Stemflow (SF) is essential for water resources within forest ecosystems and can constitute up to half of the gross rainfall (GR), depending on the forest stand structures in coniferous plantations. Although numerous studies on SF yield have been reported globally for various forest types, very few studies on SF have been reported to examine the influence of forest stand structures on SF in Korea. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between SF and forest stand structures in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantations. Two study plots were established (10 m × 10 m each) in plantations with the same stem density (SD: 2500 stems ha-1) (hereafter P1 and P2). Almost all forest stand structures (canopy projection area, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of live and dead branches, and ratio of canopy length to canopy width), including canopy volume using mobile LiDAR devices, were investigated. To evaluate the efficiency of funneling rainwater for the effect of tree biomass on SF, a funneling ratio (FR) was used. The present SF ratios (20.7% in P1 and 22.3% in P2) were much higher than those reported in previous studies of various forest types in Korea (SF ratios: 0.2–5.8% with a mean of 2.0%). This is due to the interaction between the high SD and many under-canopy dead branches. Individual-scale FR was correlated with DBH (R2 = 0.43). The present stand-scale FRs (FRstand) (22.3 in P1 and 29.2 in P2) were much higher than those reported in the previous studies (FRstand: 1.0–33.3 with a mean of 7.8) because of the negative relationship between FRstand and mean DBH (R2 = 0.78, p = 0.02). Our results provide useful information for understanding changes in SF caused by forest stand structures.

Ainsliaea acerifolia leaves are registered with the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety as edible herbal materials in Korea, and research is underway to explore their potential in developing functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we developed an analytical method using HPLC-DAD to quantify three key compounds—chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid—in A. acerifolia leaves extract. This method has been optimized and validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification (LOQ), and linearity. The correlation coefficients (r²) for the calibration curves exceeded 0.9962. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.3012 and 0.9128 μg/mL for chlorogenic acid, 0.1182 and 0.3582 μg/mL for isochlorogenic acid A, and 0.2342 and 0.7098 μg/mL for 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, respectively. The net recovery rates for accuracy testing were 105.13% for chlorogenic acid, 105.37% for isochlorogenic acid A, and 100.37% for 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. All parameters assessed with this newly developed method fell within the acceptable ranges specified by ICH guidelines. These findings demonstrate that the method is robust and reliable for accurately identifying and quantifying chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in both routine analysis and large-scale extraction process of A. acerifolia leaves.

The optimization of a prevention program utilizing a novel trivalent inactivated Salmonella bacterial vaccine to protect poultry from Salmonella infections was evaluated in this study. A total of 50 brown nick layers were divided into 5 groups, A to E, each containing 10 hens. Group B hens were immunized with the SG9R vaccine, group C chickens were immunized with the trivalent inactivated Salmonella bacterial vaccine, and group D hens were primed with SG9R and boosted with the trivalent inactivated Salmonella bacterial vaccine. Group E hens were injected with sterile PBS. All hens in groups B to E were orally challenged with a mixture of wild-type S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum (approximately 6×10⁹ CFU/ 0.2 ml/bird). Serum IgG titers, CD3+CD4+ T-cell levels, and CD3+CD8+ T-cell levels in group D were significantly higher than those in group A. Additionally, all animals in groups A to D showed no clinical symptoms and survived after the virulent challenges, whereas all chickens in group E died following the challenge. The challenge strains of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum were not isolated from the liver, spleen, cecum, and cloaca of group D chickens. These findings indicate that priming with SG9R and boosting with a trivalent inactivated Salmonella bacterial vaccine can be an effective approach for preventing Salmonella infections by inducing robust protective humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens.

자생식물은 관상용, 약용, 식량자원으로 활용될 수 있는 잠재력을 지닌 고유 유전자원이다. 돌부추(Allium koreanum H.J. Choi & B.U. Oh)는 우리나라 해안 암반지대에 분포하는 자생식물 중 하나로, 기후변화와 서식지 감 소로 인해 보전 가치가 높은 식물이다. 이번 연구는 온도와 과산화수소가 돌부추의 발아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자를 무처리(대조군) 또는 1% 과산화수소(H2O2)로 90분간 처리한 종자를 준비해 15, 20, 25°C 로 설정된 식물 생장 챔버에 배치하였다. 그 결과, 파종 23일 후 15°C에서 42%인 발아율이 20°C와 25°C에서 각각 18%와 0%인 발아율보다 2배 이상 높았으며, H2O2 처리 여부와 관계없이 15°C에서 발아율이 42%로 가장 높았다. H2O2 처리와 관계없이 최종 발아율 50%(T50)에 도달하는 일수는 20°C에서 가장 짧았지만, 일평균 발아율(MDG)은 15°C에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 1%의 H2O2 처리는 돌부추의 발아율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 15°C의 온도가 돌부추의 발아율을 높이는 데 최적인 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과는 돌부추의 발아를 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus play important roles in dental caries. Coptis chinensis is a natural product with antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria; however, its effects on oral streptococci are still unknown. Therefore, the effects of C. chinensis on the growth and biofilm formation of the representative cariogenic bacteria S. mutans and S. sobrinus were investigated for the possible use of C. chinensis as an anticaries agent. The C. chinensis extract was diluted with sterile distilled water, and 0.1–2.5% of the extract was used in the experiment. The effects of the C. chinensis extract on the growth and glucan formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were measured by viable cell counting and spectrophotometry at 650 nm absorbance, respectively. Crystal violet staining was also carried out to confirm the C. chinensis extract’s inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. The C. chinensis extract significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans and S. sobrinus at concentrations of ≥ 0.3% as compared with the control group. The viable cell count of colonies decreased by 1.7-fold and 1.2-fold at 2.5% and 1.25%, respectively, compared with the control group. The biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was inhibited by > 20-fold at C. chinensis extract concentrations of ≥ 1.25% as compared with the control group. In summary, the C. chinensis extract inhibited the growth and biofilm and glucan formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus . Therefore, C. chinensis might be a potential candidate for controlling dental caries.

최근 다양한 유기재배 작물의 뿌리를 가해하는 굼벵이류의 피해가 증가하고 있으나, 굼벵이류는 토양 내 발생하는 특징으로 인해 발생시기 및 그 종류에 대한 확인이 어려운 해충이다. 피해를 끼치는 굼벵이의 발생을 파악하기 위해 고구마 유기재배지에 페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 굼벵이의 성충의 종류 및 발생 동향을 조사하였다. 조사지는 무안 유기재배농가와 국립농업과학원 완주군 포장에서 이루어졌다. 3종의 풍뎅이 페로몬 루어를 유인제로 사용하였으 며 6월 초부터 8월 말까지 조사지에 트랩을 설치하여 포획된 풍뎅이를 수집하여 동정을 하였다. 유기재배포장에서 포획된 종은 큰검정풍뎅이, 콩풍뎅이, 청동풍뎅이, 녹색콩풍뎅이, 별줄풍뎅이 등의 풍뎅이와 흰점박이꽃무지 등이 주로 채집되었다. 유기재배 고구마포장에서 풍뎅이 발생소장을 조사한 결과 최대로 발생한 시기는 7월초였다.

본 연구는 농후사료의 급여수준을 달리하여 제주산마 에게 급여하는 경우에 체중 변화, 장내 미생물 조성 및 혈액성상의 변화에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 공시축으로 24-36개월의 제주산마(제주마×더러브 렛) 14두를 공시하였으며, 농후사료의 급여수준을 체중의 1.5%(5두), 2%(4두)와 2.5%(5두)로 급여하여 봄과 겨울 증 체율 및 혈액 특성과 생리적 변화를 조사하였다. 봄에 총 증체량은 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 12.6kg, 21.5kg, 29.0kg, 겨울에 총 증체량은 21.6kg, 28.0kg, 42.6kg을 나타냈고, 일당 증체량은 봄에는 0.23kg, 0.39kg, 0.54kg, 겨울에는 0.40kg, 0.52kg, 0.79kg을 나타내어 체중의 2.5%를 섭취한 구에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 내독 소는 농후사료 과다 섭취에 의해 그람음성균의 세포벽에 서 방출되는 물질로 봄에 시행한 시험에서 3주차 때 농 후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처리구에서 유의 적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었으나(p<0.05) 이후에는 점차 모든 처리구에서 수치가 비슷해져 적응하는 경향을 보여 모든 처리구가 농후사료 급여에 적응하는 경향을 보였다. 봄에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 분 pH는 농후사료를 체 중의 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 급여한 처리구에서 각각 6.2, 5.8, 5.7로 나타나 농후사료를 체중의 2%와 2.5%를 급여한 처 리구에서 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 직장온도는 겨울에 실시한 실험에서 8주차에 농후사료를 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. 급여구에서 각각 37.8℃, 37.9℃, 38.4℃ 를 나타내어 농후사료 2.5% 급여구에서 직장온도가 유의 적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 분내 미생물에 서는 셀룰로오스와 탄수화물(구조 탄수화물) 분해에 관여 하는 미생물로 알려진 Fibrobacter가 체중의 1.5% 급여했 을 경우 총 미생물군에서 2.49%를 차지하였고, 2%와 2.5% 급여구에서는 각각 1.42%와 1.09%를 차지하여 농후 사료 급여량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 농후사료 2.5%의 급여가 비육마 사육 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated the effects of changes to the pulsation factor of pulsed direct currents on wound healing. Patients with a pressure ulcer at a care hospital for the elderly were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 involved the application of 100㎲ in pulse duration, 10 ㎳ in pulse period, 100 pps in a pulsation factor, 15 ㎃ in pulse amplitude, and polarity red+ by using pulsed direct currents; Group 2 involved a change of pulse period to 8 ms; and Group 3 received general wound management. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the changing stages of pressure ulcers among the groups, all the groups dropped in numerical stages. In the two groups to which pulsed direct currents were applied, there was a statistically significant reduction in the stages of pressure ulcers from the initial assessment to the 12-week assessment (p<.05). Even though there were no statistically significant differences in changes to the area of pressure ulcers among the groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in pulsed direct current group 2 whose pulse period was shortened (p<.05). There was no difference in the healing rate of pressure ulcers among the groups, but it made a numerical increase in pulsed direct current group 1 and group 2 and a numerical decrease in group 3. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of those who had a full recovery among the groups. Those findings indicate that pulsed direct currents have positive effects on the wound healing of patients with a pressure ulcer and that a treatment with pulsed direct currents whose pulsation factor is raised by reducing the pulse duration is especially effective.

This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.