Antennal olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) for pheromone and plant volatile compounds were identified and characterized in Sitona lepidus and S. discoideus, using the single sensillum recording technique with five pheromone-related compounds and 40 host and non-host plant volatile compounds. Different types of olfactory sensilla containing specialized ORNs were identified in these weevils. Different types of sensilla housed ORNs specialized for pheromone-related compounds, 4-methyl-3,5-heptanedione or one or more of four stereoisomers of 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone. In addition to the pheromone-related ORNs, several types of olfactory sensilla contained ORNs responsive to plant volatile compounds. Most of the ORNs showed high specificity to specific volatile compounds although some of the active compounds showed overlapping response spectra in the ORNs across different types of sensilla. Our study indicates that both S. lepidus and S. discoideus have species-specific set of highly sensitive and selective ORNs for pheromone and plant volatile compounds. The behavioral implication of these findings is discussed.

Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.

화학물질은 인간의 삶에 필수적이며 큰 유익을 제공한다. 그러나 화학 물질은 인간의 건강과 환경에 중대한 위해를 가할 수도 있다. 따라서 정 부는 유익과 리스크라는 양면성을 가진 화학물질을 안전하게 이용할 수 있도록 관리하여야 할 책임이 있다. 한편, 화학물질 안전규제는 필연적으 로 국제적 조화가 요청된다. 산업화학물질의 시장은 전 세계로 확대되었 고 자칫 화학물질이 유출되는 사고가 발생하는 경우에는 국경은 무의미 하기 때문이다. 국제적인 관점에서 산업화학물질에 대한 규제는 성숙기 에 있다. 2002년 국제연합의 지속가능한 발전에 관한 정상회담은 2020 년까지 화학물질의 이용 및 제조 방식을 인간의 건강과 환경에 대한 중 대한 악영향을 최소화하는 방법으로 유인한다 는 목표를 수립하였는데, 캐나다와 유럽연합을 시작으로 일본, 중국, 우리나라 등 주요 화학물질 산업국가들이 이 목표를 달성하기 위하여 규제체계를 개선하였다. 한편, 화학물질 규제체계의 개선이라는 국제적 조류 속에 세계 최대 화학물질 산업국인 미국은 다소 어긋난 행보를 보이고 있다. 미국은 이 미 1976년에 유해물질관리법(Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976, TSCA)을 제정하여 화학물질을 관리하여 왔는데 현재까지도 당시의 규 제체계의 기본 틀을 그대로 유지하고 있다. 연방정부의 이러한 소극적인 태도로 인하여 미국에서는 캘리포니아 주(州)를 필두로 하여 주(州) 단 위에서 화학물질 노출 악영향을 평가하고 저감하기 위한 새로운 제도들 이 도입되고 있는 실정이다. 본고는 화학물질 안전규제를 둘러싸고 주요 화학물질 산업국들이 개혁에 속도를 내고 있는 가운데 느린 행보를 유지 하고 있는 미국의 화학물질 규제행정의 체계와 법제상황을 고찰하는 것 을 목적으로 한다. 비록 우리의 신규 화학물질 규제체계가 미국 연방의 그것에 비해 제도적으로 선진적이라고 할지라도, 현실적·경제적·산업 적 이유에서 미국의 화학물질 규제체계를 살펴보는 것은 의미가 있다. 이를 위하여 본고에서는 먼저 미국의 화학물질 규제행정의 체계 및 법 제의 연혁과 현황을 개관하고, 미연방의 화학물질 규제법제를 유해화학 물질관리법(TSCA)과 소비자제품안전개선법(Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, CPSIA)의 주요제도를 중심으로 검토하였다. TSCA 는 화학물질 의 규제에 있어서 일반법적 지위에 있으며, CPSIA는 화학 물질을 함유하고 있는 제품 규제에 있어서 핵심적인 법률이다.나아가 본고에서는 연방법보다 더 엄격하고 선진적인 화학물질 규제법제 로 평가받고 있는 캘리포니아 주(州)의 California Proposition 65의 주 요 내용을 살핀 후에 글을 마무리하였다.

어느 나라에서든 국민들이 진정 잘 살 수 있으려면 물질적 복지뿐 아니라 ‘영적 복지’가 중요하다. 이런 점에서 종교는 ‘국민적 자본’이라고 할 수 있다. 특히 인간으로서 가장 기본적인 ‘인간다움’의 결여로 인해 사회적 문제들이 제 기되자 한국 사회는 ‘인성교육’을 강조하게 되었는데, 종교교육은 인성교육의 매우 중심적 내용과 연관된다. 한국의 종교 현실은 무엇보다도 다종교 상황으로 특징 지워진다. 따라서 개개인이 자신의 종교에 대해 건전한 이해를 가지는 것 은 물론, 타종교인과의 공존이 종교교육에서 매우 강조된다. 이는 ‘인성교육’이 자신의 인간다운 본성을 찾아가고 또 타인의 본성을 배려하는 데 초점을 맞추 는 것과 맥을 함께 한다. 전통적 성년의례들이 단순히 육체적 성숙뿐 아니라 자 신이 포함된 문화 속에서 자신을 재발견해내고 공동체의 타자들과 함께 살아가 는 길을 알려주는 것은 인성교육으로서 종교교육의 역할을 보여준다. 인류는 윤 리적으로 진화해왔다. 즉 점점 더 폭 넓게 주변 존재들에 동류의식을 개발해왔 다. 더 열린 종교관을 가르치는 것은 진정한 ‘인성교육’에 시사하는 바가 크다.

Malaysia, situated between East and West, is an interface in world maritime trade, playing a crucial role in the business of moving container boxes in South-eastern parts of Asia. The prominent container terminals in Malaysia such as Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas are positioned among the top twenty ports in terms of volume handled. The annual average growth of throughputs in Malaysian container ports increased more than three-fold from the year 2000 to 2010. Within this context, the development of Malaysian seaports has been significantly influenced by three forces: increased use of containerisation, significant growth in domestic economic activities and ever-changing patterns in both supply and demand chains, all of which have led to increased transshipment activities and altered shipping routes. This phenomenon has brought dynamic change to Malaysian container ports, resulting in the establishment of new terminals and adapting emerging technology to enhance the ports’ ability to accommodate larger vessels and an increased number of containers. This paper aims to present the development of Malaysian container seaports by addressing changes to acreage size and handling volumes during the last three decades. The results of the analysis suggest that major Malaysian ports are experiencing an exponential growth in container trade with the expansion of port capacity following trade growth and need effective strategies to reduce the operational pressures of Malaysian seaports. The results of this research offer directions for development strategies of seaports by utilising the existing inland freight facilities as an effective strategy for capacity enhancement and develop efficient distribution network to meet future demands.

Park, Yong-han. 2015. “A Study on the occurrence motives and Socio-cultural Implications of Military-humor Texts”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 113~ 145. Humor can be the main subject of sociolinguistic research since it indirectly reflects how people, who actually produce and enjoy humor, think about the main issues of their community. The military employs many forms of humor within its organization to relieve tensions in communication. As humor helps people to resolve the anxieties and rigid thoughts and become more flexible, various contents and forms of humor are produced and circulated within the military. With the subject of military-humor text consisting of contents relating to military society, this research looks into the motivation of humors that were produced and enjoyed as a narrative by current and previous military personnels and also the socio-cultural implication reflected in that humor text. Through this research we were able to verify various traits of the military using linguistical approaches. While military-humor texts do indirectly disclose the negative aspects of society, protects one's self-confidence and resolves repressed desires, it is also produced and enjoyed by a number of people simply for entertainment. These military-humor texts also include socio-cultural implications such as double perceptions towards military service, rank-orientedness, authoritarianism, de-individuation, isolationism, formalism, and thinking rigidity. I hope the results of this research is found useful in analyzing the socio-cultural characteristics of the military.

Kang Hyeon-seok. 2015. “Changes in the International Status of Korean and their Implications for Governmental Policies”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 35~75. This study, first, examines the present international status/prestige of Korean on the basis of the number of speakers, the number of countries where it is spoken, the size of GDP by language, and the comprehensive evaluation considering other factors as well as the number of speakers and the economic factor. This research, next, predicts the ‘rather dismal’ future status of Korean based on the predicted statistics of Korea's future population and potential economic growth rate provided by domestic and international organizations. Finally, implications of the findings of this study are discussed and some suggestions on governmental policies, which could be of help to maintain the current international status of Korean, are given.

“The rise of China” is a critical issue of the twenty-first century’s world politics. China is leading the new bipolar system in the post-Cold War period with the US. As the American dominance in East Asia became weaker, the old containment could not be fully implemented anymore. As a result, a new comprehensive strategic initiative covering the whole Pacific coastal States is being adopted. The outcome of this transformation is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which was reached on October 5, 2015. This article aims to analyze the newly arisen TPP as a post-Cold War strategic alliance of East Asia. The TPP is a mega regional trade agreement. Its predictable legal setting is thus indispensable for the peaceful coordination of competition between both sides. The TPP could be a firm ground for the stability of this region, sharing the vision of cooperation, not confrontation in the future.

2015년 5월 18일, 중재재판소는 차고스 제도 인근 해양보호구역 설정에 관한 모리셔스-영국 간 해양 분쟁에 대한 판결을 내렸다. 이 중재재판에서는 해양보 호구역 설정이 유엔해양법협약의 위반이라는 모리셔스의 주장이 인정되었으며, 영유권과 관련된 분쟁에 대해서는 재판소가 관할권을 가질 수 없다는 영국의 주장도 인정되었다. 영유권 문제가 포함된 혼합분쟁에 관한 분쟁에서 중재재판소는 한 국가의 일방적인 승리를 인정하지 않았다. 독도와 관련하여 예상할 수 있는 문제로 독도의 영유권과 관련한 일본의 일 방적인 국제해양법재판소 제소가 있으나, 본안소송의 핵심이 영유권 문제이므 로 본안사건은 관할권 없음으로 결정될 가능성이 높다. 결론적으로, 독도문제와 관련한 우리나라의 해양영토정책 방향 설정을 위한 참고자료로 이 판결의 분석이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 모리셔스-영국 중재재 판을 분석하고, 향후 우리나라 해양영토정책에 대한 시사점을 도출할 것이다.

본 연구의 핵심목적은 우리나라에서 어류의 어도이용 효 율성을 통합적으로 평가하고, 진단할 수 있는 다변수 어도 효율성평가모델(Multi-metric Fishway Efficiency Assessment Model, Mm-FEA모델)을 개발하여 현장에 적 용하여 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 개발된 Mm-FEA 모델은 4대강 사업의 일환으로 건설된 영산강 수계의 죽산 보에 적용평가 되었다. 통합적 어도평가 모델의 변수 지표 는 1) 어도의 구조적 특성, 2) 수리수문학적 특성, 및 3) 생물학적 속성으로 구성되었고, 9-메트릭 모델로 확립되었 다. 첫째, 어도의 구조적 특성 측면에서 M1: 어도 구조물의 경사도, M2: 어도폭/천변폭 비율, M3: 잠공부의 수류통과 용이성으로 구성되었고, 둘째, 수리수문학적 측면에서는 M4: 어도 유입 월류부의 수위, M5: 어도 유출 월류부의 수위, M6: 어도의 유속상태로 구성되었으며, 셋째, 생물학 적 특성 측면에서 M7: 보 상·하류 구간에서 채집된 종수 대비 어도 통과 어종 비율, M8: 어도 통과 어류의 체장 분포 특성 및 M9: 어도 내 회귀성/주연성 어종의 출현 빈도로 구성되었다. 죽산보 어도를 평가한 결과에 따르면, Mm-FEA 모델값은 25로서 어도효율성 평가등급은 5등급 시스템 기준에 의거할 때, 2등급인 “양호상태(good)"로 나 타났다. 본 Mm-FEA 모델은 전체 어류를 대상으로 어도 이동 효율성을 평가한 모델로서 현재, 영산강 죽산보를 대 상으로 어도 이동 효율성 평가가 이루어 졌는데, 향후 전국 4대강의 중·대형보에 모델을 적용 평가하기 위해서는 일부 메트릭 속성 및 지표특성에 대한 메트릭 보정이 필요할 것 으로 사료되며, 일부 보정 과정을 거친 후 4대강의 보에 적용할 경우 좋은 핵심모델로 이용될 수 있는 것으로 사료 된다.

Recent discovery of 2M⊙ neutron stars in white dwarf-neutron star binaries, PSR J1614-2230 and PSR J0348+0432, has given strong constraints on the maximum mass of neutron stars. On the other hand, all well-measured neutron star masses in double neutron star binaries are still less than 1.5M⊙. These observations suggest that the neutron star masses in binaries may depend on the evolution process of neutron star binaries. In addition, recent works on LMXB (low-mass X-ray binaries) provides us the possibility of estimating the masses and radii of accreting neutron stars in LMXBs. In this talk, we discuss the implications of recent neutron star observations to the neutron star equation of states and the related astrophysical problems. For the evolution of neutron star binaries, we also discuss the possibilities of super-Eddington accretion onto the primary neutron stars.

본 연구는 2014년 현재 입산시간지정제를 시행하고 있는 7개 국립공원 탐방객에 대한 설문조사를 실시하여, 입산시간지정제의 정착에 미치는 요인을 파악하였다. 설문 응답자들의 입산시간지정제에 대한 인지율이 60.7%로, 제도에 대한 홍보는 성공적인 것으로 나타났다. 응답자들이 인식하는 재난 안전사고 원인에 대한 중요도에 대한 요인분석 결과, ‘탐방객의 부주의’, ‘공원 안전관리 부족’, '탐방객 산행 준비 부족‘으로 축약할 수 있었다. 요인분석을 통해 추출된 3개 잠재 요인과 응답자의 사회경제적 특성을 독립변수로 하고 입산시간지정제 취지에 동의하는 정도를 종속변수로 한 회귀분석 결과, 재난 안전사고의 원인이 탐방객 산행 중 부주의와 탐방객 산행 준비 부족이라고 생각하는 사람일수록 입산시간지정제 취지에 동의하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 입산시간지정제 취지에 동의하지 않는 사람일수록 안전사고에 개인의 책임이 없다고 생각한다는 의미로, 재난 안전사고 예방을 위해서는 공원 내 안전시설 설치보다는 탐방객들에게 안전사고에 대한 경각심을 주는 홍보에 투자하는 것이 더 효과적임을 시사한다.

Global depression has brought the Korean economy into the period of low growth. The notion of lifetime employment has long crumbled, while economic recession is gradually taking away quality jobs. Furthermore, the average lifespan for the population has neared 100, while baby-boomer retirement is swinging into high gear. The simultaneous inrush of social and economic problems is threatening our wellbeing. However, there has been insufficient amount of research conducted on the factors that influence the satisfaction with lectures in lifelong education designed to address the problems. If we look at the earlier studies, most of them are on the satisfaction with lectures in regular courses. Our society demands that jobs be created for retirees including the baby boomers and that quality jobs be provided for those who want to go back to work after they have withdrawn from previous employment. In this light, the current study aims to bring light on the causal relation between the influential factors and variables involved in the satisfaction of lectures of non-degree programs with a view to solving those problems, and suggests the need to draw up marketing strategy that uses it. Specifically, the purpose and method of this study are as follows. First, to develop variables to be used in this study through in-depth interviews with field staff in the industry and training staff. Second, to identify predisposing factors that influence the satisfaction with the lectures of non-degree programs. Third, to identify the variables mediating predisposing factors and satisfaction with lectures. Fourth, to propose marketing strategy for non-degree programs using the results of the study. As identified through this study, the influencing factors for satisfaction with lectures are physical environment, composition of contents, and instructor ability and attitude, while mediating variables are interaction and immersion in lectures. If these factors are reflected in education, a higher level of satisfaction with lectures will be ensured for business starting youths, retirees, and those who want to have some other job after withdrawing from their previous ones. Educational institutions will be able to use it in ensuring stabler recruiting of trainees and establish a more efficient guidance and marketing strategy. Reflecting the results of the study in education will contribute to heightening educational sustainability, social sustainability, and economic sustainability.

There are amount of researches study about corporate competition sustainability, find the way to survive in the competition. But sustainable development has been launched for many years. Sustainable marketing aims to balance among economic, environmental, and social goals. Marketing methods of one company should be innovated with fast development. Marketing practitioners and researchers should follow the idea to sustainable marketing base on the hot issue of sustainable issue. Because sustainable marketing can increase firms’ profit and improve the environment such as nature environment and society. Customer equity is the sum of customer lifetime value, comes from value creation based on profits, costs, cash flow, customers, and customer relationships. Customer equity has been defined as value of future profits that might be acquired from customers, excluding corporate costs (Berger & Nasr, 1998), as profits created when companies allocate resources appropriately to acquire and retain customers (Blattberg & Deighton, 1996), and as the sum of all customers’ discounted lifetime value (Lemon et al., 2001). In this research studied the relationship between sustainable marketing and customer equity. Customer equity has been the key for companies’ sustainable competitive advantage. The company can make proper marketing strategy with customer equity which can both satisfy consumers and make a profit for the company (Lemon et al., 2001). Also test customer attitude to sustainable marketing in different culture. Based on the results this study gave both academy and practice implications.

In China, a person’s name usually implies many different meaning. It develops in tandem with the advancement of human civilization. This paper is devoted to analyze the cultural implication of Chinese names. It concentrates on finding the cultural factors that influence people’ s naming process in different social and political settings. The paper provides some insight related to the naming conventions developed in recent years.

일본의 「금융상품거래법」상 대량보유보고제도는 경영에 대한 영향력 및 시장에서의 수급이라는 관점에서 주권 등의 보유 상황이 투자자에게는 중요한 정보에 해당하기 때문에, 해당 정보를 투자자에게 제공하기 위해 1990년에 도입된 제도이다. 본 제도는 주권상장법인이 발행한 주권 등의 발행 주식 등의 총수의 5% 이상을 보유하는 자에 대해서, 보유비율⋅보유목적⋅취득자금 등에 관한 사항을 기재한 대량보유보고서의 제출을 의무화 하고 이를 공시하는 것을 그 내용으로 한다. 이는 주권상장법인에 대한 지배권의 변경이나 경영에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있는 정보 또는 시장에서의 수급에 관한 정보를 공시하도록 하여 기업지배권경쟁의 공정성 및 증권시장의 투명성을 제고함으로써 자본시장의 건전성 확보 및 투자자를 보호하기 위한 제도로서 그 중요성이 크다. 최근 일본의 대량보유보고제도는 증권시장에서의 공정성이나 투명성에 유의하면서, 대량보유보고제도 보고의무자의 업무 부담의 경감을 위한 대책으로서 대량보유보고서의 제출자가 개인인 경우의 기재사항, 변경보고서의 동시제출 의무, 발행인에 대한 대량보유보고서의 통지방법, 정정보고서의 공시기간, 자기주식, 단기대량양도보고의 적용범위⋅기재사항에 관한 내용들을 개정하고 그 시행을 앞두고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 일본 금융상품거래법상의 대량보유보고제도를 개괄하고 최근 개정 동향을 살펴본 후, 우리나라 「자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률」에 대한 시사점을 검토하고자 한다.

Le présent article a pour but de montrer l’intérêt d’un cours de français débutant en anglais à l’intention des étudiants coréens d’un point de vue théorique, et de présenter les moyens concrets pour mener ce cours. La théorie de base sur laquelle il s’appuie est le transfert positif entre les langues typologiquement proches. On peut bien comprendre le besoin de ce cours en réfléchissant au système éducatif en Corée où l’anglais est enseigné dès l’école primaire et est perçu comme une matière très importante jusqu’à l’université par les étudiants. Ce cours suppose qu’un apprentissage plus efficace du français peut passer par l’utilisation de l’anglais, comme langue d’enseignement, plus proche du français que du coréen au niveau typologique, et ainsi censé être plus propice à initier l’apprenant aux spécificités du français. D’abord, il est important que les enseignants structurent chaque cours de telle manière que les élèves anticipent son déroulement. De plus, il est important que les enseignants aient une attitude positive et une bonne compétence en anglais oral, y compris l’anglais de classe. Au niveau universitaire, les enseignants auront besoin de lieu d’échange et de soutien pour partager les idées sur ce cours et sur la mise en oeuvre du manuel approprié à ce type de cours. Dans ces efforts, on peut aussi offrir des ateliers d’anglais régulièrement non seulement pour les enseignants mais aussi pour les élèves.