. It was also found that clarification requests’ effects were not related to NNSs’ proficiency level while recasts induced more attention with high level NNSs and facilitated acquisition better with low level ones. It is suggested that indicator type and NNSs’ level be considered in utilizing NS-initiated negotiation as an effective acquisition device. This study implies that the workings of NS-initiated negotiation may be constrained by various factors connected with both learners and interaction they are involved in.